Chemistry and Biochemistry
Adp
(Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy
Formula for monosaccharides
(CH2O)n, n is the number of carbons in the sugar.
methylene chloride
(Dichloromethane) skin, eye, and mucous membrane irritation, depresses the CNS, COHb-emia, angina pectoris, A3
The formula for a compound containing ammonium ion(s) and phosphate ion(s) is _______
(NH4)3PO4
Atp
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
Solve the following equation forx:5x- 3 = 3x- 5
-1
Solve the following equation forx: -4x+ 2 = 22
-5
Which of the following quantities is equivalent to 594 mg?
0.594 g
Differences between mixtures and compounds
1. No chemical bonding between components of a mixture. 2. Mixtures can be separated by straining, filtering, evaporation while compounds can only be separated by chemical means. 3. all compounds are homogenous while mixtures are either homogenous or heterogenous.
Why do the electrons farthest from the nucleus have the greatest potential energy?
1. it takes more energy to overcome the nuclear attraction and reach the more distant energy levels. 2. Are more likely to interact chemically with other atoms.
How many protons and electrons are there in the magnesium (Mg2+) ion?
12 protons and 12 electrons
Which of the following numbers is notexpressed in proper scientific notation? a)5.6× 10-3 b)12.6× 102 c)4× 108 d)6.02× 1023
12.6 × 10^2
carbon in body
18.5% A primary component of all organic molecules which includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nuclei acids
What is the charge on the Fe ion in the ionic compound with the formula, Fe2O3?
3 plus
Nitrogen in body
3.2% A component of proteins and. nuclei acids
The value 3.0 × 10^8is equal to ______.
300 000 000
A bag contains 100 jellybeans. If 32 of them are red, what percent of the jellybeans in the bag are red?
32%
According to the graph, what temperature was the tea after 60 min?
35 C
Pentose
5 carbon sugar (ribose, deoxyribose)
A bouquet of flowers has 4 red roses, 6 pink carnations, and 10 white daisies in it. What percent of the flowers in the bouquet are daisies?
50%
Hexose
6 carbon sugar, blood sugar
If there are 25 marbles in a box and 9 of them are blue, what percent of the marbles are notblue?
64%
Oxygen in body
65% A major compound of both organic and inorganic molecules, used in the production of cellular energy
What number occupies the hundredths place in 547.982?
8
hydrogen in body
9.5% A component of all organic molecules, as a ion, it influences the pH of body fluids.
anabolic activities
A + B --> AB, buildup of larger molecules from smaller ones, ex. steroids build muscle, amino acids combine to make protein molecules
physical change
A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance
chemical change
A change in matter that produces one or more new substances
polyatomic ion
A charged group of covalently bonded atoms
covalent bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule. Example, hydrogen with a single valence electron can bond with another hydrogen to make molecules of hydrogen gas that satisfies stability. While, also hydrogen can also bond with other elements to make compounds (carbon) that satisfy valence stability, example methane gas, CH4
molecular formula
A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms.
synthesis (combination) reaction
A chemical reaction in which larger, more complex atoms or molecules are formed from simpler ones.
dehydration reaction
A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water
dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
redox reaction
A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction. Ex. formation of NaCl, sodium is oxidized when it loses an electron and chlorine is reduced when it gains an electron.
hydrolysis reaction
A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water
Mixtures
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
Which one of the following is an example of a compound?
A compound has two or more elements chemically bound together and cannot be separated by physical means.
Disaccharide
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
molecule
A group of atoms bonded together
Prostaglandins
A group of bioactive, hormone-like chemicals derived from fatty acids that have a wide variety of biological effects including roles in inflammation, platelet aggregation, vascular smooth muscle dilation and constriction, cell growth, protection of from acid in the stomach, and many more.
triacylglycerol
A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride.
Cholesterol
A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.
Electronegativity
A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons. Examples, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine.
