Child Development Exam 2 (chapters 7-9)

This is a multiple-answer question. According to Michael Pressley, which of the following are most likely to prove beneficial as ways that teachers can get children to learn to apply strategies for solving problems? Select one or more: a. Guide children in practicing the strategy and support their efforts with feedback. b. Verbalize the steps in the strategy. c. Have the children read the strategy aloud. d. Model the strategy. e. Provide repeated verbal instruction on the goal of the strategy.

a, b, d

A psychology professor asks his students to think of as many uses as possible for a paper clip. The professor is encouraging ____________________.

brainstorming

Which of the following illustrates telegraphic speech? Select one: a. "No!" b. "baa-baa-baa-baa . . ." c. "Daddy go work?" d. "I want to go!"

c

Which of the following is NOT a positive aspect--or result--of bilingualism? Select one: a. Having better skills at detecting grammatical errors. b. Performing better on tests of attentional control. c. Performing better on reading tests. d. The exhibition of cognitive flexibility.

c

Noam Chomsky proposes a LAD, or "language acquisition ( ).

device

_______________ is the ability for children to talk about things that are not physically present. Children who are at least three years of age are more likely to exhibit this ability than two-year-olds.

displacement

A father repeats what his daughter says, perhaps as a way of informing her that what she has said is correct

echoing

In the domain of intelligence, Howard Gardner is to ____________________ as Robert Sternberg is to ____________________.

eight frames of mind; triarchic theory

According to our textbook, memory involves three main activities. They are:

encoding, storage, and retrieval

t/f: A recent study by Blaga et al. (2009) indicates that there is very little stability in intelligence from late infancy through the preschool years.

false

t/f: According to research on infantile amnesia, it appears that much of infancy is remembered because elementary school children can remember a great deal of their infancy. So degrading of memory of the early years that is responsible for infantile amnesia occurs after the elementary school years.

false

t/f: An individual who is creative is likely to be a convergent thinker.

false

t/f: Children usually are UNABLE to print their first name at age five.

false

t/f: Elaboration is one strategy that can be used to remember information. Elementary school children are just as likely to use elaboration spontaneously as adolescents.

false

If a person's mental age is the same as their chronological age, then that person's IQ is ( ).

100

A national assessment has shown that fourth-grade children had higher scores on a national reading test when they read ( ) or more pages daily for school and homework.

11

Joe has a mental age of 12 and a chronological age of ten. Joe's IQ is ( ).

120

On average, infants utter their first word at about _______ months.

13

This is a multiple answer question. Select the categories of mental state that some research on "theory of mind" shows that children begin to understand between 18 months and three years of age. Select one or more: a. desires b. emotions c. false beliefs d. perceptions

a, b, d

This is a multiple answer question. Which of the following are true about what researchers have found regarding memory span, as established via memory span tasks? Select one or more: a. In at least one study testing children on their speed of repeating words presented orally, speed of repetition predicted predicted memory span. b. Memory span research has shown no change in short-term memory until adolescence. c. Research has suggested that memory span increases from about two digits in two-year-old children to about five digits in seven-year-old children. d. Research has suggested that increase in memory span slows between seven and 12 years of age, with an increase of 1.5 digits during these years.

a, c, d

Loss or impairment of language ability caused by brain damage is called

aphasia

This is a multiple-answer question. Identify all characteristics of the "whole-language" approach to reading instruction. Select one or more: a. A DELAY in the reading of "whole" materials, such as stories and poems. b. Instruction geared toward the understanding of language's communicative function. c. The integration of reading with other skills and subjects, such as science and social studies. d. Instruction paralleling childrens' "natural language" learning. e. Emphasis on phonics. f. The use of simplified materials.

b, c, d

t/f: Evidence is accumulating that measures of habituation and dishabituation DO NOT predict intelligence in childhood and adolescence.

false

t/f: Research shows that in the majority of cases, babbling is intended to be communicative.

false

Most researchers on infant memory have found that babies do not show explicit memory until the second half of the _______ year.

first

"He picked up the flashlight." In this sentence /flash/ and /light/ are ( ) morphemes.

free

A mother identifies the name of a thing for her child.

labeling

t/f: Children with Williams Syndrome have excellent verbal skills but low IQ.

true

How many BOUND morphemes are in the sentence ?He picked up the flashlight??

1

First words usually are uttered between _______ and _______ months of age.

10; 15

Linguists distinguish between "free" and "bound" (or grammatical) morphemes. Free morphemes can be used as words by themselves, whereas bound morphemes cannot. For example, the word "flashlight" has two free morphemes ("flash" and "light") and the word "looked" has one free and one bound morpheme ("look" and "ed" respectively). (The latter ("ed") serves to signal past tense.) How many TOTAL MORPHEMES are in the sentence "He looked at the flashlight, but did not pick it up"?

