Chemistry 120: Chapter II

Which of the following can get trapped in filters of heating and/or cooling systems? Select all that apply.

- Dust - Pollen

Which two pollutants are responsible for the production of ozone in the troposphere?

- Nitrogen Dioxide - Volatile Organic Compounds

Which of the following options correctly describe ozone exposure and its effects? Select all that apply.

- Ozone reacts with the rubber on car tires - Ozone reduces lung function

Match each symbol correctly to the state of matter it represents.

- s: solid - g: gas - l: liquid - aq: aqueous

Match each color designation from the Air Quality Index with its appropriate meaning.

- Green or Yellow: Air quality is good to moderate - Orange: Air has become unhealthy for some groups - Red, Purple, or Maroon: Air is unhealthy for everyone to breathe

Which of the following options correctly describe hydrocarbons? Select all that apply.

- Hydrocarbons burn readily in oxygen to produce CO2 and H2O - Hydrocarbons are obtained from crude oil - Gasoline and kerosene are mixtures of hydrocarbons

It can be estimated that the average smoker breathes out 810,000 ug of carbon monoxide (CO) per hour into the surrounding air. In a restaurant with a total volume of 258 m3 that allows smoking, is the air inhaled by any other restaurant patron over a period of 1 hour toxic according to the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality standards, if there are 10 people in the room smoking over this time period? (The U.S. National Ambient Air Quality standard for CO toxicity over 1 hour is equal to 40,000 ug/m3.)

- No, the concentration of CO is below the 1-hour average - The concentration of CO in the air during this period is approximately 31,000 ug/m3

Which of the following options correctly describe the characteristics and role of oxygen? Select all that apply.

- O2 is absorbed into our blood via the lungs - O2 is a necessary reactant in burning and rusting - Oxygen atoms are the most abundant atoms by mass in the human body

Which of the following statements correctly describe the information gained from a balanced chemical equation? Select all that apply.

- Often the physical states of reactants and products - Relative quantities of substances involved - Identities of substances involved

Rank the three pollutants listed in the table below in order of decreasing toxicity, based on the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standard for a 1-hour exposure period. Start with the most toxic pollutant at the top of the list. CO: 35 NO2: 0.100 SO2: 0.075

- SO2 - NO2 - CO

Match each air pollutant to the correct description.

- Sulfur Dioxide: Sharp, unpleasant odor; produced by burning coal - Carbon Monoxide: Colorless, tasteless, and odorless, the "silent killer" - Ozone: Sharp odor; a pollutant in the immediate atmosphere but essential at high altitudes - Nitrogen Dioxide: Characteristic brown color; emitted from car engines - Particulate Matter: Classified by size rather than composition

To improve air quality, different pieces of legislation have been enacted. Match the piece of air quality legislation with its intent.

- U.S. Clean Air Act: Established air quality standards; focused on limiting exposure to hazardous substances - Pollution Prevention Act: Focused on prevention of formation of hazardous substances

Which of the following are common units of concentration used when reporting the level of common air pollutants? Select all that apply.

- ppb - ug/m3 - ppm

Which of the following options correctly describe particulate matter? Select all that apply.

- Particulate matter can originate from fires, car engines, or coal-burning plants - Some particulate matter can pass into the bloodstream and cause heart disease - Dust is an example of particulate matter

Which of the following statements correctly describe a properly balanced chemical equation? Select all that apply.

- The physical states of the reactants may be different than the physical states of the products - The total number of atoms of each element must be the same in the reactants and products

Is the chemical equation depicted in the illustration balanced? Why? Select all that apply.

- Yes, the chemical equation is balanced - Yes, there are the same number and type of atoms on each side of the chemical equation

Which of the following options correctly defines a secondary pollutant?

A secondary pollutant is a pollutant produced from one or more other pollutants

Which of the following gases is measured in order to assess the efficiency of an automobile in most states in the United States?

CO

Which of the following is an allotrope of carbon?

Diamond

Which of the following options correctly describe the troposphere? Select all that apply.

- The troposphere is the region of the atmosphere in which humans live - 75% of our air is found within the troposphere - An inversion layer in there troposphere occurs when cooler air is trapped below warm air

Match each set of concentration units with its appropriate meaning.

