Chem final study guide
There are approximately 2x10^22 molecules and atoms in each breath we take and the concentration of CO in the air is approximately 9 parts per million. Approximately how many CO molecules are in each breath we take.
- 1.8 x10^17
Which squares contains only an element
- 2 only (diatomic)
If 500ml of air contains 2x10^22 particles (atoms and molecules) how many particles do you inhale in one day If you breathe 15000L of air?
- 6 x10^26 ( 500 ml =.5L)
Which is the balanced chemical equation showing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposing into hydrogen (2) and (O2)
- H2O2= H2+O2
Which squares contain only one or more compounds
- I only ( one compound)
Which squares contain mixtures?
- III and IV only
which two gases make up more than 95 percent of inhaled breath
- O2 and N2
Which chemical components are given off in car exhaust
- all of these choices are correct (Co2, H20, and Nox)
The most numerous of the elements are the
- metals
Which is the best representation showing a sodium cation in water
- not sure
In general, which airborne material is not likely to be affected b the filters or indoor air handling equipment?
- particulates
When assessing the risk of an air pollutant, which does not play a role in considering someone's exposure to the pollutant
- the toxicity of the pollutant
If you want to prepare 500.00 mL of a 0.64 M solution of Na2CO3, how many grams of the salt should you weigh out?
----
According to the graph below, the net U.S import of petroleum drastically decreased during the years
-1977 to 1982
What is the density of a block of material that is 12cmx 6cm x 2 cm and has a mass of 356 g
-2.47 g/cm3
The heat of combustion of butane (C4H10) is 91.4 kJ/g. How much heat is produced is 7.0 moles of butane undergoes complete combustion
-3.7 x10^4 kJ
The heat of combustion for n-heptane is 4,187 kJ/mol. How much heat is produced if 200kg of n-heptane (c7h16) is completely combusted?
-8.36 x 10^6 kJ
The following molecules contain only single bonds. NH3(g) + 3F2(g) → NF3(g) + 3 HF(g) The bond energies are: N — H 391 kJ/mol; F — F 158 kJ/mol; N — F 272 kJ/mol; H — F 566 kJ/mol. Which is the heat evolved or absorbed per mole of NH3 that reacts with F2?
-867 kJ/mol
The production of ammonia (NH3) occurs via the Haber process according to the following equation: N2 + 3H2 -> 2NH3 what is the net energy change associated with this chemical reaction?
-92kJ/mol
Which substance is not considered an air pollutant
-N2
Which one of the following compounds is considered to be a molecular compound
-Pcl3
The general term for plant matter such as trees, grasses, agricultural crops, or other biological material is
-biomass
Which of the following is a subatomic particle located in the center of the atom and has a positive charge
-protons
What two factors are considered when determining the risk assessment for air pollutants
-toxicity and exposure
if you weigh out 65.0 g of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and add enough water to make 3.0 L of solution what is the molarity of the solution?
0.13 M
If you arrive at the hospital with severe dehydration or decreased blood volume, you may receive an intravenous saline solution known as normal saline (NS). NS typically contains 0.900 grams of NaCl per 100.0 mL of water. What is the molar concentration of NaCl in this solution?
0.154 M
if you arrive at the hospital with severe dehydration or decreased blood volume, you may receive an intravenous is saline solution known as normal saline (NS). NS typically contains 0.900 g of an NaCl per 100 mL of water. What is the molar concentration of an NaCl in the solution?
0.154 M
Assume that coal can be represented by the chemical formula C135H96O9NS. If 15.0 tons of coal is burned, what mass of sulfur is formed in the SO2 produced by this process?
0.252 tons
assume that coal can be represented by the chemical formula C135H96O9NS. If 15 tons of coal is burned what mass of sulfur is formed in the SO2 produced in this process?
0.252 tons
50.0 g of CuCl2 was placed in a volumetric flask and filled with water to the 500 mL mark. What is the concentration of the solution in molarity?
0.744 M
if the lead concentration in water is 1 ppm, then we should be able to recover 1 mg of lead from _____ L of water
1
Choose the proper coefficients for each substance to balance this equation. __C2H4(g) + __O2(g) → __CO2(g) + __H2O(g)
1, 3, 2, 2
choose the proper coefficients for each substance to balance this equation: _C2H4 + _O2 -> _CO2 + _H2O
1,3,2,2
what is the molarity of sodium chloride in a solution containing 0.50 mol of sodium chloride and 50 mL of water?