13

Gifted children have an IQ of ( ) or higher

130

The current Stanford-Binet test is given to individuals from the age of _______ through adulthood.

2

In a famous essay entitled "The Magical Number 7, Plus or Minus 2," George Miller proposed that the capacity of short-term memory is 7 items (or "digits"), plus or minus 2 (e.g., a typical phone number, minus the area code). Our textbook says that the retention of short-term memory is, at best, about _______ seconds, unless the person uses strategies such as rehearsal, chunking, or elaboration.

30

At about ( ) years of age, children develop a remarkable sensitivity to the needs of others in conversation, for example by using the articles "the" and "an" (or "a").

4

Researchers have found that infants as young as 3 months of age can engage in _____ to _____ seconds of sustained attention.

5; 10

According to Patricia Kuhl, children are "universal linguists" up until _______________ of age, being able to distinguish each of the 150 sounds that make up human speech.

6 months

These days, quite a few researchers believe that infants form concepts. Some even claim that this occurs to a limited extent at three or four months! Our textbook emphasizes research on categorization--for example the ability to group objects according to their appearances. Jean Mandler disagrees with some conclusions from research on young infants. She says that, at best, what young infants seem to be able to do in categorization experiments is based on their ability to detect and match perceptual features of things. She maintains that infants are not able to form conceptual categories (e.g. "animals" and "vehicles") until about _____ or _____ months of age.

7, 9

A child has a mental age of 7 and chronological age of 10. Her IQ is ( ).

70

Mental retardation is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual has a low IQ, usually below ( ) on a traditional IQ test, has difficulty adapting to everyday life, and first exhibits these characteristics by age 18.

70

Infants begin to use meaningful gestures, such as pointing or nodding the head to say "yes," at about ( ) to 12 months of age

8

_______________ refers to processing information with little or no effort.

Automaticity

Which of the following represents the correct developmental progression of speech-related sounds during the first year of life?

From crying to cooing, duplicated babbling, then variegated babbling

This is a multiple-answer question. Of the intelligence theorists discussed in Chapter 9 of our textbook, which TWO theorists seem to be the most influential in contemporary education? Select one or more: a. Alfred Binet b. Howard Gardner c. Charles Spearman d. Robert Sternberg e. David Wechsler

Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg

Which theorist invented the "intelligence quotient" and worked out its calculation in 1912?

William Stern

Research has shown that deaf children who have no command of written or sign language perform at the same level on some problem-solving tasks as peers without hearing problems. This research supports the view that:

a

Up to a certain point in development, the child's metacognitive abilities are limited. Which of the following exemplifies these limitations AT AGES FIVE AND SIX. Select one: a. They tend to try to remember specific items from a story verbatim. b. They have appropriate confidence in their memory. c. They are able to connect new information with old information to promote memory of items. d. None of the above are correct.

a

Which of the following theorists proposes an INTERACTIONIST approach to language acquisition that emphasizes sociocultural context and includes biological development? Select one: a. Jerome Bruner b. Noam Chomsky c. Goldin-Meadow d. Steven Pinker

a

Over the course of a couple weeks, a child consistently says "ba-ba-ba-ba" while reaching her bottle. This PROBABLY is an example of ____________________.

an idiomorph

This is a multiple answer question. Select all statements that accurately reflect what researchers have learned about the developmental trajectory of how children understand others' thoughts, feelings, etc. Select one or more: a. Two- to three-year-old children have no understanding how others' desires are related to actions and emotions. In other words, for example, they do not understand that if another person searches but does not find what they (the other person) wants, the other person likely will feel sad or angry. b. By the time they are about five years old, most children are aware that other people can have false beliefs. c. At approximately five to seven years of age, children have a deepening appreciation that other peoples' behaviors do not necessarily reflect those other peoples' thoughts and feelings. d. In general--and given the few examples in our textbook--three-year-old children tend to fail false-belief tasks and four- to five-year-old children tend to pass them. e. Our textbook suggests that it is not until early adolescence that children understand that other people can have ambivalent feelings; for example, that the same person can feel both happy and sad about the same event.

