Child and family unit 1

Private family

two or more individuals who maintain a close, emotional relationship and a commitment to each other, and who usually live in the same household and pool their incomes and household labor.

Gary Becker's rational choice-based theory was used to explain the prevalence of the breadwinner-homemaker family, which refers to a married couple with children in which the _____.

father worked for pay and the mother did not

The postmodern perspective

focuses on how individuals construct their self-identity through family formation and interactions on the last several decades. Argue that the modern era - long period from the spread of industrialization to mid-to-late nineteenth century- ended in the last half of the twentieth century.

Symbolic interaction perspective

focuses on symbol, both verbal and non-verbal. This is used to make sense of life. We create and re-create reality everyday. A micro-view approach.

Globalization has been aided by the ascendency of a political viewpoint known as neoliberalism that supports _____.

free movement of investment funds and free trade of goods across nations, open borders, and individual initiative

The central concept in feminist theory is _____, which is usually defined as the social and cultural characteristics that distinguish women and men in a society.

gender

In the observational study, a researcher tries to find individuals or families that _____.

have a particular set of characteristics he or she is interested in

Schaefer defines a(n) _____ as a speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.

hypothesis

heteronormativity

idea that heterosexual relationships are the only normal and natural relationships and that by contrast, intimate relationships outside of the conventional heterosexual model are abnormal

Queer theory

questions common assumptions about sexual and gender identities, monogamy and the definition of the family

In a survey, a random selection of households is done to ensure that people who are asked questions are _____.

representative of a population in an area

According to Schaefer, a systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem is known as the _____.

scientific method

intersectionality

theoretical principle that inequalities that are related to one social identity often overlap with inequalities that related to other identities

Without randomization

there is always the possibility that another, unobserved factor, lurking benrath the surface, is causing the relationship we see.

According to Symbolic interaction theorists, people do not react to the world like computers respond to mouse clicks but

they interpret what others do based on shared understanding they may take for granted. We interpret symbols, gestures, words, appearances, whose meanings we have come to understand.

Free-rider problem

tendency for people to obtain public goods by letting others do the work of producing them- metaphorically, the temptation to ride free on the backs of others.

Social institution

"the family" . Refers to set of roles and rules that define a social unit of importance to society.; Roles give us positions such as parent, child, spoouse, ex-spouse, stepfather, partner etc.

Identify the groups to which subjects are randomly assigned by social scientists when conducting an experiment to confirm or disconfirm a relationship between two factors. (Check all that apply.)

Control group Treatment group

True or false: Public goods are mostly produced in larger quantities than is socially desirable.

False

public goods

things that may be enjoyed by people who do not themselves produce them

Negative externalities

occur when an individual or a business produces something that is beneficial to itself but imposes costs on other individuals or businesses Examples: Businesses that release sulfur dioxide through smokestacks impose a cost on everyone else by polluting the air. Factory gains by producing goods without having to install expensive smokestack scrubber, but everyone loses.

Positive externalities

occur when an individual produces something that benefits others but for which the producers are not fully compensated. Example: A corporation may start an expensive job training program to obtain qualified workers but some workers take jobs with rival firms after training. Other firms obtain skilled workers without paying the cost.

It is almost impossible to stop people who don't produce public goods from enjoying them, as a result:

public goods are often produced in smaller quantities than is socially desirable.

Some positive externalities involve the production of

public goods

Things that may be enjoyed by people who do not themselves produce them are known as _____.

public goods

Identify a disadvantage of the survey method using a random sample.

It is difficult to determine whether people in a sample are responding honestly.

Identify a true statement about the queer theory perspective on the family.

It rejects the idea of fixed, stable sexual and gender identities.

is a perspective developed to better understand, and to transform, inequalities between women and men.

Blank 1: Feminist Blank 2: theory or perspective

Scientific Method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

Exchange theory

A sociological theory that views people as rational beings who decide whether to exchange goods or services by considering the benefits they will receive, the costs they will incur, and the benefits they might receive if they were to choose an alternate course of action.

Hypothesis

A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables

expressive individualism

A style of life that emphasizes developing one's feelings and emotional satisfaction. Type who wants to connect emotionally with a romantic partner, express his or her innermost thoughts to a trusted friend and develop a good body at the health club. This is consistent with focus on self-identity according to postmodern theorists.

Breadwinner-homemaker family

Beckers model: a married couple with children in which the father works for pay and the mother does not

Externalities

Benefits or costs that accrue to others when an individual or business produces something

A sociological theory that views people as rational beings who decide whether to exchange goods or services by considering the benefits they will receive, the costs they will incur, and the benefits they might receive if they choose an alternative course of action is known as the .

Blank 1: exchange Blank 2: theory or perspective

refers to the increasing flow of goods and services, money, migrants, and information across the nations of the world.

Blank 1: globalization

The _ study, also known as field research, refers to a study in which a researcher spends time directly observing each participant in the study.

Blank 1: observational

refers to a set of roles and rules that define a social unit of importance to society.

Blank 1: social Blank 2: institution

A study in which individuals or households are randomly selected from a large population and asked a fixed set of questions is known as a(n) .

Blank 1: survey

A sociological theory that focuses on people's interpretations of symbolic behavior is known as the _ _ theory.

Blank 1: symbolic Blank 2: interaction

Identify a true statement about the idea of intersectionality.

It arose when scholars who studied minority groups criticized feminist theorists for not linking gender with race and class in the 1980s and 1990s.

Which of the following sociological perspectives on the family views sexuality and gender as artificially organized into categories that reflect the power of heterosexual norms?

Queer theory

Identify a reason for the lesser role of marriage and the greater tolerance of those who are not married in today's world.

