Child development Test 1

A number of recessive genes, called ___________ genes, are located only on the X chromosome.

X-linked

Typically, labor takes ___________ hours for firstborn children, but there are wide variations.

16 - 24 Hours

Trevor is almost 36 inches tall and weighs between 25 to 30 pounds; he is probably ___________ years old.

2

At birth, the average baby length is approximately ___________ inches.

20

Liza is the director of a preschool. She primarily works with children between what age range?

3-6 Years

Today, the average hospital stay following normal birth is __________ hours.

48 Hours

Weight gain follows a pattern similar to height. During middle childhood, both boys and girls gain around ___________ pounds a year.

5 to 7

Henry weighs about 46 pounds and stands 46 inches tall. Henry is about __________ years old.

6

The point at which an infant can survive a premature birth is called

Age of viability

Among the first instances in which children were methodically studied came in the form of

Baby biographies

Elena and Pablo had planned to have their first child with only a minimum of medical intervention. However, when the fetal monitor revealed that their child was in distress, their obstetrician recommended a(n) ___________ delivery.

Cesarean

A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called

Classical Conditioning

Ms. Bujanos, a third-grade teacher, finds it fascinating to watch how children's attention spans and their ability to plan and to problem solve increase over the course of the school year. Ms. Bujanos is observing

Cognitive Development

Approaches to the study of cognitive development that focus on how brain processes are related to cognitive activity are called

Cognitive neuroscience approach

A group of people born at around the same time in the same place is called a ___________.

Cohort

Sara and her friends reached adolescence at the peak of AIDS awareness, and for that reason they are more aware of how AIDS is transmitted relative to their parents' generation. This is an example of a

Cohort

Researchers have found that children who watch a good deal of aggression on television tend to be more aggressive than those who watch only a little. This is an example of

Correlation

The absence of particular environmental influences (such as a cognitively stimulating environment that involves exposure to language) in a(n) ___________ period is likely to produce permanent, irreversible consequences.

Critical

Mr. Eli Shun wants to study the development of emotion in children for his doctoral dissertation. He would like to graduate as soon as possible, so he devises a study that consists of assessing children of different ages at the same time. This is an example of a ___________ research design.

Cross sectional

The substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function is known as

DNA

In Mendel's original pea plant experiment, the offspring plants received genetic information from both the green- and yellow-seeded parents. However, only the color yellow was outwardly expressed in the offspring plants. The color yellow is an example of a ___________ trait.

Dominant

Mongolism, now known as ___________ syndrome, is a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.

Down Syndrome

___________ refers to cultural background, nationality, religion, and language.

Ethnicity

Braxton-Hicks contractions are sometimes called

False labor

A disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child, is known as

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

The period that begins at about eight weeks after conception and continues until birth is known as the ___________ stage.

Fetal Stage

Which of the following cautions suggest that it would be questionable to apply Freud's theory to a broad, multicultural population?

Freud's subjects were all upper-middle-class Austrians.

The prenatal period that takes place during the first two weeks following conception is known as the ___________ stage.

Germinal

Three-month-old Natasha shook her new rattle vigorously; however, after a short time she would appear bored with the new toy and would stop playing with it. If her mother gave her a different rattle, she would again play. This illustrates

Habituation

If a child inherits similar genes from each parent, he or she is said to be ___________ for the trait.

Homozygous

Sanat and Mohammad both have black hair and brown eyes. Their son Ayman has black hair and brown eyes. It would be necessary to know the underlying combination of genetic material in order to confirm that Ayman has received similar genes from both his parents. If Ayman has received similar genes from both parents, he is said to be ___________ for those traits.

Homozygous

An increasing focus on childhood can be attributed in part to

Increase in adult labor

Death within the first year of life is called

Infant Mortality

Which of the following is the observation of a naturally occurring behavior without intervention in the situation?

Naturalistic Observation

Patrick has lost his chubby baby look. His stomach is flat and the size of his head in relation to his body has become more adult-like. Patrick is a(n)

Late preschooler

A researcher who believes that development happens throughout life, not just in the earlier parts of the lifespan, takes a(n)

Life span approach

Childhood was not seen as a distinct, qualitatively different stage relative to adulthood during the ___________ period.

Medieval

Research that supports the view that children's intelligence is mostly due to the genes that children inherit from their parents implies that this development is primarily the result of

Nature

Marcia's head was cone-shaped, she had some blood on the top of her head and was damp from amniotic fluid, her body was covered with a cheesy substance, she had downy hair on her ears, and her nose was flattened by its trip through the birth canal. This is a vivid description of a(n)

Neonate

Dr. Del Bosque's research on programs designed to assist at-risk children in overcoming the effects on intelligence by poverty suggests that these programs are successful and therefore should be expanded. Dr. Del Bosque would most likely take the position that development is largely due to ____.

Nurture

Eight-month-old Landon loves to hear himself talk. He babbles "ma ma ma ma" over and over. Soon he found that whenever he made the sounds "ma ma ma," his mother would come and give him lots of positive attention. Landon soon began to associate the sounds "ma ma ma" with his mother and would say the sounds whenever he wanted her. This illustrates

Operant Conditioning

As a baby, Anu learned that whenever she fussed her mother would come running to comfort her. Thus, whenever Anu was distressed, she would fuss for her mother. This illustrates

Operant conditioning

Which of the following basic ethical principles must be followed in child developmental research?

Participants must be protected from harm.

Richard, a preschool teacher, believes that children who are aggressive preschoolers will become aggressive adults. Richard is referring to ___________ development.