1.0 M
Ethanol (C2H6O) is a common intoxicant and fuel produced from the fermentation of various grains. How many moles of ethanol are represented by 50.0 kg of ethanol?
1.09 x 10^3 mol
calculate the mass of 25,000 molecules of nitrogen gas (1 mole = 6.022 x 10^23 molecules)
1.16 x 10^-18 g
How many oxygen atoms are in 6.02×10^23 molecules of ozone?
1.20 x 10^24 atoms
Evaluate the ratio MH+ (pH 3) / MH+ (pH 7)
10,000
The hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 10 is _______ then the hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 13
1000 times greater
This is the Lewis structure for acetic acid. The bond angles are not drawn to scale. Based on the electronic configuration show in th eLewis structure, predictthe O-C-O bond angle,in degees
120 degrees
Balance this equation P4+cl2=PCL5 with the smallest whole number coefficients. Choose the answer that is the sum of the coefficients.
15
Choose the proper coefficients for each substance to yield a balanced equation.
2, 1, 2
How many molecules are in 20.0 kg of butane (C4H10)?
2.07 x 10^26 molecules
A coal burning power plant generates 6.0 x 10^16 J per year. if the combustion of coal yields 29 kJ/gram, how many grams of coal was burned each year?
2.1 x 10^ 12 g
A coal-burning power plant generates 6.0 x 10^16 J per year. If the combustion of coal yields 29 kJ/g, how many grams of coal was burned each year?
2.1 x10^12 g
How many atoms are present in 0.375 mol of palladium (Pd) atoms?
2.26 x 10^23
how many atoms are present in 0.375 mol of Palladium (Pd) atoms?
2.26 x 10^23
what is the pH of a solution with a [H+] of 1.7 x 10 ^-3 M?
2.8
A big Mac has a nutritional value of 563 Calories. assuming that all the energy produce from consuming the burger goes towards keeping your heart beating, approximately how many days can the big Mac system a heartbeat of 82 beats/minute? (Note: 1 Cal= 1000 cal, 1 cal=4.184 J, 1 heartbeat requires 1 J of energy)
20 days
The combustion of butane(C4H10) is given by the following equation. If five moles of C4H10 is combusted, how many moles of CO2 is produced?
20 moles
approximately what percentage of the electrical energy generated in the United States is produced from nuclear energy?
20%
what is the mass percent of flooring and Halon 1211 (CBrClF2)?
23%
Which is the balanced equation for the fission of U-235
235 (92) U + 1(0)n = 87(35) Br + 146 ( 57) La+ 3 1 (0) n
One of the lightest smartphones on the market today weighs 113 g. To protect your phone, you may want to use a screen protector, which weighs 27.2 g, and a heavy duty phone case, which weighs 114 g. What is the total weight of the phone, screen protector, and case?
254 g
Determine the molar mass for fluoxetine (C16H16F3NO) also known as Prozac.
295.3 g/mo
what is the balance chemical equation for the complete combustion of ethene (C2H6) to produce carbon dioxide and water?
2C2H6 + 7O2 -> 4CO2 + 6H2O
which is the correct balanced equation for the complete combustion of ethane in excess oxygen?
2C2H6 + 7O2 -> 4CO2 + 6H2O
Which is the correct balanced equation for the complete combustion of ethane in excess oxygen?
2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O
the numbers 1 through 4 are used to identify four different elements on the periodic table. Which number identifies the element that is expected to have the greatest tendency to attract a shared pair of electrons
3
WUKF FM transmits at 93.5 MHz. What is the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation that carries the station's signal?
3.21 m
calculate the amount of energy that is saved by replacing a 75 W incandescent lightbulb with an 18 W fluorescent bulb during the 1500-hour life of the incandescent bulb. One watt is equivalent to one joule of the energy used per second
308,000 kJ
The pH of lemon juice is approximately 2.40. At this pH, the hydronium ion concentration is closest to which concentration?
4.0 x 10^-3 M
Mannose (C6H12O6) is a simple sugar found in many fruits and vegetables. How many oxygen atoms are in 7.15x10^23 molecules of mannose?
4.29 x 10^24 O atoms
CO2 emissions in China declined by 9 percent over the five-year period ending in 2000. If 5.00 x 10^8 metric tons (t) of CO2 was emitted in 1995, how much CO2 was released in 2000?
4.55 x 10^8 t
What is the frequency of light with a wavelength of 634 nm?
4.73x10^14 Hz
As of 2007, what is the maximum efficiency of a multijunction solar cell?