Cobalt-60 radiation
A method of institutional bulk sterilization used by manufacturers to sterilize prepackaged equipment using ionizing radiation. Used to destroy localized cancers
Colloid
A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out. Heterogenous mixtures
Suspension
A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration. Heterogenous mixtures
Solutions
A mixture where substances are distributed evenly. Has a solvent & solute.
difference between compound and molecule
A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically. A compound is a molecule that contains at least two different elements. All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.
endergonic reaction
A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. Ex. anabolic reactions
Polypeptide
A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
molecular chaperones
A protein that helps other proteins fold or refold from a partially denatured state.
percent
A ratio that compares a number to 100
electron acceptor
A reactant that gains an electron and is reduced in a reduction-oxidation reaction.
electron donor
A reactant that loses an electron and is oxidized in a reduction-oxidation reaction.
chemical equation
A representation of a chemical reaction that uses symbols to show the relationship between the reactants and the products
pure substance
A sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical properties
ammonia
A small, very toxic molecule (NH3) produced by nitrogen fixation or as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism.
Substrate
A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme
alpha helix
A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure.
exergonic reaction
A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy. Ex catabolic and oxidative reactions
Reactants
A starting material in a chemical reaction
starch
A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.
compound
A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
proton donor
A substance that releases hydrogen ions in detectable amounts; an acid.
proton acceptor
A substance that takes up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts. Commonly referred to as a base. Ex. hydroxides, magnesium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide
Glycerol
A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils. Modified simple sugar. Glycerol backbone is the same in all neutral fats except the fatty acid chains vary
methane gas
A type of greenhouse gas that is produced in agriculture practices such as raising cattle and farming rice. CH4
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.
Macromolecules
A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
Italian dressing contains olive oil and vinegar, which will separate out from each other if left to sit. This makes the dressing a:
A) Heterogeneous mixture
A homogeneous mixture is also called a ____________. A) solution B) pure substance C) heterogeneous mixture D) liquid
A) solution A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
catabolic activities
AB --> A + B, breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules, Example, bonds of large glycogen are broken to release simpler molecules of glucose sugar
Cytosol (Cytoplasm)
ALL CELLS HAVE THIS! It's the fluid inside of every living cell where organelles float. colloid
Aspartic Acid
Acidic, Asp, D
How many significant figures does the answer of 2.5 + 9.520 contain?
Adding the numbers together gives 9.520 + 2.5 = 12.020. Decimal place determines the sig figs for addition and subtraction, and the given value 9.5 tells us our answer will have one decimal place. Rounding down to 12.0 is our final answer to three significant figures.
Metallochaperones
Aid the transit of certain metal jobs across the plasma membrane helping to avoid excesses which might be toxic
Predict the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by Al³⁺ and C₂H₃O₂⁻
Al(C₂H₃O₂⁻)3 aluminum acetate
Predict the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by NH₄⁺ and PO₄³⁻
Ammonium Phosphate, highly unstable, (NH4)3PO4
noble gas notation
An abbreviated electron configuration of an element in which filled inner shells are represented by the symbol of the preceding noble gas in brackets
silver nitrate
An antiseptic and astringent with caustic properties, AgNO3
Aufbau Principle
An electron occupies the lowest-energy orbital that can receive it
electron shell
An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.
Glycogen
An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
ammonium phosphate
An extinguishing agent used in dry chemical fire extinguishers that can be used on Class A, B, and C fires.
radiation sickness
An illness that results from excessive exposure to nuclear radiation
Hydroxyl ion (OH-)
An ion liberated when a hydroxide (a common inorganic base) is dissolved in water.
salt
An ionic compound made from the neutralization of an acid with a base. Ex. calcium carbonate, potassium chloride, calcium phosphates
Electrolyte
An ionic compound whose aqueous solution conducts an electric current
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons, or isotopes of the same element has the same number of protons and electrons but differ in neutrons.
Predict the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by Au³⁺ and HSO₃⁻
Au3plus + 3HSO3 -> Au(HSO3)3
Lysine
Basic 3 carbon chain plus one methylene to amino, it lies ("Lys") about the 3 carbon trend
Assume imaginary compound XY has a polar covalent bond. How does its charge distribution differ from that of XX molecules?
Because X and Y are different atoms, one is bound to be more electronegative than the other. There will be a separation of charge in XY. which is a dipole. In XX, the atoms are the same in equal e sharing, no dipole forms.
