Child Psch test #3
according to piaget, "egocentrism" reffered to the charastic ________ thinking of young children
"centered on oneself"
The utterance "Boys are playing" contain
5 morphemes
Violent events are found in _______ % of the television programs young children watch
80
Which of the following is an example of a false belief from a test of a child's mental perspective taking?
After being shown that a box contains pencils, a boy reports that a friend will think a box contains pencils even though it looks as if it contains candy
Interactionist theories differ from nativist theories in which of the following ways?
Interactionists emphasize the links between language development and the development of general cognitive processes, such as remembering and categorizing
heteronomous morality refers to the belief of
Piaget that children internalize an externally imposed value system
Which of the following has been suggested as a reason why children give inaccurate testimony in long criminal proceedings when many questions are repeated?
They assume there is something wrong with their first answer
When a child learns that the word "rabbit" refers to the white animal with big ears and fur, she has solved the problem of reference
True
halloween is likely to be frighteneing to 3-year-olds because
a child that age, has difficulty distinguishing appearence from reality
For a child to learn to "behave himself," she must
adopt the standards of proper conduct in her culture
One feature that distinguishes adults' vocabulary from children's is
adults often know alternative forms of meaning for each word
High pitch, exaggerated intonation, slow speech, and distinct pauses between utterances are speech patterns of
adults speaking to children
A gender schema is a mental model that is used to process
all types of gender-relevant information
Damage to Broca's area results in
an absence or disruption of normal speech
damage to broca's area results in
an absence or disruption of normal speech
Economic factors are:
an important determinant of many aspects of parenting.
Autism is a disorder defined primarily by
an inability to relate normally to other people
autism is a disorder defined primarly by
an inability to relate normally to other people
The process of socialization, or acquisition of the standards, values, and knowledge of one's culture, begins
at birth
In the stage following the oral and anal stages of development, Freud children
become interested in their own genitals as a source of pleasure
The fact that most 3- to 4-year old children know that a person in a costume is the same person when in his or her regular clothes indicates that children at this age
can distinguish appearance from reality
The growth in children's system of meaning occurs becauce...
children become familiar with a large number of situations in which the same word is used
The domain-specific view of cognitive development is that
children's reasoning about things in different domains proceeds at the same pace across all domains
Joan Grusec (1991) observed that the use of explicit rewards to promote prosocial behavior
did not work
The inhibition of an action that is already underway is called
effortful control
In Freudian terms, the mental structure that develops as the infant is forced by reality to cope with the social world is called the:
ego
The view that aggressive behavior occurs because it is often rewarded fits with which framework?
environmental-learning
According to Baumrind, permissive parents:
exert little explicit control over their children's behavior.
With the emergence of the capacity to use words, children can
express themselves and organize their activity in a new way
As large numbers of individuals migrated from rural areas to newly industrialized cities, family structure changed from _______________ to _____________
extended families; nuclear families
A(n) __________ has been traditionally defined as a group of people with ancestry, shared residence, and/or marital ties
extended family
Autistic children tested on false belief tasks
fail to pass the false belief task, regardless of their age
An examination of the influence of the contexts of early childhood helps us understand the stage-like nature of early development
false
Piaget viewed development as tied to the specific contexts within which a child develops
false
the idea of skeletal principles is that children are born with innate modules of knowledge that proceed to mature physically, leading to improved reasoing
false
The term _______ refers to how families function, specifically, the patterns of interaction and communication among members
family dynamics
According to Diana Baumrind, authoritarian parents:
favor punitive measures to control children's behavior
the rules that govern both the sequence of words in a sentence and the ordering of parts of words called
grammer
Reports that boys are generally more aggressive than girls
have been found across the world
Two-year-old Amanda uses the word "flower" to refer to lilies, carnations, pansies, and dandelions. She probably does this because
her first words are at an intermediate level of abstraction
Children who receive day care in the United States tend to be more:
independent of adults.