40 percent
as of 2007, what is the maximum efficiency of a multi junction solar cell?
40%
Most aquatic life in lakes cannot survive in water with a pH less than
5
in a 45 minute road trip a vehicle admitted 16.7 g of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from its exhaust. What is the mass of nitrogen atoms in this amount of NO2?
5.08 g
what is the pH of a solution with a [OH-] of 2.5 x 10 ^-9 M?
5.4
The Aurora Borealis is caused by ionizing radiation interacting with the earths magnetic field in the upper atmosphere. The distinctive green color is caused by the interaction of the radiation with oxygen and has a frequency of 5.3 8X 10^14 Hz. What is the wavelength of this light?
5.58 x 10^-7 nm
The heat of combustion of ethane, C2H6, is 1560 kJ/mol. What is the heat of combustion of ethane, in kJ per gram?
51.9 kJ/g
A computer chip was weighed and found to have a mass of 23.3040 g. How many significant figures does this number have?
6
How many joules are required to heat 2.0 L of water from 20 degrees Celsius to its boiling point of 100 degrees Celsius? The specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g and the density of water is 1 g/mL
6.7 x 10^5 J
How many tools are required to heat 2 L of water from 20°C to it's boiling point of 100°C? The specific heat of water is 4.18 J/g•°C and the density of water is 1 g/mL
6.7 x 10^5 J
A hot dog has a nutritional value of 290 cal. How many 20 kg dumbbells could be lifted 1 m off the floor with the amount of energy obtained from metabolizing one hot dog? ( note 200 J of energy to lift a 20 kg dumbbell 1m of the floor; 1 Cal=1000 cal: 1 cal=4.1841 J
6067
Express 750 nanometers in meters
7.50 x 10^-7 m
Express 750 nm in meters
7.50 x 10^-7 m
How many carbon atoms does the molecule octane have
8
The heat of combustion of n-heptane is 4187 kJ/mol. how much heat is produced in 200 kg of n-heptane (C7H16) is completely combusted?
8.36x10^6 kJ
What is the mass percent of carbon in octane (C8H18)?
84%
The quantity 8.7 X 10^5 in standard decimal notation
870,000 g
John ate a whole pizza which has 2,368 Cal. If he burns 125 Cal by walking for 30 minutes, how long would it take to burn off the entire pizza by walking?
9 hours and 28 minutes
John eat a whole pizza which has 2368 Cal. if he burns 125 Cal by walking for 30 minutes, how long will it take to burn off the entire pizza by walking?
9 hours and 28 minutes
how much energy is equivalent to 1.0×10^ -4 kg of matter? (speed of light = 3.00 x 10^8 m/s)
9.0 x 10^ 12 J
which differentiates a compound from a mixture of two or more elements?
A compound does not exhibit the individual properties of the elements of which it is composed
Which substance has the highest pH?
A lye solution
When it reaches its largest size, the ozone hole over the Antarctic is
About as large as North America
Which of the following is the chemical symbol for silver?
Ag
Which naturally occurring radioactive particles are the largest?
Alpha particles
Which naturally occurring radioactive particles are the size of a helium nucleus?
Alpha particles
Rank the forms of nuclear radiation from highest to lowest mass?
Alphas, beta, gamma
Which factor did not play a major role in the formation of fossil fuels from plant matter
An abundance of sunlight
The ozone hole is most prominent on the Earth over
Antarctica
The ozone hole is the most prominent on earth over
Antartica
The diagram below shows a simplified version of a fractionating column used in the petroleum industry ( D is the lowest one of the fractional distillation chart) The compounds that are obtained at position D are
Asphalt
Which covalent bond is the most polar?
H --- O
which covalent bond is the most polar
H-O
Which is the balanced chemical equation showing hydrogen peroxide (H2O) decomposing into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2)
H2O2 → H2+O2
which chemical equation shows the dissociation of two protons from trihydrogen phosphate (phosphoric acid)?
H3PO4 -> H3^3+ + PO4^3-
HCFCs are a temporary solution to the problem of ozone depletion and will be replaced over the next 20 years by which class of compounds?
HFCs
HCFCs our temporary solution to the problem of ozone depletion and will be replaced over the next 20 years by which class of compounds?
HFCs
which reaction most accurately represents the dissociation of nitrous acid (HNO2) in water?