- ppm: 1 part over 1 x 10^6 parts - ppb: 1 part over 1 x 10^9 parts - micro: 1 x 10^-6

For low concentrations, it is more convenient to use units of parts per ____ (ppm), instead of percent. This unit is a concentration 10,000 times smaller than 1%.

million

A(n) ____ is a substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed. This type of substance is often used up but regenerated during the reaction.

catalyst

A chemical equation that is properly balanced obeys the law of ____.

conservation of mass

Managing human consumption of natural resources so that these resources are not exhausted is called ____.

sustainability

Which of the following species are the two products of respiration?

Carbon Dioxide and Water

Which compound reacts with ozone, reducing the ozone concentrations along congested highways?

NO

Which of the following is the correct name for the compound NO2?

Nitrogen Dioxide

Which act focused on preventing the formation of hazardous substances rather than simply limiting the spread of them?

Pollution Prevention Act of 1990

Match each of the following species with the correct classification.

Air: Mixture Oxygen (O2): Pure substance

The process of evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of an outcome is called ____ assessment.

risk

The risks presented by pollutants are a function of toxicity and ____, the amount of a substance encountered.

exposure

Which of the following options correctly describes toxicity? Select all that apply.

- The toxicity of a substance may differ for different groups of people - Toxicity describes the intrinsic health hazard of a substance

Which of the following options correctly describe how to name a compound containing two nonmetals? Select all that apply.

- A Greek numerical prefix is always used when more than one atom is present to indicate the number of atoms of each element in the compound - The name of the first element remains unchanged, except for the addition of a prefix where appropriate - The second element is named with its root and the suffix -ide

Which of the following options correctly describe the formation and control of pollutants produced by cars? Select all that apply.

- Catalytic converters have reduced the CO emissions from cars - Volatile organic compounds are connected to the formation of nitrogen dioxide

Place the layers of Earth's atmosphere in the correct order, starting with the layer that is closest to Earth at the top of the list.

1. Troposphere 2. Stratosphere 3. Mesosphere 4. Thermosphere 5. Exosphere

What is a catalyst?

A substance that increases the rate of a reaction

Which of the following is a natural source of both ozone and nitrogen oxides?

Lightning

Which noble gas is the second leading cause of lung cancer after cigarette smoke?

Radon

Combustion is correctly described as ____.

The process in which a substance burns in oxygen

Match each form of matter with the correct description.

- Mixture: Physical combination of two or more species - Pure Substance: Form of matter with a definite composition

Which term is used to describe the intrinsic health hazard of a substance?

Toxicity

Which term is used to describe a situation where a resource is no particular group's responsibility but if it is destroyed or overused this has consequences for a large number of people?

Tragedy of the commons

True or False: After the completion of a chemical reaction the number of substances may change but the total mass of matter present remains constant.

True

True or False: Buildings with poor ventilation can cause people who have been indoors for extended periods of time to feel ill.

True

True or False: Global greenhouse gas emissions can be thought of as an example of tragedy of the commons.

True

Equal volumes of molecular gases (such as N2 or O2) at a given temperature and pressure will always ____.

contain equal numbers of molecules

Risk assessment involves ____.

evaluating scientific data and making predictions about an outcome

A chemical equation must be balanced. This means that the same ____ and ____ of atoms must appear on both sides of the equation.

number; type

Combustion is an example of a type of chemical ____, where reactants are transformed into products.

reaction

The common name for the compound H2O is ____, while the compound NH3 is commonly known as ____.

water; ammonia

"Sick building syndrome" may result from ____.

- Air filters that are not maintained - Buildings with poor ventilation

Match each Greek numerical prefix with the correct number of atoms/entities it indicates.

- Di: 2 - Penta: 5 - Hexa: 6 - Mono: 1 - Hepta: 7

Which of the following options correctly describe N2 (Nitrogen Gas)? Select all that apply.

- Nitrogen is colorless and odorless - Nitrogen is the most abundant substance in air

Which of the following options correctly describe air pollutants? Select all that apply.

- Some air pollutants are hazardous at levels well below 1 ppm - Particulate matter is an example of an air pollutant

Match each air pollutant with its natural sources.

- Sulfur Dioxide: Released by volcanoes - Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone: Produced during lightning strikes - Carbon Monoxide: May be produced by a wildfire - Particulate Matter: Includes dust and pollen

Which of the following may increase the concentration of tropospheric ozone? Select all that apply.

- Sunny Day - Stagnant Air

Match each set of weather conditions correctly to its effect on the concentration of ozone in our troposphere.