The movement of married women into the paid workforce

Individualism in American life has two types

Utilitarian individualism, and expressive individualism

Self-identitiy

a person's sense of who or she is and of where he or she fits in the social structure

Symbolic interaction theory

a sociological theory that focuses on people's interpretations of symbolic behavior. (often see the social world as more fragile and unstable place in which individuals are continually creating and sustaining meanings, often without conscious thought to costs and benefits.) George Herbert Mead was major figure.

Survey

a study in which individuals or households are randomly selected from a larger population and asked a fixed set of questions

utilitarian individualsim

a style of life that emphasizes self-reliance and personal achievement, especially in one's work. (Style of person determined to succeed on his own or get to top of corporate ladder, or a single mother who whorks two jobs to pay for children's college

longitudinal survey

a survey in which interviews are conducted several times at regular intervals

Objectivity

ability to draw conclusions about a social situation that are unaffected by one's own beliefs

The roles of social institution give people positions such as parent, child, spouse, and so on, whereas the rules of social institution offer people guidance about how to _____.

act in these roles

The best way to confirm or disconfirm a relationship between two factors is to conduct an experiment in which _____.

all other factors are held constant

Observational study

also known as field research, is when the researcher spends time directly observing each participant in the study, often more time than interviewers. May join a group she or he is studying for a period of time. Subject not usually selected randomly. Researcher finds families that have a particular set of characteristics

secondary analysis

analysis of survey data by people other than those who collected it

primary analysis

analysis of survey data by the people who collected the information

Cisgender people

are those whose sense of their own gender is consistent with the gender that they were assigned at birth on the basis of physical characteristics

monogamy

belief that a person should have only one long-term partner at a time, usually through marriage.

The key challenge for the public family is the free-rider problem, whereas the private family faces the problem of _____.

boundary ambiguity

The definition of the private family allows for _____ to be part of the family.

children

According to the definition of the private family, the relationship between individuals must be one in which the _____.

commitment is long term with the expectation that it will last indefinitely

Benefits or costs that accrue to others when an individual or business produces something are known as _____.

externalities

Idea of intersectionality arose

in the 1980s and 1990s when scholars who studied minority groups criticized feminist theorists for not linking gender with race and class, essentially for focusing heavily on the lives of white, middle-class women.

globalization

increasing flow of goods and services, money, migrants, and information across the nations of the world

A style of life in which people pursue their own interests and place great importance on developing a personally rewarding life is known as _____.

individualism

commitment

individuals expect the family to endure indefinitely. Notion that the family is typically household-based and economic as well as intimate- shared residence, common budgets. (usually live in same house-hold)

According to Crenshaw (1991), the principle that inequalities related to one social identity often overlap with inequalities related to other identities is known as _____.

intersectionality

Close emotional relationship

intimate but not necessarily sexual

Economists who specialize in public welfare have

introduced the notion of externalities.

The disadvantage of observational studies

is that it is hard to know how representative the families being studied are of similar families.

The advantage of the survey method

is that results are representative not only of the sample interviewed, but the larger population in the area

The main disadvantage of the survey method

is the limited amount of information that can be fathered on each person or family. Most won't participate in an interview that takes more than an hour or two. Another disadvantage is that it is difficult to determine whether the people are responding honestly especially on sensitive issues

Best way to confirm or disconfirm a relationship between two factors

is to conduct an experiment in which all other factors are held constant

Voluntary kinship

kinship that ties people construct with others who are not related to them by blood or marriage

assigned kinship

kinship ties that people more or less automatically acquire when they are born or when they marry

The last few decades of the twentieth century and the present day is known as the _____.

late modern era

The main disadvantage of the survey method using a random sample is the _____.

limited amount of information that can be gathered on each person or family

Unlike the modern era, individuals in the late modern era must _____.

make choices about nearly all aspects of their lives

There are several reasons for the lesser role of marriage and the greater tolerance of those who are not married

marriage is less economically necessary than when people needed to pool their labor and earnings with a spouse to subsist. Moreover, the trend of married women into the paid workforce has lessened women's economic dependence on men.

A consequence of the transference of jobs overseas and the loss of jobs to automation is that young adults are discouraged from _____.

marrying

Feminist theorists argue that nearly all the gender differences we see in the roles of women and men are

of cultural origin and have been socially constructed.

Public family

one or more adults who are jointly caring for dependents, and the dependents themselves.

transgender people

people who sense of their own gender is inconsistent with the gender they were assigned at birth.

Feminist theory

perspective developed to better understand, and to transform, inequalities between men and women

polyamory

practice of having more than one open rmantic relationship at a time

reflexivity

process through which individuals take in knowledge, reflect on it and alter their behavior as a result

Children are examples of

public goods

Boundary ambiguity

state in which family members are uncertain about who is in or out of the family

individualism

style of life in which individuals pursue their own interests and place a great importance on developing a personally rewarding life.

The adherents of _____ see the social world as a much more fragile and unstable place, in which individuals are continually creating and sustaining meanings, often without much conscious thought to costs and benefits.

symbolic interaction theory

More recently, queer theorists have argued

that sexual identity constitutes another overlapping circle of inequality that should be added to gender, race, and class.

Western nations

the countries of Western Europe and the non-European, English-speaking countries of the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

Queer theorists reject

the idea of fixed, stable sexual and gender identities, and they reject the idea that paired categories of gay versus straight are adequate to describe the sexual desire and behavior of everyone in society. They argue that sexuality is a continuum along which individuals may position themselves.

Postmodern era

the last few decades of the twentieth century and the present day.

Globalization is evident in

the movement of factory work overseas so that, for instance, virtually every piece of clothing you own was probably made outside of the united states.

In addition to the decline of marriage and greater tolerance for alternative lifestyles reflects

the rise of a more individualized view of family and personal life

Gender

usually defined as the social and cultural characteristics that distinguish women and men in a society.