HNO2 + H2O -> H3O + NO2
Single bonds, double bonds, and triple bonds
Have 2, 4, and 6 shared electrons, respectively
when table sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11) dissolves in water, which type(s) of attraction between water and sugar molecules occur(s)? I. hydrogen bonding Ii. polar-polar interactions Iii. covalent bonding
I and II only
Which are isomers ?
I and III only
In order to make useful predictions, which factors must be accounted for by climatic models? I. Cooling effect of atmospheric aerosols Ii. smoke, haze, and cloud cover Iii. change in land use Iv. combustion of fossil fuels
I, ii, iii, iv
which squares contain mixtures
III and IV only
which diagram best represent only individual atoms?
III only ( this is the one that doesn't have the diatomic ion, three singular atoms)
Where is most of the carbon on earth stored?
In the form of fossil fuels and carbonate minerals and rocks
Which is not ture of radioactive half-life? Radio-active half-life is
Increased by heating the isotope
Water has one of the highest specific heats of any known liquid. This means that the temperature of a water sample ____ with the input of a _____ amount of energy
Increases only slightly; large
Which is not a benefit associated with nuclear power plants?
Inexpensive to operate
Electronegativity
Is a measure of an atom's attraction for an electron in a chemical bond
The speed of light in air
Is independent of the wavelength and frequency of light
Predict the products of this reaction: KOH + HNO3 -->
KNO3 + H2O
predict the products of the chemical equation: 3LiOH + H3PO4
Li3PO4 + 3H2O
Which one of the following compounds is considered to be an ionic compound?
LiF ( nonmetal and metal)
Oxygenated gasolines are blends of petroleum-derived compounds with oxygen-containing compounds. Which of the following oxygenated compounds has been discontinued in some states because of potential health risks?
MTBE
Which of the following is a proper use for a caliometer?
Measuring heat of combustion
Air is a(n)
Mixture
A(n) ____ is a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement
Molecule
which substance is an element?
N2
which substance is not considered to be an air pollutant?
N2
to meet the electricity needs of the entire United States, as solar array the size of ______ would be required
New Jersey
Ozone is a secondary pollutant. A secondary pollutant is
Not produced directly but as the product of the interaction of two or more pollutants
The atomic number is the
Number of protons in a nucleus
Which two gases make up more than 95 percent of an inhaled breath?
O2 and N2
Which correctly pairs an indoor pollutant with its source?
O3 and electrical arcing
bases produce which ions in aqueous solution?
OH-
which one of the following compounds is considered to be a molecular compound?
PCl3
What is special about the South Pole versus the North Pole that leads to ozone depletion only at the South Pole?
Polar stratospheric clouds form almost exclusively at the South Pole
Which symbol(s) represent(s) elements in the noble gas family?
Q
At water treatment plants aluminum sulfate and calcium hydroxide are added to
Remove suspended clay and dust particles
Argon, which comprises almost 1 percent of the atmosphere, is approximately 27 times more abundant than CO2, but does not contribute to global warming. Which explanation accounts for this fact?
Single atoms do not have bonds, therefore do not vibrate
Which is not a mixture?
Sodium chloride
Which pollutant is present in air as particulate matter?
Soot
cracking is
The breaking of larger molecules into smaller ones
A disadvantage of ozonation over chlorination is
The higher cost of ozonation and ozonation does not protect the water after the initial process is complete
The O-to-O-to-O bond angle in an ozone (O3) molecule is not exactly 120 because
The nonbonding electron pair occupies greater space than the bonding pairs
Which best symbolizes the hydrogen bonding between two water molecules?
The one where the two oxygens are touching
which common process on earth is endothermic?
The production of oxygen by photosynthesis
which is the best definition of specific heat?
The quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of 1 g of a substance 1°C
When assessing the risk of an air pollutant, which does not play a role in considering someone's exposure to the pollutant?
The toxicity of the pollutant
What two factors are considered when determining the risk assessment for air pollutants?
Toxicity and exposure
Which color of visible light has the highest frequency?
Violet
Which symbols represent only elements that are metals?
