Chemistry Quizlet

Match each phase of matter to the correct description of its particles on an atomic scale. Solid Liquid Gas

Particles close together and organized. Particles close together but not held rigidly in position. Particles far apart and disorganized.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the observations that led to the development of the nuclear model of the atom?

*The discovery of cathode rays led to an understanding that the atom contains smaller particles. *Rutherford determined that the main mass of the atom is concentrated in a central region. *Thomson measured the mass/charge ratio for an electron.

Which of the following options correctly describe the results of the experiments performed by Thomson and Millikan?

*Thomson studied the behavior of cathode rays. *Millikan measured the electrical charge of oil droplets. *Millikan's work allowed the charge of the electron to be calculated.

What is the charge of the monatomic cation usually formed by each of the following metals? Remember to include the sign with each charge, and enter the number along with the correct sign of the charge in each case

+2; +1; +2

Select all that apply Which of the following quantities are equivalent to 1 mL? Select all that apply.

0.001 L 1 x 10^-3 L 1 cm^3

The number 0.025349 rounded correctly to three significant figures is ______.

0.0253

Which of the following statements correctly describe how to round the number 32.6721 according to the number of significant digits in each case? Select all that apply.

33 to two significant figures 32.67 to four significant figures 30 to one significant figure

Which of the following statements correctly describe the formation of binary ionic compounds?

1. A binary ionic compound typically forms when a metal reacts with a nonmetal. 2. A binary ionic compound results from the combination of anions and cations. 3. The metal atoms transfer electrons to the nonmetal atoms.

Select the correct statements for key terms and ideas regarding the components of matter. Select all that apply.

1. Components in a mixture retain their properties. 2. Heterogeneous mixtures have visible parts and differing regional composition. 3. Elements are composed of one type of atom.

Which of the following options correctly describe the arrangement of the periodic table?

1. Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties. 2. The elements in the upper right portion of the periodic table are nonmetals. 3. The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called periods.

Select the correct statements for key terms and ideas regarding the components of matter. Select all that apply.

1. Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition throughout. 2. Covalent compounds consist of atoms bonded by electron pairs mutually attracted to both nuclei. 3. Substances have a fixed composition throughout.

Which of the following statements correctly describe isotopes?

1. Isotopes have similar chemical properties. 2. Isotopes of the same element have the same element symbols. 3. Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons.

Which of the following options correctly describe how to calculate a molecular or formula mass for a compound?

1. The atomic mass of a cation or anion is practically the same as the mass of the neutral element. 2. In a formula such as Ca(NO3)2, all the numbers of atoms inside the parentheses must be multiplied by 2 because of the subscript 2. 3. The formula/molecular mass is given by the sum of the masses of the component elements in the correct proportions

Which of the following statements correctly describe the atomic number of an element?

1. The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. 2. Each element has its own unique atomic number

Which of the following options correctly describe how to name an ionic compound?

1. The cation is named first and the anion second. 2. For a monatomic anion, the element name is changed to end in -ide.

Which of the following options correctly describe Rutherford's experiment?

1. The pathway followed by the α particles was tracked using a zinc-sulfide screen. 2. This experiment used α particles to probe atomic structure .3. An α particle was known at this time to be positively charged

Which of the following options correctly describe mixtures?

1. The proportions of the components can vary. 2. The components of a mixture are not chemically bonded together. 3. The components can be separated by physical means.

The atomic mass unit _______.

1. is often abbreviated as amu2. is based on the mass of an atom of C 12/6

The atomic mass unit is defined as

1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom

Which of the following conversion factors contain only exact numbers? Select all that apply.

10^3 mL = 1 L 1000 g = 1 kg 1 min = 60 s

A mass is recorded as 15.02 g. Given the accepted level of uncertainty in any recorded measurement, select the range in which this mass will fall.

15.01 - 15.03 g

Convert an area of 125 km^2 to mi^2, given that 1.609 km = 1 mi.

48.3 mi^2

The SI system is based on _____ fundamental units called base units. All other units are combinations of these fundamental units and are called _____ units.

7 derived

How does Dalton's atomic theory account for the fact that different samples of the same compound always contain a fixed mass percentage of its component elements?