b, c, d, e

This is a multiple answer question. Select all statements that are true about what researchers have discovered with respect to working memory. Select one or more: a. Less effective working memory in children has been linked to more efficient and creative problem-solving skills. b. Working memory capacity at nine to 10 years of age predicts foreign language comprehension at 11 to 12 years of age. c. Compared with their counterparts with less effective working memory, children with more effective working memory tend to be more advanced in reading comprehension, math skills, and problem solving. d. Up to approximately 10 years of age, working memory capacity in all children is virtually the same. e. Working memory and attention control predict growth in emergent literacy and number skills in young children in low-income families. f. In 4th grade children, working memory capacity predicts how many items on a list will be forgotten.

b, c, e, f

Fuzzy trace theory holds that during encoding, individuals create two types of memory representations: verbatim and a fuzzy trace (or gist). Which of the following statements distinguishes what has been found about preschool and elementary school children with respect to their tendencies to remember information verbatim and as a fuzzy trace? Select one: a. Preschool children usually just remember gist information. b. Elementary school children usually remember verbatim information. c. Preschool children tend to remember verbatim information, while elementary school children are more likely to remember gist information. d. Both preschool and elementary school children tend to remember verbatim information.

c

The "whole-language approach" to reading instruction: Select one: a. emphasizes that reading instruction should teach phonics and its basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds. b. stresses the use of simplified materials in early reading instruction. c. involves the use of "whole" and meaningful reading materials to help children learn to understand language's communicative function. d. involves the use of reading materials that are extremely challenging for children to understand so that they can make more rapid progress in reading.

c

Which of the following would you think is NOT a common characteristic of first words? Select one: a. They are concerned with the "here and now." b. They often consist of reduplicated syllables. c. They include at least one bound morpheme. d. They are often specific nominals.

c

Which of the following best characterizes what Jean Berko concluded from her studies.

children possess morphological rules

According to Robert Sternberg, which of the following is an example of "practical intelligence"? Select one: a. Graduating at the top of your class. b. Finding a cure for disease. c. Inventing something. d. Not falling for a phone scam promising you instant wealth.

d

The information-processing approach does not include, focus on, or emphasize: Select one: a. thought and thinking. b. careful analysis of strategies used in thinking. c. discontinuous periods of development. d. precise descriptions of mechanisms involved in cognitive change.

discontinuous periods of development.

Give this one a try. If you remember where you were and what you were doing during the day of the 9-11 terrorist attacks, your memories of that day are best classified as _______________ memories.

episodic

A baby sitter restates what a child says in a more sophisticated way.

expanding

Comparing males and females on intelligence tests, we know that: Select one: a. males are more likely than females to have extremely high or extremely low scores. b. the average scores of males and females do not differ, but variability in their scores does differ. c. males score better than females in some nonverbal areas, such as spatial reasoning. d. females score better than males in some verbal areas, such as finding synonyms for words. e. None of the above are correct. f. With the exception of "none of the above," all of the above are correct.

f

t/f: According to our textbook, no "culture fair" intelligence tests have been developed.

false

t/f: According to our textbook, the most effective strategy for remembering information in childhood is rehearsal.

false

t/f: Howard Gardner is known for emphasizing TWO forms of intelligence ONLY: verbal and mathematical.

false

t/f: Recently, researchers have found evidence supporting the conclusion that intelligence is "located" in the temporal lobes of the human brain.

false

t/f: Research has shown that as a memory strategy, verbal elaboration does not improve young elementary school childrens' memories of information presented to them in school or elsewhere.

false

t/f: There are virtually no changes in sustained attention during the first two years of life.

false

If a person shows no evidence of having organic brain damage and if their IQ is between 55 and 70, they are classified as having cultural-( ) retardation.

familial

With respect to brain regions involved in intelligence, some neuroscientists propose that there is a "distributed neural network" related to higher intelligence that involves the _______________ and _______________ lobes of the brain.

frontal and parietal

Alfred Binet developed the concept of _______________.

mental age

The great majority of persons diagnosed with mental retardation (89%) fit into the _______________ category.

mild

Ellen Langer labels ( ) as being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going about day-to-day activities. Individuals with this ability can create new ideas, are open to new information, and can operate from more than one perspective.

mindfulness

Recent studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess total brain volume indicate a _______________ correlation between brain size and intelligence.

moderate

It is concerned with the units of meaning involved in word formation.

morphology

Jean Berko's famous "words and wugs" research is concerned primarily with _______________.

morphology

One of the main advantages of the Wechsler scales over the Stanford-Binet test is that the Wechsler scales include many more measures to determine ____________________ intelligence.

nonverbal

A child refers to all four-legged animals as "doggie." This is most likely an example of a(n) ____________________.

overextension

A child refers to all four-legged animals as "doggy." This is most likely an example of a(n) ____________________.

overextension

It is the sound system of a language.

