Chem CH. 1

scientific method 3

by applying this method in a logical, systematic way, we gain a powerful problem-solving tool

testing one

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steps of the scientific method

observations hypothesis experiment theory

experiment

design an experiment to test your hypothesis. accept, modify or reject the hypothesis on the basis of extensive testing.

hypothesis

develop a tentaive explanation, or hypothesis, about the observations

the objective of chemistry 5

develop problem-solving skills[ systematic approach, critical thinking]

A(n) ______ is a test to gather more information to support or discredit a hypothesis.

experiment

Of the following, which is an interpretation?

theory

what happen to phlogiston when air is limited

Air has a limited ability to absorb phlogiston, so material cannot burn when the surrounding air is "saturated".

What is Chemistry 6

Most other fields of science require an understanding of chemistry

Phlogiston to Oxygen Observations

Observations: When heated in air, materials undergo a change of appearance and lose mass.

phlogiston

Phlogiston itself is without color, odor, taste, or mass.

Repeatable

Repeatable: experiments and observations must yield the same results each time. Most are repeated many times to ensure consistency.

repeated expirements

Repeated, in-depth experimentation may lead to a natural law, or a theory.

Controversy 1

Scientists often disagree quite strongly, particularly when the research of one scientist challenges the views of another.

Phlogiston Challenges to hypothesis

Some materials, especially metals, actually gain mass when burned. When heated in a vacuum, materials do not burn at all.

the objective of chemistry 4

develop skill to predict future events based on patterns of behavior

That mice are fed aspirin in proportion to their body weight is a(n) _______

experiment

What is Cemistry 2

how matter interacts with other matter and with energy

A(n) ________ is a possible explanation for a set of observations.

hypothesis

the word theory in sciene

in science, a theory is not " just a theory" many word have a different meaning in a scietific context than they do in common usage.

scientific method 1

is a process of studying natural phenomena that involves making observations, forming hypotheses, and testing them by experimentation

Chemistry is called the "central science" because __________.

most natural phenomena involved chemical changes

central science

most other sciences and /or technologies involve chemistry

"What goes up must come down" is an example of a(n) _______.

natural law

Chemistry relevant

new materials pharmaceuticals clean energy clean water biochemistry food and agriculture pollution climate space exploration

That professional basketball players are usually taller than six feet is a(n) _______.

quantitative observation

What is Chemistry 5

the Central Science

What is Chemistry 4

the design of matter to produce particular properties

What is Chemistry 3

the effort to explain (and predict) why the materials around us act they way they do

what happens in the results of a experiments

the results of a experiments often lead to new questions!

What is Chemistry 1

the study of matter, the "stuff" of the universe

"Man evolved from a lower species of animals" is an example of a(n) ______.

theory

A(n) ______ is a probable explanation for a set of observations or a set of tested hypotheses.

theory

how to you get a theory

is based on a set of well tested hypotheses provides a coherent set of data which explain observation about that aspect of the universe acts as a framework within which observations are explained and prediction are made

the objective of chemistry 3

learn to analyze complex systems

the objective of chemistry 2

learn to find patterns in information

the objective of chemistry

learn to gather and organize information [ your own observations, previous research

observations

make observations of the some aspect of the universe and collect facts about the observations

A quantitative observation is known as a(n) _______.

measurement

scientific method 2

this process then produces a model of the natural world that allows us to explain and predict natural behavior

Surfing the Internet involves chemistry.

true

Walking around the block involves chemistry

true

theory 1

when cosistency is obtained the hypothesis is becomes a theory

what do natural laws and theories allow you to do?

Both natural laws and theories allow you to make predictions, but only a theory provides a model explaining natural behavior.

Controversy 3

Conflict and controversy, while confusing and dismaying to those outside the fray, play a key role in the advance of scientific understanding.

Controversy 4

Controversy leads to attempts to disprove the other scientist's work. Those attempts, whether they succeed or fail, allow us to test the validity of the work.

It is more important to memorize the facts of chemistry than to be able to think problems through.

False

Natural laws can be broken.

False

Falsifiable 1

Falsifiable: an experiment, observation or possible discovery must exist that could logically demonstrate that the theory is false.

oxygen

From this data he concluded that a gaseous substance in air is responsible for combustion. He called this substance oxygen.

what else did lavoisier

Furthermore, Lavoisier's work led to an important chemical principle, the Law of Conservation of Mass!

what was the theory ?

He observed that the change of mass of the solid matched the change of mass of the gas, so that, overall, all the mass originally present was accounted for.

Phlogiston to Oxygen hypothesis

Hypothesis: In 1667, Johann Joachim Becher proposed that combustible materials contain a substance called phlogiston, which is released upon heating.

what did anotoine lavoisier do

It was not until 1772 that Antoine Lavoisier clearly put the whole idea of phlogiston to rest.

what experiment did lavoisier do

Lavoisier heated various substances, including metals, in sealed containers and was able to quantify the changes in mass of both the solid as well as the gas inside the containers

does Falsifiable make a theory false

This does not mean the theory is false! The strongest theories are those that stand against repeated failed attempts to disprove them!

Controversy 2

This leaves non-scientists, or even scientists in a different specialty, with the question of who is right.

Baking a cake involves chemistry.

True

Experiments should be designed to provide new observations related to a hypothesis or theory

True

Unprejudiced:

Unprejudiced: one does not have to believe a given researcher; one can redo the experiment and determine whether the results are valid.

Phlogiston Experimental evidence

When burned, wood turns to ash and loses mass. Wood does not continue to burn in a sealed container.