A given compound always contains a fixed ratio of its component elements.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the macroscopic view of the three states of matter? Select all that apply.

A liquid has a fixed volume. A gas conforms to both the shape and the volume of the container it is in. A liquid conforms to the shape of its container.

Which of the following correctly defines a covalent bond?

A pair of electrons shared between two nuclei

Which of the following options correctly describe physical and chemical properties? Select all that apply.

A physical property can be observed without a chemical reaction. When a chemical property is measured, the substance being observed is converted to a different substance or interacts with another substance.

Which of the following statements correctly describe accuracy and precision? Select all that apply.

Accuracy is the term used to compare an experimental result to the "true" or accepted value. Precision is the term used to refer to how close two measurements are to each other.

Which of the following options correctly describes how straight-chain alkanes are named?

Alkanes are named with the root based on the number of carbon atoms followed by the suffix -ane.

Which of the following statements correctly define SI base units and derived units? Select all that apply.

All the base units are based on metric units. There are seven base units in the SI system.

Some covalent compounds are so common that they are named using "common" or "trivial" names instead of systematic names. Match each of the following compounds with its correct name. NH3 H2O CH4

Ammonia Water Methane

Which of the following options correctly describe Dalton's atomic theory? Select all that apply.

Atoms of the same element are identical. Compounds result from the combination of a specific ratio of atoms of different elements. All matter consists of atoms.

Classify each of the following conversion factors according to the presence of exact numbers. 1km / 1000m 6.25g / 1 cm^3 1Gal / 3.789L

Both numbers exact Only denominator exact Only numerator exact

Which of the following options correctly describe the three temperature scales and their relationship to each other? Select all that apply.

Both the Kelvin and Celsius scales have the same size degree unit. Absolute zero is 0 K or -273.15 degrees C. All temperatures in the Kelvin scale (other than 0 K) are positive.

Which of the following options correctly describe how to determine the charge on a monatomic ion using the periodic table?

Ca is in Group 2A and therefore forms the Ca2+ ion. The charge of most transition metal cations cannot readily be predicted from the periodic table. For main-group cations, the ion charge equals the A-group number.

Which of the following statements correctly describe how conversion factors are used in calculations? Select all that apply.

Conversion factors are relationships used to express the same quantity in different units. The conversion factor should be selected so that the units in the original quantity cancel with one of the units in the factor. All units should cancel except for those required for the answer when multiplying by a conversion factor.

A student carried out an experiment using a circular piece of aluminum foil (of known thickness) to determine the value of π. The accepted value of π is 3.1416. The student's results were 3.6689, 3.6691, 3.6687, and 3.6693. Select the best statement about this student's results in regard to precision and accuracy.

High precision and low accuracy

Match each of the following polyatomic ions with its correct name. OH- NO2- NO3- PO43- NH4+

Hydroxide Nitrite Nitrate Phosphate Ammonium

Mass is conserved in a chemical reaction. This observation is reflected in Dalton's postulate that atoms cannot be __________ or destroyed, or changed into other types of atoms. Since each type of atom has its own ________ atomic mass, the total mass cannot change in a chemical reaction.

Created; fixed

Match each pair of temperature scales to the correct description of the ways in which they differ. Fahrenheit and Celsius Celsius and Kelvin

Differ in the size of the temperature unit and the zero point. Differ only in the zero point; the size of the temperature unit is the same

A(n) ____ contains only one type of atom, whereas a(n)________ is composed of two or more different elements bonded together. A(n)______ also contains more than one substance, but these can be separated by physical means, whereas the components of a compound cannot.

Element compound mixture

Match each formula or model used to represent molecules with the correct description. Molecular formula Structural formula Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model

Element symbols with numerical subscripts to give the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule Shows the relative placement and connections of atoms in a molecule with either pairs of dots for electrons or a line to represent the bonds Shows the atoms as balls and the bonds as sticks with the angles between the bonds accurate Shows an accurately scaled image of the molecule with spheres giving the relative size of the atoms, angles, and distance between nuclei

In a given chemical compound, the component _____ are present in _____ proportions by mass, regardless of the source of the compound.