Which of the following combinations would form a solution? I) Water and ethanol II) Sand and table salt III) Oxygen and nitrogen IV) Oil and vinegar
Because water and ethanol are both polar liquids, one dissolves in the other to form a liquid-liquid solution. The air around us has a uniform composition at a given altitude, and is made up of a gaseous homogeneous mixture (solution) of primarily oxygen and nitrogen.
Sodium bicarbonate
Both ionic and covalent compound
hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
Some liquid in a jar can be separated by physical means into two separate liquids, which can then be separated no further. The liquid is a(n): A) Compound B) Element C) Mixture D) Pure substance
C. Mixture If a sample of matter (the liquid in the jar) can be separated by physical means, it's a mixture. Otherwise, it's a pure substance that can either be an element or compound.
table sugar
C12H22O11-Compound
Formula for glucose
C6H12O6
cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6+6O2--->6CO2+6H2O+ATP energy
glucose molecular weight
C6H12O6, C=6x12.011, H=12x1.008, O=6x15.999, Added together Is 180.156
organic acid group
COOH releases H+ ions
Predict the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by Ca²⁺ and ClO₃⁻
Ca(ClO3)2 calcium chlorate
Predict the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by the elements Ca and Br
CaBr2
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
Enzymes
Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things
stress proteins
Cells synthesize "stress proteins" when homeostasis is disrupted
induced fit model
Change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that enhances the fit between the active site and its substrate(s)
Denatured
Change the shape of an enzyme so that it can no longer speed up a reaction.
Which of the following forms of energy are in use during vision? (a) chemical,(b)electrical,(e)mechanical,
Chemical
Catalysts
Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction.
intramolecular bonds
Chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule; ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds
Calcium chlorate/ CaClO3
Chlorinated lime, chloride of lime, calcium salt of chloric acid, strong oxidizer, used as a herbicide and pyrotechnics
which of the following compounds does not exhibit covalent bonding
CoCl2
Collagen
Composite of the helical tropocollagen molecules packed together side by side to form a rope like structure
Water (H2O)
Compound broken down during the light reactions of photosynthesis. Provides electrons & protons (hydrogen ions) for later use, This is a dipole or a polar compound where the electrons of hydrogen are slightly positive and oxygen is very electronegative, and electrons are generally negative charged, it is causes this compound to be polar covalent bond or dipole.
organic compounds
Compounds that contain carbon, covalently bonded molecules
OF2, CuO, SeO2
Covalent, ionic, Covalent
Predict the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by the elements Ca and Br
Cs3P
The subatomic particles responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms are(a) electrons,(b)ions,(c)neutrons (d)protons
Electrons
Activation energy
Energy needed to get a reaction started
lipids
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Insoluble but dissolve readily in other lipids and organic solvents
John Dalton
English chemist and physicist who formulated atomic theory and the law of partial pressures
Which scientist developed the nuclear model of the atom?
Ernest Rutherford
The Rapid Antigen Test in the previous example is a(n) _____.
Experiment
fat synthesis
Fats are composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids. Fats provide for long term energy storage. They also insulate the body and pad vital organs, and they provide the materials to build many fat-based hormones. Fats are high energy molecules as seen by all of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbons on the fatty acid tails. Fats must be broken down into the glycerol and the three individual fatty acid tails before they can be absorbed from the small intestine into the blood.
A deficiency in this element can be expected to reduce the hemoglobin content of blood:(a)Fe,(b)I,(c)F,(d)Ca,
Fe iron
Predict the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by Fe³⁺ and O²⁻
Fe2O3
Iron (111) oxide
Fe2O3, inorganic compound, one of the main oxides of iron, rust, hydrated ferric oxide
Which of the following states of matter are considered fluids? I) Solid II) Liquid III) Gas
Fluids flow under pressure. This is a property of both liquids and gases.
gamma emission
Form of radioactive decay that occurs when an unstable nucleus emits extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation, greatest penetrating power towards tissue
ionic bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
Which of the following are controlled variables in an experiment on the effects of a new high blood pressure medication on men with a family history of heart disease?
