Chemistry Chapter 7

Double displacement reaction: Reaction will not occur unless one of the products either:

(1) precipitates or (2)is water

To predict direct synthesis of metal + nonmetal:

1. Determine the charges on the cation and anion from their position on the periodic table. 2. Determine numbers of cations and anions needed to have charges cancel. 3. Balance the equation.

Process for Predicting the Products of a Precipitation Reaction:

1. Determine what ions each aqueous reactant has 2. Exchange ions[(+) ion from one reactant with (-) ion from other] 3. Balance charges of combined ions to get formulaof each product 4. Balance the equation (Count atoms) 5. Determine solubility of each product in water (Solubility rules, If product is insoluble or slightly soluble, it will precipitate)

Predicting whether a reaction will occur:

Formation of a solid (precipitate), formation of water, transfer in electrons formation of a gas, when chemicals (dissolved in water) are mixed and one of these 4 things can occur, the reaction will generally happen.

Acids all contain _______ cations and an anion

H+

When acids dissociate in water they release ______ ions and their anions.

H+

The net ionic equation for a strong acid-strong base reaction is always:

H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O(l)

Leo the lion acronym:

LEO (Losing electrons oxidation) the lion says GER (Gaining electrons reduction)

Solubility Rules Chart:

Most nitrate salts are soluble, most salts of Sodium, Potassium and ammonium are soluble, Most chloride salts are soluble (exceptions: AgCl, PbCl2 and Hg2C2), most sulfate salts are soluble (exceptions: BaSO4, PbSO4, CaSO4), Most hydroxide compounds are only slightly soluble (exceptions: NaOH, KOH; Ba(OH)2 and Ca(OH)2 are moderately soluble, Most sulfide, carbonate, phosphate salts are slightly soluble.

When bases dissociate in water they release or form ____ ions and their cations.

OH-

Bases all contain ______ anions and a cation, except for weak bases such as _______.

OH-; NH3

Acronym for oxidation and reduction:

OIL (Oxidation is losing) RIG (Reduction is gaining)

The Arrhenius definition of an acid:

a substance that produces H+ ions in aqueous solution

Net ionic equation

an ionic equation in which the spectator ions are dropped

ionic compound: nonmetal is now an _____________

anion

ionic compound: metal is now a __________

cation

We know that ionic compounds dissociate when they dissolve in water because the solution conducts ___________.

electricity

Ionic equations

equations that describe the actual ions and molecules in the solutions, as well as the molecules of solid, liquid, and gas not dissolved

Molecular equations (balanced equations)

equations that describe the chemicals put into the water and the product molecules

thermite reaction

gives off so much heat that the iron formed is molten

Precipitation reaction: At least one of the products formed is _______________ in water.

insoluble

Double displacement reactions

ion exchange reactions

Metal + nonmetal =

ionic compound

All electrolytes have ____________ dissolved in water

ions

Both precipitation reactions and acid-base reactions involve compounds exchanging ____________.

ions

Spectator ions

ions that are both reactants and products

In the reaction, electrons are transferred from the _______________ to the _____________

metal; nonmetal

If both solutions are aqueous write:

no reaction

Spectator Ions

not involved in reactions

Any reaction in which ______________ is a reactant or a product will be an oxidation-reduction reaction.

oxygen

Synthesis (combination) reactions

reactions in which chemicals combine to make one product (Metal + Nonmetal reactions can be classified as synthesis reactions) (Reactions of Metals or Nonmetals with O2 can be classified as synthesis reactions.) (These two types of synthesis reactions are also subclasses of oxidation-reduction reactions.)

Decomposition reactions

reactions in which one reactant breaks down into smaller molecules (Generally initiated by addition of energy, Addition of electric current or heat, Opposite of a synthesis reaction)

Combustion reactions:

reactions in which oxygen(g) is reacted with a carbon compound (Release a lot of energy, Subclass of oxidation-reduction reactions) (Combustion of carbon compounds produces carbon dioxide(g)) (Combustion of compounds that contain hydrogen produces water(g))

Oxidation-reduction reactions

reactions that involve a transfer of one or more electrons (Metals + Nonmetal) (oxygen as a reactant or product)

Single replacement reaction

reactions that involve an ion being transferred from one cation to another

Precipitation reactions

reactions that involve solid formation

Acid-base reactions

reactions that involve water formation

Gas forming reactions

reactions that occur in aqueous solution because one of the products is a gas

The cation from the base combines with the anion from the acid to make the __________

salt

acid + base=

salt + water

Moderately soluble:

soluble

reduced

substance that gains electrons

oxidized

substance that loses electrons `

Electrolytes

substances whose aqueous solutions conduct electricity (ex: strong electrolytes, weak electrolytes, and non electrolytes)

Insoluble/Slightly soluble

such a tiny amount dissolves that is not possible to detect it with the naked eye.

Precipitation reaction

the ions of one substance are exchanged with the ions of another substance when their aqueous solutions are mixed.

Oxidation (Combination or Synthesis)

the metal loses electrons and becomes a cation

Reduction

the nonmetal gains electrons and becomes an anion

In the reaction of an acid with a base, the H+ from the acid combines with the OH- from the base to make _________

water

Dissociation

when ionic compounds dissolve in water the anions and cations are separated from each other