X and Z
When dissolved in water, hydrogen bromide (HBr) forms hydrobromic acid. Determine the hydroxide ion concentration in a 4,500 mL solution containing 3.78 g hydrogen bromide; Kw=1.00x10^-14
[OH-]=9.63 x 10^-13 M
which one of these materials is most likely to conduct heat?
a titanium rod
The hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 10 is ____ than the hydronium ion concentration in a solution with pH 13 a) 1,000 greater b) 1000 times less c) 3 times greater d) 100 times less
a) 1,000 greater
what is the PH of a solution with a [H+] of 1.7a10^-3M a) 2.8 b)10.5 c) 3.5 d) 11.2
a) 2.8
A sample of hard water has a CA2+ concentration of 135 ppm. What is the concentration in units of molarity?
a) 3.37 x10^-3
If you want to prepare 500.0 ml of a solution of Na2Co3 how many grams of the salt should you weight out a) 34 g b) 16 g c) 2.8 g d) 28 g
a) 34 g
the color orange within the visible spectrum has a frequency of 4.8 x 10^14 HZ.what is the wavelength of orange light a) 625 nm b) 600 nm c) 612 nm d) 648 nm
a) 625 nm
Although carbon dioxide is the primary compound discussed with respect to global warming; of the common atmospheric components of global warming potential (GWP) of a carbon dioxide molecule is vey low , which statement best explains this pair of facts? a) Co2 exist in relatively high concentrations b) co2 has a low molar mass c)Co2 molecules are highly symmetrical d) co2 is formed in the combustion og fossil fuels
a) Co2 exist in relatively high concentrations
which compounds are not soluble in water at room temperature ? I CaSo4 II PbCl2 Iii KBr IV. KNO3
a) I and II only
which chemical equation shows the dissociation of magnesium hydroxide? a) Mg(OH2) = Mg 2+ 2OH- b) MGOH= MG2+ + OH2- c) Mg(OH)3=Mg3+3OH- d)Mg(OH)2=Mg2+ + H2O +O2-
a) Mg(OH2) = Mg 2+ 2OH-
when dissolved in water, hydrogen bromide (Hbr) foms hydrobromic acid. Determine the hydroxide ion concentrationin a 4,500 ml solution containing 3.78 hydrogen bromide; kw= 1.00 x 10^-14 a) [OH-]=9.63 x 10^-13 b) [OH-] = 2.14x10^-13 c) [OH-] = 0.0104 M d) [OH-] = 4.67 x10^-2
a) [OH-]=9.63 x 10^-13
what is biological oxygen demand (BOD) ? a) a measure of the amount dissolved oxygen microorganisms use up as they decompose organic wastes found in water b) a measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen necessary to purify wastewater c) a measure of the phosphate ion concentration of water d)a measure of nitrate ion concentration of water
a) a measure of the amount dissolved oxygen microorganisms use up as they decompose organic wastes found in water
Which contributes to the ozone hole? a) chlorofluorocarbons b) all of these are correct c) automobile gas d) loss of northern forests
a) chlorofluorocarbons
which is not a form of chlorine used to disinfect water? a) chloroform b) chlorine gas c) calcium hypchlorite d) sodium hypochlorite
a) chloroform
Which occurrences or processes are expected to reduce the level of atmospheric carbon i) decaying plants and animal remains ii) the growth of trees iii) formation of carbonate rock in the ocean iv) animal respiration
a) ii and iii only
Which statement is not true' a) in forming a solution the solute dissolves other substances that are called solvents b) electrolytes dissolved in water produce a solution that can conduct electricity c) water is the solvent in an aqueous solution d) pure water does not conduct electricity
a) in forming a solution the solute dissolves other substances that are called solvents
Which of the following molecules are polar? a)H2S b)CO2 c)BCl3 d)H2O
a,d
which is not pure substance?which is not pure substance?
air
which of the following is not carried out by the bacteria in soil?
all of these are carried out by bacteria
which naturally occurring radioactive particles are the largest?
alpha particles
bases are substances that increase the hydroxide ion concentration in obvious solution. Why does ammonia (NH3) , Which does not contain a hydroxide group, act as a base?