Elements Fixed

A number that is part of a unit definition has no uncertainty associated with it and is called a(n) ____ number. Such numbers do not limit the number of ____ figures in a calculation.

Exact Significant

How do exact numbers affect the significant figures of the answer to a calculation?

Exact numbers do not limit the number of significant figures in a calculation.

____ properties are dependent on the amount of substance. An example is ______. ______ properties are independent of the amount of substance. An example is ______.

Extensive mass Intensive temperature

The anion formed by the element fluorine is called __________, and the anion formed by the element chlorine is called ___________

Fluoride; Chloride

Rutherford's famous experiment involved bombarding a piece of _____________ foil with __________ particles, which were known to be heavy and positively charged. The pathway of these particles was tracked by allowing them to strike a zinc-sulfide screen after interacting with the foil.

Gold; Alpha

The scientific method is a systematic approach to studying our world. Based on the observations we make, we formulate a(n) _____ and test it by designing a controlled _____. The results or _____ collected in this phase will allow us to design further tests and potentially to formulate models and theories to explain the world around us.

Hypothesis Experiment Data

Which of the following statements describe how to round a number correctly, using the conventions followed by this text? Select all that apply.

If the digit removed is greater than 5, the preceding number increases by 1. Rounding at each intermediate step of a multistep calculation can introduce additional error. If the digit removed is a 5 followed only by zeros, the preceding number is increased by 1 if it is odd.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the steps required to solve a problem in chemistry? Select all that apply.

It is important to identify the known quantities in the problem. The units of the quantities given in the problem often provide useful conversion factors. Use the information given in the problem to construct appropriate conversion factors.

Both physical and chemical changes are accompanied by a change in the total energy of the system, which is divided into two broad categories,_____ energy due to motion and ______ energy due to position.

Kinetic Potential

The central theme in chemistry is that ____ scale properties and behavior are the result of ______ -scale properties and behavior.

Macroscopic Atomic

Chemistry is the study of matter, which is commonly defined as anything that has ___ and occupies __

Mass & Space

Each element in a given compound comprises a fixed fraction or percent by _____________ of the compound. This observation is summarized by the law of definite __________.

Mass; Composition

Which of the following options correctly describe how straight-chain alkanes are named?

Meth-, eth-, prop-, and but- are the root names for alkanes with one, two, three, and four carbons, respectively. Alkanes are named with the root based on the number of carbon atoms followed by the suffix -ane. Larger alkanes are named according to the Greek prefixes.

Match each physical quantity in the left column with the appropriate SI base unit. Amount of substance Length Mass Temperature

Mole Meter Kilogram Kelvin

Which of the following options correctly describe how acids are named?

Oxoacids are named similarly to oxoanions except the suffix is changed from -ate to -ic and -ite to -ous. Binary acids have the prefix hydro- to specify that they contain hydrogen. Binary acids contain the nonmetal root and then the suffix -ic.

An atom is composed of a very dense central ___________containing __________, which are positively charged, and neutrons, which have __________ electrical charge.

Nucleus; proton; neutral

Match each of the following terms to the correct description. Instructions Data Hypothesis Experiment Variable

Pieces of quantitative information collected through observation. Testable proposal made to explain observations or data. Set of steps designed to test a hypothesis. Quantity that can have more than a single value; controlled in an experiment.

Match each type of property to the correct description. Instructions. Physical Properties Chemical Properties

Properties that can be measured without changing the identity or composition of a substance. Properties that a substance displays as it transforms into or associates with another substance or substances.

A conversion factor is a(n) ____ used to express a quantity in different units of measurement. Multiplying by a conversion factor is the same as multiplying by ____ because the numerator and denominator are equivalent.

Ratio Unit

t is possible for two elements to combine in different ways to form two or more different compounds, such as CO and CO2. When this occurs, the different masses of element B that combine with a fixed mass of element A can be expressed as a(n) of small numbers. This observation is summarized by the law of proportions.