Personality

Dr. Pearson studies the patterns of aggression. Mainly, he is interested in discovering whether aggressive toddlers grow up to be aggressive adults. He is interested in

Personality Development

Bita and Behruz have brown eyes. Their son, Kamran, received the genetic information for eye color from both of his parents and therefore has brown eyes. This outwardly observable genetic trait is known as a person's

Phenotype

The outwardly visible trait that results from an organism's genetic information is known as the organism's

Phenotype

Erikah, an infant and toddler teacher, loves to watch how babies grasp objects. She has noticed that at first babies attempt to grasp objects using their whole hand, but by the end of the first year they are able to grasp objects with just their forefinger and thumb. Erikah is observing

Physical Development

Jan eagerly anticipated the birth of her first child. However, following the birth of a healthy baby, she found herself in the depths of depression. She was constantly crying and confused, and she felt incapable of caring for her child. Jan's physician diagnosed her with a classic case of ___________, a condition that affects about 10% of all new mothers.

Postpartum Depression

Dr. Dreuf suggests that adolescents behave in sometimes reckless ways because they are motivated by forces beneath their awareness. Dr. Dreuf's suggestion is most closely aligned with which perspective?

Psychodynamic

Freud's ___________ theory proposes that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior.

Psychodynamic

Contemporary researchers who study memory and learning suggest that we carry with us memories, of which we are not consciously aware, that have a significant impact on our behavior. This supports the ___________.

Psychodynamic Perspective

When a child passes through a series of stages in which pleasure or gratification is focused on a particular biological function and body part, this is called

Psychosexual Development

In Mendel's original pea plant experiment, the offspring plants received genetic information from both the green- and yellow-seeded parents. However, only the color yellow was outwardly expressed in the offspring plants. The color green would be considered a ___________ trait.

Recessive

According to the Apgar scale, respiratory effort refers to

Respiration

An infant who, because of delayed fetal growth, weighs 90% (or less) of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age is referred to as a(n)

Small for Gestational age infant

Dr. Arcia studies what makes elementary school children popular or well liked by their peers as well as whether popularity status remains stable over time. Dr. Arcia is interested in

Social development

Four-year-old Shelly watches her 16-year-old cousin Tamara apply makeup for a date with her boyfriend. The next day Shelly runs to her toy box and finds a crayon. Using it like lipstick, she prances around the house in her mother's high-heeled shoes. Her mother laughs when Shelly tells her she is ready for her date with her boyfriend. This is an example of the ___________.

Social-Cognitive Theory

Two weeks before Helga was to deliver her baby, she noticed her baby had not moved in quite some time. Concerned, she made an appointment with her obstetrician. Her obstetrician confirmed that the baby had died. The eventual delivery of a child who is not alive is called a

Stillbirth

Explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles are known as ___________.

Theories

During the final part of the first stage of labor, the contractions increase in intensity, often occurring every two minutes and lasting almost two minutes. This period is known as

Transition

It is recommended that all newborns be screened for 29 disorders. These disorders can be detected by ___.

a tiny quantity of blood from the infant's heel

Juan and Maria Salinas want to have a baby. However, Juan Salinas is paralyzed from the waist down. They decide to have their doctor place Juan's sperm directly into Maria's vagina. This method of fertilization is known as

artificial insemination

Females' language development proceeds at a faster rate in comparison to males' language development because females use ___________ for this task.

both the left and right hemispheres and males use the left hemisphere

The ___________ principle is the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body.

cephalocaudal

Researchers have found that spurts in electrical activity in the brain are related to ___________ development.

cognitive

Changes in height as a child ages is an example of ___________ change.

continuous

An example of a gross motor skill is

crawling

Infants express which of the following reactions?

disgust, when they taste something bitter

The sex cells from the mother and father that form a new cell at conception are called

gametes

Three- to 4-month-old babies and 3- to 4-year-old children are alike in that both age groups tend to spend most of their time visually scanning the

internal details of an object

A disease characterized by the cessation of growth is called

marasmus

Nakisha is a baby from the United States who is not able to be breastfed by her mother, lives below the poverty level, and is now deficient in protein and calories. She has stopped growing and is exhibiting features of the disease ___________, which, if not treated, will ultimately lead to early death.

marasmus

Children in medieval Europe were thought of as

miniature, somewhat imperfect adults

In addition to growth in dendrites, the axons of neurons become coated with ___________, a fatty substance that, like the insulation on an electric wire, provides protection and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses.

myelin

Three-year-old Trent woke one night screaming and shaking with fright. It took his parents a great deal of time to calm him down. The next morning, he could not recall the event. Trent experienced a case of the

night terrors

Children in poorer areas of cities such as Calcutta, Hong Kong, and Rio de Janeiro are smaller than their counterparts in affluent areas of the same cities. These differences in height are a reflection of

nutrition and disease.

A body weight more than 20% higher than the average weight for a person of a given age and height is known as

obesity

A physician who specializes in delivering babies is called a(n)

obstetrician

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences, is known as

operant conditioning

Apgar scores below 4 often indicate that the newborn is in ___________ physical condition.

poor

The Carlos family has agreed to have another woman, Emily, carry their child to term. Emily is a(n) ___________ mother.

surrogate

On average, during the preschool years, boys start becoming ___________ and ___________ than girls.

taller; heavier

This equipment, used to measure depth perception in infants, consists of a piece of heavy glass. A checkered pattern appears under one half of the glass sheet, making it seem that the infant was on a stable floor. On the other half of the glass, the pattern dropped down several feet. This equipment is known as a

visual cliff