ammonia molecules remove protons from water molecules, forming hydroxide ions
Calculate the pH of a solution prepared by dissolving 1.2 g of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in 1,250 ml of water a) 1.77 b) 12.23 c) 0.017 d) 9.22
b) 12.23
What is the molar mass of the drug Glunitrazepam (c16H12FN3O3) a) 279.8 g/mol b) 313.3 g/mol c) 350.1 g/mol d) 292.1 g/mol
b) 313.3 g/mol
What mass of K2SO4 is required to make a 600.0 ml K2SO4 solution with a concetration of ).50M a)1.5 g b) 52 g c) 150 g d) 15 g
b) 52 g
Which statement is NOT true? a) Electrolytes dissolved in water produce a solution that can conduct electricity b) In forming a solution, the solute dissolves other substances that are called solvents c) Pure water does not conduct electricity d)Water is the solvent in an aqueous solution
b) In forming a solution, the solute dissolves other substances that are called solvents
the majority of N2O molecules in the atmosphere come from a) landfills b) bacterial removal of nitrate ions (NO3-) from the soil c) decaying vegetable matter d) burning of fossil fuels
b) bacterial removal of nitrate ions (NO3-) from the soil
which from of water disinfection continues to provide antibacterial protection after the water leaves the purification plant a) filtration b) chlorination c) ozonation d) UV radiation
b) chlorination
The speed of light in air a) depends only on the wavelength of light b) is independent of the wavelength and frequency of light c) depends only on the frequency of the light d) depends on both the wavelength and the frequency of light
b) is independent of the wavelength and frequency of light
What are the major disadvantages of using ozone instead of chlorine to disinfect water a) ozonation is more expensive than chlorination and ozone leaves an odor in the water b) ozone decomposes quickly and does not provide long-term protection against possible contamination as the water is piped through a municipal distribution system c) ozonation causes trihalomethane formation and is more expensive than chlorination d) ozonation causes trihalomethane formation and leaves an odor in the treated water
b) ozone decomposes quickly and does not provide long-term protection against possible contamination as the water is piped through a municipal distribution system
We cannot effectively clean nonpolar substances from our hands with water alone: we must add soap or detergent. The structure of a typical soap molecule is shown below. Which region of this molecule would dissolce in a nonpolar such as grease
b) region1
The ability of a molecule to absorb infrared radiation is measured with IR spectrometers, which report the frequency of light absorbed in units of c,-1. Which explanation best describes this unit a) the number of wavelengths in 1 cm for a specific frequency of light b) the wavelength of a specific freuquency of light c) the speed of a specific frequency of light d) the distance traveled by light of a specigic frewuency in 1 second
b) the wavelength of a specific freuquency of light
Increasing wavelength of light goes in this order a) ultraviolet > infrared> visible b) ultraviolet > visible > infrared c) visible > infrared > ultraviolet d) infrared > visible > ultraviolet
b) ultraviolet > visible > infrared
The structure of Ozone most closely resembles a
bent molecule with the same length of chemical bonds
which type of radiation is given off in this nuclear reaction? 16 6 C = 14 7 N
beta
Halons differ from CFCs in that the atoms of _____ replace some _____ atoms.
bromine; chlorine
The pH of rain water falling through an unpolluted atompshere is closest to a) 8.8 b) 7.0 c) 5.4 d) 4.7
c) 5.4
what is the mass percent of carbon in octane (C8H18) a) 54% b) 31% c) 84% d) 62%
c) 84%
which molecules contain polar covalent bonds but are nonpolar
c) I and III only
When table sugar (sucrose, C12H22O11) dissolves in water, which type(s) of attraction between water and sugar molecules occur(s)? i. hydrogen bond ii. polar-polar interactions iii. covalent bondings
c) I and ii only
which atmospheric component does not contribute to global warming? a) o3 b)co2 c) N2 d) H20
c) N2
Which product of the ultraviolet decomposition of CFC's act as the catalyst for ozone decomposition ? a) fluorine atoms b) hydrogen atoms c) chlorine atoms d) oxygen atoms
c) chlorine atoms
Radiative forcing's are a) geological changes that promote volcanic eruptions b) mechanisms for sequestering CO2 endorsed by signers of the Kyoto Protocol c) factors that influence the balance of Earths incoming and outgoing radiative forcing's d) changes in geographical distribution of plant, animal, and insect species brought on by climate change
c) factors that influence the balance of Earths incoming and outgoing radiative forcing's
Electronegativity a) decreases from left to right across a period on the periodic table b) is the total negative charge on a polyatomic anion c) is a measure of an atoms attraction for an electron in a chemical bond d) is the same for all of the elements in a family or group
c) is a measure of an atoms attraction for an electron in a chemical bond
which is special about the south pole versus the north pole that leads to ozone depletion only at the south pole? a) ozone molecules are broken up by magnetic forces at the south pole b) the atmosphere Is colder at the north pole than at the south pole c) polar stratospheric clouds form almost exclusively at the south pole d) there is more land mass at the south pole than at the north pole
c) polar stratospheric clouds form almost exclusively at the south pole
A disadvantage of ozonation over chlorination is a) the higher cost of ozonation b) ozonation does not protect the water after the intial process is complete c) the higher cost of ozonation and ozonation does not protect the water after the intial process is complete d) none of these choices are correct
c) the higher cost of ozonation and ozonation does not protect the water after the intial process is complete
The O to O to O bond angle in an ozone (O3) molecule is not exactly 120 because a) ozone molecules are linear so the bond angel is 180 b) the electrons in the double bond occupy more space that the nonbonding electron pair c) the nonbonding electron pair occupies greater space than the bonding pairs d) ozone molecules are tetrahedral so the bond angle is approximately 109
c) the nonbonding electron pair occupies greater space than the bonding pairs
which compound is in soluble in water?