Ratio Whole Multiple

Match the name for each polyatomic ion with its correct formula. Sulfate Sulfite Permanganate Carbonate

SO42- SO32- MnO4- CO32-

Match each type of substance with the correct description. Element Compound Mixture

Simplest substance that contains only one type of atom A substance consisting of chemically combined atoms from two or more elements Consists of two or more substances physically combined

The measurement with the ___ amount of certainty in a calculation sets the limit for the entire calculation and determines the number of ___ figures in the final answer.

Smallest Significant

Which option(s) correctly describes the procedure used to determine the number of significant digits in a reported quantity? Select all that apply.

Start at the left and move right until you reach the first nonzero digit. All digits from the first nonzero digit onward (going to the right) are significant if there is a decimal point. If there is no decimal point, we assume that the trailing zeros are not significant unless exponential notation clarifies the quantity.

The compound MgS is correctly named magnesium __________

Sulfide

Match each rule for rounding numbers to its correct description, following the conventions used in this text. The digit removed is greater than 5. The digit removed is less than 5. The digit removed is a 5 followed by only zeros.

The preceding number increases by 1. The preceding number remains unchanged. The preceding number increases by 1 if it is odd and remains unchanged if it is even.

Match each arithmetic operation with the rule that governs the rounding of the answer. Addition and subtraction Multiplication and division

The answer is rounded to have the same number of digits after the decimal as the quantity with the fewest digits after the decimal. The answer is rounded to have the same number of significant figures as the quantity with the fewest significant figures.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the SI base quantities and their units? Select all that apply.

The correct abbreviation for kelvin is K. The SI unit for length is the meter.

Match each of the following experiments/observations with the information it contributed to the nuclear model of the atom. Thomson's experiments with cathode rays Millikan's oil-drop experiments Rutherford's gold-foil experiment

The discovery that atoms can be divided into smaller particles The determination of the charge on a single electron The discovery of the nucleus of the atom

Match each type of ion with the statement that correctly describes how to determine its charge using the periodic table. Main-group cations Anions

The ion charge equals the A-group number. The ion charge is calculated by subtracting 8 from the A-group number.

Which of the following statements correctly reflect the rule governing rounding in a calculation? Select all that apply.

The least certain measurement determines the certainty of the answer. Rounding is necessary when there are too many digits after a calculation.

Which of the following correctly describe atomic structure? Select all that apply.

The nucleus comprises a very small fraction of the total volume of the atom. The protons and neutrons together comprise most of the mass of the atom. The number of protons equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom.

The area of a telescope lens is 7903 mm2. If a technician takes 45 s to polish an area of 135 mm2, how long (in hours) does it take to polish the whole lens? Select all the statements that are correct and relevant to solving this problem.

The problem assumes that the conversion between seconds and hours is known. The information contains the conversion factor 45s/ 135mm^2 The starting point for the calculation is 7903 mm^2.

Select all that apply A recipe calls for 1/4 cup of butter. One ounce (oz) of butter is equivalent to 2 tablespoons (T), and there are 8 oz of butter in 1 cup. Which of the following statements correctly interpret the information provided? Select all that apply.

The recipe requires 4 T of butter. The information provided gives the conversion factor 8 oz / 1 cup

A nail is measured with a ruler and its length is reported as 5.46 cm. Select all the statements that are correct about the certainty and uncertainty represented in this recorded measurement.

The uncertainty is in the final digit of the measurement. The uncertainty can be expressed by reporting the measurement as 5.46 ± 0.01 cm.

True or false: After the completion of a chemical reaction, the number of substances may have changed but the amount of matter remains constant.

True

Which of the following statements correctly describe how units are treated in a mathematical calculation? Select all that apply.

Units can be multiplied or divided. Quantities cannot be added or subtracted unless they have like units. Like units can be canceled by division.

Energy is defined as the ability to do , and changes in energy occur in all changes of matter. Energy is neither created nor in these changes, but is simply from one form to another.

Work Destroyed Converted

Which option correctly describes the significance of zeros in a reported number? Select all that apply.

Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant. Zeros to the right of the number are significant as long as there is a decimal point present.

Which transition metals usually form only one monoatomic cation?

Zn Cd Ag

Match the definitions and examples correctly as indicated. An extensive property is defined as An intensive property is defined as Density is an example of an . Mass is an example of an

a property that depends on the amount of substance present. a property that is independent of sample size. intensive property. extensive property.