mental modules are
innate mental faculties that mature to drive developement
When children are expected to make economic contributions to a family such as being responsible for portions of the farming or caring for younger siblings, these are likely to foster a self-identity based on
interdependence
Although research on the relationship of educational television viewing and school performance is correlational, the data suggest that high levels of viewing educational content
is positively associated with higher high school grades in English, science, and math, especially for boys
When Bartlett and Carey arranged for preschool children to learn the word "chromium," the children
learned the word after one experience with its use in a familiar situation
In court proceedings, adult witnesses
may alter their testimony as a result of the questions being asked
Highly specific mental faculties associated with particular domains of environmental input are referred to
mental modules
Oprah wants her 4-year-old to behave in a more prosocial manner. She should
model prosocial behavior and explain to her daughter why she should behave in a prosocial manneer
which of the following is a relational word that appears early in childrens vocab?
no
Preschoolers can be viewed as similar to adults who are
novices
What is the term used to describe the conventional American family, consisting of mother, father, and their children?
nuclear
Which of the following seems to increase sibling fighting
parental fighting
According to Freud's psychodynamic theory of development, around the fourth year children begin to regard their own genitals as a major source of pleasure. What is the name of this stage of development?
phallic
the basic sounds of a language are known as
phonemes
according to piaget, the stage in which children cannot decenter their thinking or think through the consequences of an action known as the
preopertional stage
A mother under stress is more likely to act in which of the following ways toward her children?
punitively
Which of the following is NOT considered a privileged domain by Chen & Siegler?
reasoning
The ability to embed sentences within each other, as when "I went to the park." "I played on the swings." and "I played in the sandbox" become, "I went to the park and played on the swings and in the sandbox" is referred to as
recursion.
The term morpheme
refers to a basic unit of meaning in a language
Socioemotional competence is
related to being liked by peers and teachers
Socioemotional competence is:
related to being liked by peers and teachers.
Personal rules are
rules that govern a child's decision making in terms of his own preferences
When babies and mothers talk, they share knowledge about objects to which they jointly attend. This is an example of _______ as a precursor to language
secondary intersubjectivity
A person's view of himself or herself is reflected in the concept of
self-concept.
According to research by Mascolo, Fisher, and Li, which emotion was taught at a much earlier age to Chinese children than to American children?
shame
A recent formulation of the modularity position, which more precisely delineates the kinds of interaction with the environment that are required for development to occur, is
skeletal principles
Make-believe play, in which two or more participants enact a variety of social roles, is called:
sociodramatic play
Day care originated to _______, while preschool originated to _______ children
supervise; educate
According to Robert Le Vine, which of the following are goals of parents in all cultures?
survival, economic, cultural
Dorothy and Jerome Singer state that _______ have/has penetrated children's lives like no other influence outside the parents
television
Personality is the individual's pattern o
temperament, emotions, and intellectual abilities
A child says "puzzle" instead of "puddle." Later, the same child says "puggle" instead of "puzzle." Examples of this type provide evidence that
the basic sounds of a language are not isolated instances of pronunciation
According to Piaget, early childhood is a time of transition between
the overtly physical schemas of infancy and the ability to use mental operations in middle childhood
The fact that even adult speakers of a language cannot explain all the rules of grammar suggests
the rules of grammar are highly abstract
Research on the role of fathers in children's development has confirmed the importance of all of the following factors EXCEPT
total amount of time spent with children
Cultural contexts influence the unevenness of children's development by regulating a child's role in the activity
true
Hoffman's theory regarding the development of empathy relates to Piaget's cognitive stages.
true
In the environmental-learning view of development, modeling and differential reinforcement are key processes in socialization
true
That children must acquire a large repertoire of scripts needed for appropriate contexts provides a natural explanation of
unevenness of development in early childhood
damage to a specific part of the brain that leads to an inability to comprehend language is known as
wernicke's aphasia