calcium carbonate
Which country is the world's leading producer of rare earth elements?
china
which country is the worlds leading producer of where elements?
china
currently the primary source of sulfur dioxide emissions into the atmosphere is
coal burning power plants
which is an advantage of using coal over petroleum as a source of energy in the United States?
coal reserves in the United States are far greater than petroleum reserves
A recent set of advertisements has a picture of an aluminum can with an aluminum from bicycle, along with a hypothetical quote from the can that reads, " I was to be a bike , recycle me". The analysis of the life cycle of an item starting with its raw materials and ending with the used item becoming the raw material for new products is called
cradle to cradle
Rank the following solutions in order of increasing concentration:a) 32.3 g of NaCl in 100 mL of waterb) 0.10 mol of NaCl in 10 mL of waterc) 62.1 g of NaCl in 1 L of waterd) 0.25 M NaCl solution
d < c < a < b
Hard water in parts of the Midwest may have calcium ion concentration as high as 400 ppm. What is this calcium ion concentration when expressed as a percentage? a) 0.4 percent b) 4 percent c) 40 percent d) 0.04 percent
d) 0.04 percent
if you weigh out 65.00 grams of silver nitrate (agNo3) and add enough water to make 3.0L of solution,what is the molarity of the solution? a) 0.22 M b) 22 M c) 0.50M d) 0.13M
d) 0.13M
What is the mass of exactly 500 sulfur atoms? a) 5.33 x 10^-23 b) 32.1 g c) 1.61 x 10^4g d) 2.66x10^-20g
d) 2.66x10^-20g multiply 500x 32g then divide by 6.02x10^23
The combustion of butane (C4H10) is given by the following equation. If 5 moles of C4H10 is combusted, how many moles of Co2 is produced ? 2C4H10 +13O2= 8CO2+10H20 a) 10 moles b) 8 moles c) 5 moles d) 20 moles
d) 20 moles
Most aquatic life in lakes cannot survive in water with a pH less than a) 8 b) 6 c) 9 d) 5
d) 5
Which of these colors in the rainbow has the shortest wavelength a) red b) yellow c) orange d) blue
d) blue
As the ozone hole gets more pronounced, with time, one expects the incidence of skin cancer to a) decrease in the northern hemisphere and decrease in the northern hemisphere. b) increase in the northern hemisphere and decrease in the southern hemisphere c) decrease worldwide d) increase worldwide
d) increase worldwide
Which color of visible light has the highest frequency a) blue b) red c) green d) violet
d) violet
which color of visible light has the shortest wavelength A) red b) green c) blue d) violet
d) violet
The history of average global temperatures for the last 160,000 years is derived from isotopic analysis of ice layers in Antartica. Scientists study the _____ ratio in ____. a) 14C/12C; CH4 b) 16C/18O;CO2 c)12C/14C; CO2 d)1H/2H; H2O
d)1H/2H; H2O
both the Clinton and GW Bush administration's were unwilling to sign the Kyoto protocol. What was their primary objection to the treaty?
developing countries are not required to control greenhouse gas emissions
P2O5 is the chemical formula for
diphosphorus pentoxide
Wavelength is the
distance between successive peaks in a wave
What term is defined as the flow of electrons from one location to another?
electricity
oxidation and reduction of atoms involves a change in the number of _______ in the atom
electrons
why is the mileage a vehicle gets less when burning E 85 than 100% gasoline
ethanol has a lower heat of combustion
The more toxic the pollutant, the higher the concentration is set when concerning air quality standards
false
The more toxin the pollutant, the higher the concentration is set when concerning air quality standards.
false
on a periodic table, the columns of elements with similar properties are
groups
The energy that flows from a warmer body to a colder body is called
heat
Which diagram(s) best represent(s) only molecules?
i and ii only
What distinguishes the atoms of one element from another
the number of protons
A polar covalent bond is created when
to atoms share their bonding electrons unequally
The main reason that water supplies are chlorinated is
to kill disease causing organisms in the water
if we assume that the top of Mount Everest is the highest landmass on the earth, hikers who scale at Summit or standing in the
troposphere
even though the concentration of air pollution has gone down over time, people in some metropolitan areas still breathe air that contains unhealthy levels of pollutants.
true
which process plays the most important role in the greenhouse effect
Energy radiated by earth is absorbed by the atmosphere
Which process plays the most important role in the greenhouse effect?