Gender and genetic predisposition
strong acids
HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4
Predict the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by Hg₂²⁺ and CO₃²⁻
Hg2CO3, mercury carbonate
Water properties
High heat capacity; polar; molecules of water cling together; a great solvent; liquid at room temp; frozen water is less dense then liquid water, high heat of vaporization, reactivity, cushioning
Grape juice is an example of a(n)
Homogeneous mixture If a sample of matter is a mixture that is uniform in composition throughout, it's a homogeneous mixture.
Doctors employ the Scientific Method to diagnose patients. A patient visits a doctor's office and presents the following symptoms: fever, sore throat, and headache. The doctor looks intothe patient's throat and notes that the tonsils are inflamed. The doctor suspects that the patient has strep. She then swabs the throat to perform a Rapid Antigen Test. The physician's suspicion is an example of a(n) _____.
Hypothesis
Because electron energy levels are quantized, which of the following is true? I) Atomic emission spectra are a series of discrete lines. II) Atomic emission spectra are continuous. III) Electrons may only occupy a discrete set of energy levels. IV) Electrons may occupy a continuous range of energy levels.
I and III
coenzyme
If the cofactor is an organic molecule.
Which one of the following is NOT an example of a physical change?
In a chemical change, one substance must be converted into another. In electrolysis, the chemical bonds in water are broken to release elemental hydrogen and oxygen as gases.
chemical equilibrium
In a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time.
KNO3
Ionic and covalent bonds
ZnS
Ionic compound
salts
Ionic compounds that can be formed by replacing one or more of the hydrogen ions of an acid with another positive ion
KCL, CrCl3, Cl2O
Ionic, ionic, convalent
BaO, Fe2O3, ZnO
Ionic, ionic, ionic
Temperature
Kelvin (K)
strong bases
LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2 dissociate in water easily and quickly tie up hydrogen plus.
The formula magnesium oxide is____
MgO
Nitrogen gas
N2, is the atmosphere's most abundant element making up 78% of the volume in the troposphere. It is also a triple bond between two of the same element.
sodium chloride
NaCl table salt, sodium with atomic number 11, has only 1 valence shell electron, goes through cation by losing that 1 valence shell in its third energy level and becomes stable. Chlorine with atomic number 17, needs a valence electron and goes through anion to become stable. Ionic bond
baking soda
NaHCO3-compound
neutral fats
Neutral fats are non polar, uncharged triglycerides that have no acidic or basic groups. Large molecules consisting of hundreds of atoms.
Which one of the following is an example of an element?
Nickel
Cofactor
Non-protein helpers that may be bound tightly to the enzyme as a permanent resident, or may bind loosely and reversibly along with the substrate.
Oxygen gas
O2, colorless and odorless. It will make a flame burn brighter and faster, capable of making a burning ember turn back into a flame, and it is required for combustion. It is also a double bond between two of the same element
ozone gas
O3-Element
beta pleated sheet
One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.
radium 226
One of the first radioactive elements associated with biological damage. Used to destroy localized cancers
Three students measure the volume of a liquid using a graduated cylinder. In a separate experiment, the actual value volume of the liquid is 152 mL. Which set of data is the most precise?
Precision is when all outcomes are in the range of uncertainty of one another and accuracy is when the average outcome is in the range of uncertainty of where it should be. Precision and accuracy are independent of one another. An outcome can be precise but not accurate, accurate but not precise, accurate and precise, or neither accurate nor precise. For Student 2, the data have least amount of uncertainty between measurements, the data are precise even though they are not particularly accurate.
heat-shock proteins
Proteins that help maintain integrity of other proteins that would normally be denatured in extreme heat.
The symbol for the ion formed by sulfur is ______.
S2-
All af the following are examples of the four major elements contributing to body mass except(a)hydrogen, (b) carbon,(c)nitrogen,(d)sodium,
Sodium
Gasoline is composed of a variety of different liquid hydrocarbons, which do not separate as time passes. Gasoline is an example of a:
Solution- Gasoline is a homogeneous liquid-liquid mixture of a variety of different hydrocarbons, and other soluble additives. Therefore, it is a solution.