An atom may lose or gain electrons to form an ion. Match each description of ions and their charges correctly. An ion with more electrons than its neutral atom is called a(n) An ion with fewer electrons than its neutral atom is called a(n) The charge of an ion with more electrons than its neutral atom is The charge of an ion with fewer electrons than its neutral atom is

anion cation negative positive

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same _____ number but a different _____ number. This is because isotopes have the same number of protons but a different number of _____.

atomic; mass; neutrons

Dalton's atomic theory stated that matter consists of tiny indestructible particles called _______ , which combine in definite ratios to form

atoms compounds

Most elements occur in compounds combined with other elements by forming chemical ___________, which are formed by the interaction of the ___________ of the atoms involved.

bonds; electrons

When naming an ionic compound, the ________ is always named first. To name the anion, the root of the nonmetal name is added to the suffix -______________. The anion O2- is therefore named ___________.

cation; ide; oxide

Two atoms may bond by sharing electrons. This type of bond is called a(n) __________ bond.

covalent

When adding or subtracting quantities, the answer is rounded so that it has the same number of ______ in the quantity that has the fewest of these. When multiplying or dividing, the answer is rounded to contain the same number of ______ in the quantity that has the fewest of these.

digits after the decimal significant figures

Thomson's experiments with cathode rays determined that atoms contained even smaller particles called _____, which have a _____ charge.

electrons; negative

The charged particle that forms when an atom, or small group of atoms, loses or gains one or more _____________ is called an ion. An ion with a positive charge is called a(n) ____________ while an ion with a negative charge is a(n) ___________.

electrons; cation; anion

Formula and molecular masses are calculated using the chemical ____________ of the relevant compound, and the atomic masses obtained from the __________ table. The __________ of the atomic masses in the correct proportions gives the formula or molecular mass of the compound.

formula periodic; total

A _____ mixture has no visible boundaries between its components because its composition is uniform, whereas a _____ mixture is not uniform and different components can be distinguished.

homogeneous; heterogeneous

Binary acids are named with the prefix _____ and the suffix _____.

hydro-; -ic

Elements combine in two general ways. In _____ compounds electrons are transfered from one element to the other, while in _____ compounds the electrons are shared between the atoms.

ionic; covalent

Chemistry is the study of matter, which is commonly defined as anything that has ____ and occupies _____.

mass space

During a chemical reaction, the total _____ of the substances present does not change. The number of substances may change, but the total amount of matter present _____.

mass; remains unchanged

Water (H2O) contains 8.0 g O for every 1.0 g of H and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contains 16.0 g O for every 1.0 g of H. Therefore, the ratio of the masses of oxygen that combine with a fixed amount of hydrogen in the two compounds is a small whole number ratio of 2:1. This is an example of the law of _____.

multiple proportions

The elements in the modern periodic table are arranged in order of increasing atomic __________.The vertical columns of the table are called ____________ or families, and the horizontal rows are called __________.

number; groups; periods

A central theme in chemistry is that we study ______ changes in matter to understand their ______ causes.

observable unobservable

The items listed below relate to the method used for solving problems in chemistry. Match each pair of items correctly. The known quantities in the problem The unknown quantity The units of conversion factors Any units that do not cancel

often provide useful conversion factors. will be the solution to the problem. must cancel at each step, except for the units needed for the answer. are the units for the unknown quantity.

An ionic compound is formed when ions of _________ charge attract. An ionic compound is __________ overall even though it contains charged particles; therefore it must contain equal numbers of positive and negative __________.

opposite ;neutral; charges

Each element has a unique number of ___________, which is called the atomic number. For an electrically neutral atom, this number is also equal to the number of ___________ present.

protons; electrons

Volume is the amount of three-dimensional that any sample of matter occupies. The most common non-SI units used for volume are the liter, symbol , and the milliliter, symbol . Note that the answers are case sensitive.

space L mL

Chemistry is the study of ______. (Select all the options that correctly complete the sentence.)

the changes of matter the properties of substances matter and its composition

The common name for the compound H2O is ____________, while the compound NH3 is commonly known as _____________.

water; ammonia