- Sunny Days: Higher O3 levels - Rainy, Windy Weather: Lower O3 levels

When naming a compound composed of two nonmetals, the number of atoms of each element is indicated by a Greek numerical ____.

prefix

A species that passes easily from the liquid to the vapor phase is called a(n) ____ substance.

volatile

VOCs or ____ are a class of air pollutant that typically originates from ____.

volatile organic compounds; cars

Some compounds are so common that they are named using "common" or "trivial" names instead of systematic names. Match each of the following compounds with its correct name.

- NH3: Ammonia - H2O: Water - CH4: Methane - O3: Ozone

Which of the following are considered air pollutants? Select all that apply.

- Particulate Matter - Ozone - Nitrogen Dioxide - Carbon Monoxide

Place the chemical steps involved in ozone production in the correct order. Place the first step of the process at the top of the list and the last step at the bottom of the list.

1. Nitrogen dioxide is exposed to sunlight 2. Nitrogen monoxide and an oxygen atom are produced 3. An oxygen atom reacts with an oxygen molecule 4. Ozone is produced

If air is composed of 78% nitrogen this means that by volume air contains 78 parts nitrogen for every ____ parts of air.

100

Which of the following pollutants have short enough lifetimes that their concentration indoors is much lower than outdoors? Select all that apply.

O3, NO2, SO2

During a chemical reaction, the number of different substances may or may not change, but the total mass of matter present ____.

remains unchanged

If a compound is composed of nitrogen and hydrogen atoms in a respective one-to-three ratio, what is the correct chemical formula for this compound?

NH3

Which of the following are examples of mixtures? Select all that apply.

Soil and Tap Water

Equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of atoms or molecules, as long as the samples are at the same ____ and ____.

Temperature and Pressure

Which of the following is the primary source of atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2)?

coal-burning power plants

Hydrocarbons are primarily used as ____.

fuel

Which of the following factors affect the level of exposure to a toxic substance? Select all that apply.

- Rate of breathing - Concentration of the pollutant in the air - Length of time exposed to pollutant

Which of the following options correctly describe the symbols used to write a balanced equation? Select all that apply.

- The symbol (g) indicates a substance in the gas phase - A pure liquid is indicated by the symbol (l)

A weather station reports the ambient air temperature. What does this refer to?

The temperature of the air at the lowest level of the troposphere

Which is the term used to define the lower region of the atmosphere in which we live, which lies directly above the surface of the Earth?

Troposphere

Which of the following are layers of Earth's atmosphere? Select all that apply.

Troposphere, Thermosphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ____-containing compounds that pass easily into the ____ phase.

carbon; vapor

A volatile substance readily undergoes a phase change from ____.

liquid to gas

A(n) ____ pollutant is produced from chemical reactions involving one to more other pollutants.

secondary

Which of the following options correctly describe aerosols? Select all that apply.

- Aerosols can contribute to pollution - Aerosols are liquid and solid particles that remain the suspended in the air - SO3 can combine with water to create sulfuric acid aerosols

Balance the unbalanced equation given and match each substance to the correct coefficient as indicated. Al (s) + O2 (g) -> Al2O3 (s)

- Al: 4 - O2: 3 - Al2O3: 2

Which of the following statements correctly describe different forms of matter? Select all that apply.

- Both mixtures and pure substances are forms of matter. - Mixtures can consist of any four phases of matter.

Balance the unbalanced equation given and match each substance to the correct coefficient as indicated. C3H8 (g) + O2 (g) -> CO2 (g) + H2O (g)

- C3H8: 1 - O2: 5 - CO2: 3 - H2O: 4

Identify the coefficients required to balance the chemical equation C4H10 (g) + O2 (g) -> CO2 (g) + H2O (g) correctly. Enter all numbers, including the digit 1 if required, and make sure you have the simplest ratio of coefficients and do not use fractional coefficients.

- C4H10: 2 - O2: 13 - CO2: 8 - H2O: 10

What products may be formed when a hydrocarbon undergoes combustion? Select all that apply.

- CO2 - CO - heat

Which of the following options correctly describe common air pollutants? Select all that apply.

- Carbon Monoxide may be produced by charcoal grills or propane camping stoves - SO2 may be produced when coal is burned - Nitrogen Dioxide can combine with moisture in the atmosphere to produce acid rain

Which of the following are sources of particulate matter? Select all that apply.

- Diesel Engines - Burning Coal - Wildfires

Which of the following actions are permitted in balancing a chemical equation?

- Multiplying all coefficients by a common factor - Adding coefficients to formulas of reactants and products

Which of the following statements correctly describes the sources and environmental effects of SO2 (sulfur dioxide)? Select all that apply.