Predict the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by Sr and Cl
SrCl2
weak bases
Substances capable of accepting hydrogen but do not completely ionize in solution ex. baking soda
The mass number of an atom is(a)equal to the and neutrans,(c) the sum of all of its subatomic particles (d)the average of the mass numbers of all of its isotopes.
Sum of protons and neutrons
Factors that influence the rate of chemical reactions
Temperature, particle size, concentration, and catalysts
What if the atom has more than 8 electrons beyond shell 2?
The atom can contain more than 8 electrons, but only 8 electrons are allowed to participate in bonding.
Guanine
The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA
Adenine
The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA
Alkalosis
The buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body fluids, ph above 7.5
peptide bond
The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
products
The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.
primary structure
The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.
double helix
The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.
quaternary structure
The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.
valence shell
The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom.
The picture is best described as a liquid mixture. Liquids do not have a definite shape but do not fill the entire container, so the particles are found only on the bottom of the container. Mixtures contain two different types of particles (shown here in different colors) which are not chemically bound.
The picture
pH units
The relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids is measured in concentration units
secondary structure
The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.
tertiary structure
The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.
What is the atomic symbol and mass number for an atom containing 50 protons and 64 neutrons?
Tin or Sn
Dipeptide
Two amino acids bonded together by a peptide bond
complementary bases
Two bases that pair together. A is complementary to T and C is complementary to G.
Isomers
Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula
predict the chemical formula for the ionic compound formed by v3+ and no2−
V(NO2)3
Rearrange the following equation to solve for V: PV= nRT
V= nRT/P
deoxyribonucleic acid
What does DNA stand for?
The element symbol for ytterbium is __
Yb
single covalent bond
a bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons
Orbital diagram
a diagram that shows the distribution of electrons in the orbitals of the energy levels
r group
a functional group that defines a particular amino acid and gives it special properties.
mixtures
a physical combination of substances that can still be seperated
decompisition reaction
a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances. Ex fats are digested in your small intestine
neutralization reaction
a reaction in which an acid and a base react in an aqueous solution to produce a salt and water
displacement reaction
a reaction in which one element replaces a similar element in a compound. Ex. Glucose and ATP exchange to make Glucose phosphate and ADP
energy level
a region of an atom in which electrons of the same energy are likely to be found
active site
a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.
enzyme-catalyzed reaction
a substrate attaches to the active site. an enzyme-substrate (ES) complex forms. reaction occurs and products are released. an enzyme is used over and over.
Cysteine
a sulfur-containing amino acid that occurs in keratins and other proteins, often in the form of cystine, and is a constituent of many enzymes.
The number 7.13 × 10-5is equal to _______.
a)0.0000713
The measurement 127.3 is written in scientific notation as _________.
a)1.273 × 10^2
The measurement 420 000 m is written in scientific notation as _________. a)4.00×105 m b)4.25×104 m c)4.20×105 m d)4.25×105 m
a)4.20 ×105m
Where can you find chemicals?
a)In laboratory b)In grocery or hardware store c)All around you and inside you
arteriosclerosis
abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries
Oxidase
adds electrons to oxygen
Iodine-131
also known as radioiodine or radioactive iodine; a form of iodine use in medical diagnostics and treatments, e.g., to treat hyperthyroidism
electric current
ampere
weak acids
an acid that is only slightly ionized in aqueous solution ex. carbonate acid, acetic acid
hydrogen ion (H+)
an atom of hydrogen that has lost its electron
Triglycerides
an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.
neutral solution
any aqueous solution in which [H+] and [OH-] are equal ex. distilled water
oxidation-reduction reaction
any chemical change in which one species is oxidized (loses electrons) and another species is reduced (gains electrons); also called redox reaction. Ex. Sometimes this reaction changes the pattern of electron sharing in covalent bonds. The common factor in this these events is that electrons that formerly belonged to the reactant molecule either lost entirely or relatively.