phonology

A parent takes their child to the library. However, the child does not appear to understand that she needs to keep her voice down while in the library. This may be an example of the child?s limited _______________ skills.

pragmatics

It is concerned with the ability to use language in context.

pragmatics

The three criteria for being gifted, proposed by Ellen Winner, are "marching to their own drummer," "a passion to master," and "_______________."

precocity

We may think of aptitude tests as being designed to _______________, while we may think of achievement as being designed to _______________.

predict; measure

According to our textbook, one likely cause of infantile and childhood amnesia is the immaturity of the ( ) lobes of the brain during infancy and early childhood.

prefrontal

A father rephrases what a child says in the form of a question.

recasting

Shawn, who is 12 months old, shows that he knows the meanings of many words than he can use. This is characteristic of infants' ________________ vocabularies at this age.

receptive

_______________ is the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of a child's performance.

reliability

It is concerned with meaning

semantics

In 1985, the Binet test was renamed to the Stanford-Binet test because many revisions of the Binet test were carried out at Stanford University. The Stanford-Binet test analyzes responses in verbal, quantitative, and abstract/visual reasoning, in addition to _______________ memory.

short term

"Mama" is a _______________ nominal, while "ball" is a ________________ nominal.

specific; general

The average 18-month-old can speak about 50 words. But by the age of two children can speak about 200 words. This rapid increase in vocabulary that begins at about 18 months is called the vocabulary ( ).

spurt

The directions for turning on the Nintendo game, Grandma's full name, and Marian's favorite flavor of ice-cream are:

stored in long term memory

Is intelligence inherited? Is there a genetic basis for intelligence? A committee of respected researchers convened by the American Psychological Association concluded in 1996 that by late adolescence, the heritability of intelligence is about .75. This is considered to be a _______________ correlation between parental and adolescent intelligence.

strong

It is ( ) attention that allows infants to learn about and remember characteristics of a stimulus as it becomes familiar.

sustained

It is concerned with grammar, or the ability to combine words to form acceptable phrases and sentences.

syntax

Thinking, which by the information processing account involves manipulating and transforming information in memory, is the job of _______________ in Baddeley's model of working memory shown in our textbook.

the central executive

Janellen Huttenlocher and colleagues have found evidence that language acquisition may depend upon the environment to a larger extent than theorists such as Noam Chomsky propose. Huttenlocher has found a remarkable link between the size of a child's vocabulary and:

the talkativeness of her or his mother.

t/f: A person in the "mild" category of mental retardation has an IQ between 55 and 70.

true

t/f: According to research by fuzzy trace theorists, if you want to remember something you are more likely to remember it as a fuzzy trace than as a bit of verbatim information.

true

t/f: After Binet, David Wechsler analyzed intelligence into general and specific abilities.

true

t/f: Although it does not yield an overall IQ score, the SAT is similar to the Binet test in that both are, to some extent, designed to predict success in school.

true

t/f: Childrens' memory skills can exceed adult memory skills when memory tasks are related to tasks at which children are experts and at which adults are not experts (e.g., chess).

true

t/f: Damage to Broca's area often causes problems in speech production, whereas damage to Wernicke's area often causes problems in language comprehension.

true

t/f: Developmentalists believe a shift to cognitive control of attention, with less impulsive behavior and increased reflection, occurs at the age of 6 or 7.

true

t/f: Displacement is seen often in children who are three years old and older.

true

t/f: Elementary school children can be taught effectively to use elaboration strategies on learning tasks.

true

t/f: Intelligence is the ability to solve problems and learn from experience.

true

t/f: Joint attention skills in infants are not observed frequently until toward the end of the first year of life.

true

t/f: Researchers working to support the "fuzzy trace" theory of memory construction have found that preschool children tend to remember verbatim information more than gist information and elementary-school-aged children are more likely to remember gist information.

true

t/f: Some research indicates that delays in beginning school can result in substantial decreases in intelligence as measured via an IQ test.

true

t/f: Some versions of the information-processing approach are constructivist.

true

t/f: The "fuzzy trace" theory of memory construction maintains that verbatim traces are more likely to be forgotten than fuzzy traces.

true

t/f: The Bayley Scales of Infant Development are widely used in assessing infant development.

true

t/f: The correlations in intelligence in middle and late childhood, say, between the ages of 6 and 9, are much higher than correlations in intelligence between infancy and age 5.

true

t/f: Validity means a test measures the attribute it is suppose to measure.

true

Carolyn Rovee-Collier has shown that infants can remember perceptual-motor information. However, this view has been criticized by Jean Mandler and others on the basis that:

what Rovee-Collier calls remembering is only implicit memory, or memory without conscious recollection.