- SO2 can react with water to produce acid rain - SO2 can lead to the formation of aerosols

Match each indoor air pollutant correctly with its common source.

- Tobacco Smoke: Formaldehyde, Benzene - Paints and Varnishes: VOCs - Basements: Radon - Ventilation Systems: O3, NO2, SO2, CO

Atmospheric nitrogen reacts with atmospheric oxygen to form nitrogen monoxide. Which of the following is the correct balanced equation for this process?

N2 (g) + O2 (g) -> 2NO (g)

When balancing a combustion reaction, which element should be balanced last?

Oxygen

A carcinogenic compound is one that causes ____.

cancer

Organic compounds always contains the element ____.

carbon

Percent means parts per ____.

hundred

Which of the following species are involved in the conversion of NO to NO2 in the atmosphere? Select all that apply.

- O3 (ozone) - OH (hydroxyl radical) - VOCs (volatile organic compounds)

1 ppm is ____ times smaller than 1%.

10,000

Identify the coefficients required to balance the chemical equation SO2 (g) + O2 (g) -> SO3 (g) correctly. Enter all numbers, including the digit 1 if applicable, and make sure you have the simplest ratio of whole number coefficients.

2 SO2 1 O2 2 SO3

The Air Quality Index (AQI) describes the quality of air with a scale ranging from 1 to ____. The number ____ represents the national standard for the pollutant(s) being measured.

500; 100

The composition of air by volume is about 21% oxygen. For every 100 molecules, how many molecules are not oxygen?

79

True or False: In order to balance the reaction of hydrogen gas (H2) with oxygen gas (O2) to form liquid H2O a student adds a subscript of 2 to the oxygen in H2O. This is an acceptable method of balancing the above reaction.

False

Which of the following options correctly describe gases? Select all that apply.

- Gases are mostly empty space - Gas molecules are extremely small - Gas molecules are in constant random motion

Which of the following pollutants are generally produced by the majority of cars? Select all that apply.

- Nitrogen Oxides - Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) - Carbon Monoxide

Droplets that contain suspended solid and liquid particles are called ____.

aerosols

Greek numerical prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms of a particular element present in a covalent compound. The prefix ____ indicates 10 atoms of the same element, while the prefix hexa- is used to indicate ____ atoms of the same element.

deca; six

Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only ____ and ____.

hydrogen; carbon

A chemical reaction is process whereby substances called ____ are transformed into different substances called ____.

reactants; products

The correct formula for the compound dichloride pentoxide is Cl ____ O ____. Enter your answer in the correct format.

2; 5

Gas molecules are in constant random motion and are extremely ____ under normal atmospheric conditions. If the gas molecules are in a sample of air were condensed, their actual volume would be very ____.

far apart; small

Even in very small concentrations ozone can affect ____ function in humans. Ozone also damages ____, which are essential to human life.

lung; crops

Particulate matter with the designation PM10 includes particles with an average diameter of 10 ____ or less.

um

A chemical equation is a statement using chemical ____ that expresses both the identities and the relative ____ of the reactants and products involved in a chemical or physical change.

formulas; quantity

What ailment is the primary hazard associated with exposure to particulate matter?

Cardiovascular Disease

What accounts for the fact that Los Angeles has more days of poor air quality than New York City despite having half its population?

Los Angeles has a geography that traps the air

What is ambient air?

The air surrounding us, usually outside air

Ozone decomposes into oxygen and atomic oxygen. Which of the following statements correctly describe the balanced equation for this reaction? Select all that apply.

- There are 3 atoms of oxygen on the left side of the reaction and 3 atoms of oxygen on the product side of the equation - O2 is a product of the reaction

Which of the following activities do not cause indoor air pollution? Select all that apply.

- Turning on the television - Running on the washing machine

Which of the following options correctly describe the factors that affect air quality? Select all that apply.

- Weather patterns have an affect on air quality - The number of people living in a region affects air quality

The chemical formula CCl4 indicates that there is/are ____ carbon atom(s) for every ____ chlorine atom(s).

1; 4

In a combustion reaction, a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Note that the oxygen found in the reactants ends up in both products. In order to balance the chemical equation in the most efficient manner it is best to balance the oxygen atoms ____.

last

Output of carbon ____ is used to measure the efficiency of an automobile. This gas is measured in order to determine the degree of ____ combustion.

monoxide; incomplete

A molecule that always contains carbon and may contain hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen is called a(n) ____ compound.

organic

Different forms of the same element (such as O2 and O3) are called ____.

Allotropes