Holoenzyme
apoenzyme + cofactor
Most matter changes
because of heat energy
amino acids
building blocks of proteins
Which of the following represents the numbers of protons and electrons in a bromide ion, Br-?.
c) 35p+and36e-
The name of the compound whose formula is CaBr2 is _______.
calcium bromide
The name of the compound Ca3(PO4)2 is ________
calcium phosphate
functional proteins
category of proteins that affect the functional operations of a cell; contrast to structural protein
fatty acids
chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms
Which of the following does not describe a mixture:, (a)properties of its components are retained,(b)chemical bonds are formed,(c)components can be separated physically,(d)includes both heterogeneous and homogeneous
chemical bonds are formed
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
chemical system that helps maintain pH homeostasis of the blood, carbonic acid(weak acid) dissociates reversibly, releasing bicarbonate ions(weak base) and protons
Hydrolases
cleave bonds on molecules with the addition of water
Lipoproteins
clusters of lipids associated with proteins that serve as transport vehicles for lipids in the lymph and blood
inorganic compounds
compounds that DO NOT contain carbon; Ex: Vitamins, minerals, water
acids
compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water Ex. hydrochloric acid
ketosis
condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, in which the body has an abnormal concentration of ketone bodies resulting from excessive fat metabolism
Eicosanoids
diverse lipids chiefly derived from a 20-carbon fatty acid found in all cell membranes
Hund's Rule
electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the number of electrons with the same spin direction as large as possible
copper wire
element
Matter changes when
energy is added or taken away
ionizing radiation
enough energy to dislodge electrons from atoms, forming ions; capable of causing cancer (gamma, X-rays, UV)
Acidosis
excessive acidity of body fluids
fibrous proteins
extended and strand-like proteins, insoluble in water and very stable, used for tissues
saturated
fatty acid chains with only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
Unsaturated
fatty acids that contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms Ex. oils in cooking
In the process of making biofuel from corn, the corn is ground, mixed with water, and then enzymes are added to ferment the starch. The fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. The ethanol is further distilled for use as a biofuel. In this process ______ is an example of a chemical change
fermenting the starch
Steriods
flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings, fat soluble and contain little oxygen. Ex. Cholesterol in eggs, meat, cheese
Ocet Rule
for a stable atom, elements want to have 8 electrons in there valence shell
hydrocarbon chains
formed by successive bonds between carbon atoms and may be branched or unbranched. Makes neutral fats non-polar because polar and non polar molecules do not interact, oil and water do not mix
Fructose
fruit sugar- converted to glucose and metabolized
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
gas (waste) released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation. It is also a double bond where carbon is bonded by two oxygens. Oxygen being electronegative attracts to carbon on either side, rendering it a non-polar covalent bond.
Enzymes
globular proteins that act as biological catalysts, increases the speed of a reaction
Monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose, single-chain structure containing three to seven carbon atoms
The name of the compound whose formula is AuCl3 is _______
gold() chloride
Radioisotopes
heavier Isotopes that have unstable nuclei and undergo radioactive decay. This occurs when alpha, beta or gamma particles are ejected from the atomic nucleus
A common laser relies on a mixture of He and Ne. What elements do these symbols represent?
helium and neon
coke
homogeneous mixture
true solution
homogeneous mixture of two or more substances able to pass through a semi-permeable membrane The size of the solute particles is less than one nanometer. Not visible to the naked eye, do not settle out, and do not scatter light
Calcium Nitrate
inorganic compound, colorless salt that absorbs moisture from the air, tetrahydrate shape
Which of the following elements is NOT represented by a single-letter element symbol?
iron
mass
kilogram (kg)
crystals
large arrays of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds
Polymers
large compound formed from combinations of many monomers Ex. starch and glycogen
ATP synthesis
large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to make ATP
half-life
length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay
Which of the following is not an example of matter? a)Table salt b)Light c)Water d)Sand
light
Proteins
long chains of amino acids joined together by dehydration synthesis
Electropositivity
low electron-attracting power resulting in the tendency to lose valence shell electrons to other atoms. Examples, potassium and sodium.
luminous intensity
lumen
nucleic acids
macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
Which scientist is credited for coining the term 'radioactivity' for the spontaneous emission of particles or radiation from atoms?
marie curie
What are some common ionic bonds that occur between elements?
metallic elements such as sodium, calcium and potassium with one or two valence electrons bond with elements such as chlorine, fluorine, and iodine with seven valence electrons.