Energy radiated by the earth is absorbed by the atmosphere
which of the following is not a "clean coal" technology already in use?
"sequestration" to capture in store CO2 before it is emitted into the atmosphere
which vibrational mode for carbon dioxide is not expected to contribute to the greenhouse effect
( picture with the arrows going outwards)
Semiconductors, such as the element silicon, may be used in cells that convert solar radiation to electricity. One of the major difficulties encountered in using silicon is that it A. is one of the rarest of all elements and therefore difficult to find on Earth. B. is expensive to produce large quantities of extremely pure silicon. C. quickly evaporates when isolated in a pure state. D. is the most active of all the elements, so it cannot be prepared in a pure state.
B. is expensive to produce large quantities of extremely pure silicon.
Which naturally occurring radioactive particles are negatively charged?
Beta particles
scientist have correlated average global temperature with atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the last 160,000 years using a scores from Antarctica. How was the carbon dioxide level determined?
By measuring the 18O/16O ratio in the CO2 molecules neither N2 nor O2 are greenhouse gases because
Which one of the following hydrocarbons would have the highest boiling point
C ( the one with the most carbons)
HFCs maybe used to replace CFCs. which compound is a HFC?
CF2CH2F
which of these is not a trihalomethane?
CH3Cl
All of these pollutants can be detected by their odors except
CO
catalytic converters reduce the amount of _______ in car exhaust
CO
which component of the air makes approximately 100 times more of an exhaled breath than of an inhaled breath?
CO2
The acid neutralizing capacity of a lake or stream most often derives from the presence of ____ in the surrounding soil or rock
CaCO3
The acid neutralizing capacity of a lake or stream most often drives from the presence of _____ in the surrounding soil or rock.
CaCO3
What atmospheric component is responsible for the natural acidity of rain?
Carbon dioxide
Which pollutant are you more likely to encounter in dangerous concentrations indoors rather than outdoors?
Carbon monoxide
which form of water disinfection continues to provide antibacterial protection after the water leaves the purification plant?
Chlorination
Which product of the ultraviolet decomposition of CFCs acts as the catalyst for ozone decomposition?
Chlorine atoms
Which contribute to the ozone hole?
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Which contributes to the ozone hole?
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
All of these pollutants can be detected by their odors except
Co
What type of material is defined as having a well-ordered atomic structure?
Crystalline
Decreased stratospheric ozone concentrations may lead to A) harm to young marine life B) increased incidences of melanomas C)an increased occurrence of cataracts D) all of these choices are correct
D) all of these choices are correct
The first law of thermodynamics states that
Energy is neither created nor destroyed
which occurrences or processes are expected to reduce the level of atmospheric carbon? decaying plant and animal remains The growth of trees The formation of carbonate rock in the ocean animal respiration
ii and iii only
Which square(s) contain(s) only diatomic molecules ?
ii only
Which is the correct Lewis Structure
image with H and dots all around cl
which statement is not true?
informing a solution, the solute dissolved other substances that are called solvents
electronegativity
is a measure of an atoms attraction for an electron in a chemical bond
land-use changes have a big impact on global warming because of their effects on albedo. Albedo
is the ratio of electromagnetic radiation reflected by a surface to the amount of radiation hitting that surface
Air is a(n)
mixture
A(n) ____ is a fixed number of atoms held together by chemical bonds in a certain spatial arrangement.
molecule
which of these is not a realistic risk associated with nuclear power plants?
nuclear explosion
what shows the balanced equation for the reaction of nitrogen as it is normally found in our atmosphere with oxygen as it is normally found in our atmosphere to form nitrogen dioxide?
picture showing 1 dark dipole to white dipoles equaling two compounds
The energy stored in the chemical bonds of fossil fuels is a form of ____ energy
potential
The industrial revolution is a key point in the earth's atmospheric history because
prior to that time large deposits of petroleum and cool we're not being used as energy sources
which of the following is a pure substance?
silver wire
which is a common characteristic of both nuclear and conventional electric power plants?
steam turbines