What is the unit of length in metric system?
meter
length
meter (m)
Galactose
milk sugar
Phospholipids
modified triglycerides, where one fatty acid has been replaced with a phosphate group.
non-polar molecule
molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends
polar molecule
molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end
amphipathic
molecules that have both polar and nonpolar parts
molarity
moles of solute/liters of solution
Nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
bicarbonate ion
most important buffer in human blood
Rutherford's gold foil experiment determined that
most of the space in an atom is empty except for a concentrated area called the nucleus. Solution:
anion
negatively charged ion (gained electrons)
Paul exclusion principle
no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers
Monoatomic elements
noble gases, Au
Avogadro's number
number of representative particles in a mole, 6.02 X 10^23
one molar solution
one mole of solute dissolved in water to make 1 liter of solution
amine group
organic compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair
quarks
particles of matter that make up protons and neutrons, less effective in heavier isotopes
Any melting or freezing points are
physical property
Which set of terms best describes a proton?(a)nega- (b)positive charge, l amu,in the nucleus;(c)uncharged,1 amu,in the nucleus
positive charge, l amu,in the nucleus
ions
positively and negatively charged atoms
cation
positively charged ion (lost electrons)
Apoenzyme
protein portion of an enzyme
biological colloids
protein- water mixtures, (ex) blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.
structural proteins
proteins that form an organism's physical attributes
atomic weight
protons + neutrons, atomic weight of an element is approximately equal to the mass number of its most abundant isotope.
alpha emission
radioactive decay of a nucleus that is accompanied by emission of alpha particles, lowest penetrating power towards tissue
spectroscopic notation
shorthand representation of the principal (n) and azimuthal (l) numbers Principal number remains a number Azimuthal number is designated by a letter l=0 subshell is called s; Group 1-2 plus helium, 1s^1-7s^2 l=1 subshell is called p; Group 3-8 minus helium 2p^1-7p^6 l-2 subshell is called d; middle gap 3d^1- 6d^10 l-3 subshell is called f; bottom two rows 4f^1-5f^14 s, p, d, f suk, pusy, dik, fuk example; electron in shell n=4 and subshell l=2 is said to be in the 4d subshell
Which of the following sets of elements and symbols is paired incorrectly?
silver Si
Gylcine
single H atom in side chain, small enough to fit into tight corners in a protein molecule
What fundamental force is responsible for holding together the subatomic particles of an atomic nucleus?
strong nuclear force
solutes
substances present in smaller amounts
The name of the compound SO3 is ________
sulfur trioxide
What is the place value of the 3 in the number 25.3?
tenths
mole
the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance
What happens when the atom's outermost shell is filled to capacity?
the atom becomes stable, chemically inert which is unreactive. Examples, noble gases such as helium, and neon
chemical bonds
the attractive forces that hold atoms together
electroneutral
the carbon never loses or gains electrons instead they always share them
surface tension
the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and that tends to minimize the area of the surface. Explains why water beads up on spheres when it sits on surface structures
gram molecular weight
the mass of a substance equal to its molecular weight in grams
Thymine
the nucleotide that hydrogen bonds with the nucleotide adenine in DNA.
chemical reaction
the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances
Carbohydrates
the starches and sugars present in foods, ex. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen use little for structural purposes such as sugars that are found in the genes. When protein intake is low, the liver converts sugars into building blocks needed to produce protein
Solvent
the substance present in the larger amount
globular proteins
these are compact, generally rounded, and soluble in water, chemically active molecules.
What is the place value of the 8 in the number 2.378?
thousandths
tripeptide
three amino acids bonded together
sol-gel transformations
to change reversibly from a fluid (sol) state to a more solid (gel) state
1 cc is the unit of what quantity?
volume
universal solvent
water
hydration layers
water forms layers of molecules around large charged molecules such as proteins, shielding them from the effects of other charged substances in the vicinity and preventing them from settling out of solution; protein-water mixtures are biological colloids; blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid
buffers
weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
silver get oxidized
when it is exposed to air or moisture.