Childhood Development CH. 14-16

Which of the following is a symptom of anorexia nervosa

A body weight significantly low for developmental stage, with a BMI of 17 or lower

All of the following are true regarding LGBT [gay, lesbian, bisexual, transsexual] youth EXCEPT that:

About 30 percent of the North American population are LGBT

Invincibility fable

Adolescent's egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high-speed driving.

Hormones

An organic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and conveyed via the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function

Personal fable

Aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent's belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, or experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else's.

Most developmentalists agree that sex education is best delivered

At home and at school

In what way does weight affect puberty?

Excess weight results in earlier puberty

Understanding oneself based on past experiences and future plans is called _____, and the lack of commitment to any goals or values is called _____.

Identity achievement; role confusion

Hypothetical thought:

May complicate reflection about serious issues

Sunk Cost Fallacy

Mistaken belief that if money, time, or effort that cannot be recovered has already been invested in some endeavor, then more should be invested in an effort to reach the goal.

All of the following statements are true regarding vocational identity today EXCEPT:

Most adolescents are ready to choose a lifelong vocation by age 16

According to a 2005 study on teens and religion:

Most adolescents believed in heaven, hell, and angels

Living in a stressful environment has been found to:

Result in earlier puberty

Early-maturing girls...

Tend to have lower self-esteem than late-maturing girls

Primary sex characteristics

The parts of the body directly involved in reproduction (e.g., testicles, ovaries)

Growth spurt

The relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty

Puberty

The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development. Puberty usually lasts three to five years. Many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity.

According to the text, a characteristic of adolescence-limited offenders is that:

They tend to break the law with their friends

Although concrete operational thinkers might succeed on the balance-a-scale test of formal reasoning, they are less likely to do so because of their reliance on:

Trial and error

Egocentrism

•Abstract logic between ages 11 and 18 •Brain maturation •Intense conversations •Schooling •Moral challenges •Increased independence •Adolescent egocentrism •Characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 14) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others.

Relationship with parents, what does it look like?

•Adolescents are more dependent on their parents if they are female and/or from a minority ethnic group. •This can be either repressive or healthy, depending on the culture and the specific circumstances. •Overall, parental reactions are crucial: Too much criticism and control might stop dialogue, not improve communication and behavior

Timing of puberty (what affects the timing)

•Age 11 or 12 is the most likely age of visible onset. •The rise in hormone levels that signals puberty is considered normal in those as young as age 8 or as old as age 14. •Precocious puberty (sexual development before age 8) occurs about once in 5,000 children, for unknown reasons.

Current trends in teen drug use

•Age differences •Drug use becomes widespread from age 10 to 25 and then decreases •Drug use before age 18 is the best predictor of later drug use •Variations by place •Nations have markedly different rates of adolescent drug use, even nations with common boundaries. •These variations are partly due to differing laws the world over. •Variations by generation •Drug use among adolescents has decreased in the U.S. since 1976. •Adolescent culture may have a greater effect on drug-taking behavior than laws do. •Most adolescents in the U.S. have experimented with drug use and say that they could find illegal drugs if they tried. •Most U.S. adolescents are not regular drug users and about 20% never use any drugs. •Rates vary from state to state. •Variations by gender •Adolescent boys generally use more drugs and use them more often. •Gender differences are reinforced by social constructions about proper male and female behavior (e.g., "If I don't smoke, I'm not a real man").

Eating disorders (Definitions/causes)

•Anorexia nervosa •Eating disorder characterized by self-starvation. •Affected individuals voluntarily under eat and often over exercise, depriving their vital organs of nutrition. •Anorexia can be fatal. •Bulimia nervosa •Eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging, usually by induced vomiting and/or use of laxatives. •Origins of disordered eating •Cultural image •Stress •Puberty •Hormones •Childhood patterns •Family patterns and eating disorder reduction •Healthy eating in childhood •Eating together during childhood

Parasuicide

•Any potential lethal action against the self that does not result in death •Common

Delinquency definition/causes

•Behaviors •Externalizing and internalizing behavior are more closely connected in adolescence than at any other age. •Breaking the law •Prevalence and incidence of criminal activities more common in adolescence. •About one-fourth of young lawbreakers caught. •Most adolescents obey the law.

Which of the following is a symptom of bulimia nervosa?

•Binging and purging at least once a week for three month •An uncontrollable urge to overeat •A sense of self inordinately tied to body shape and weight

Spermarche

•Boy's first ejaculation of sperm. •Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production.

What happens when boys/girls hit puberty too early or too late?

•Early-maturing girls tend to have lower self-esteem, more depression, and poorer body image than later-maturing girls. •Early-maturing girls may be attracted to older boyfriends and enter into abusive relationships more often than other girls. •Early-maturing boys are more aggressive, law-breaking, and alcohol-abusing than later-maturing boys. •Slow developing boys tend to be more anxious, depressed, and afraid of sex. •Size and maturation are important for many adolescents in every nation.

Identity vs role confusion

•Erikson's term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out "Who am I?" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt.

Current issues in Sex Ed

•From the media •Correlation between exposure to media sex and adolescent sexual initiation •From parents •Many parents wait too long, avoid specifics, and are uninformed about adolescent's relationships •Warm, open communication is effective •From peers •Adolescent sexual behavior is strongly influenced by peers, especially when parents are silent, forbidding, or vague •Specifics of peer education depend on the group: All members of a clique may be virgins, or all may be sexually active. •Only about half of U.S. adolescent couples discuss issues such as pregnancy and STIs and many are unable to come to a shared conclusion based on accurate information. •From teachers in schools •U.S. parents want up-to-date sex education for their adolescents. •Timing and content vary by state and community. •Sex education varies by nations, •Abstinence-only programs were not successful.

What can we do to prevent it?

•Generational forgetting •Each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned about the harm drugs can do. •Many efforts to stop drug use have failed, but the overall trend is positive. •Scare tactics: May increase drug use because •The advertisements make drugs seem exciting. •Adolescents recognize the exaggeration. •The ads give some teenagers ideas about ways to show defiance. •Advertising campaigns against teen smoking •Antismoking announcements produced by cigarette companies increase use

Menarche

•Girl's first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation. •Pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after menarche.

What happens when people have sex too young?

•Hazards related to adolescent sexual activity •Early sex correlates with depression and drug abuse. •Increased complexity and expense are related to parenting. •More common and dangerous STIs.

Why is teen sex risky? What are the current trends

•In the U.S.: •About 25% of teens have had sexual intercourse by age 14 •About 50% by age 17 •About 90% by age 21 •Culture influences how sexually active a teen may be. •Problems less problematic than in earlier decades •Decreased teen births in every nation •Rise in use of protection •Decrease in teen abortion rate

Suicide

•Misconceptions about adolescent suicide rates •The suicide rate for adolescents, low as it is, is higher than it was in the early 1960. •Statistics on "youth" often include emerging adults, whose suicide rates are higher than those of adolescents. •Adolescent suicides capture media attention. •Suicide attempts are relatively common in adolescence.

Religious identity

•Most adolescents accept broad outlines of parental and cultural religious identity. •Specific religious beliefs may be questioned.

How do we develop our religiosity?

•Most adolescents feel close to God and affirmed. •Most children and adolescents adhere to the faith and values of their parents.

Secondary sex characteristics

•Not necessary for reproduction •Examples: odor, acne, breast development, hair, voice changes

Imaginary audience

•Other people who, in an adolescent's egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior. •This belief makes many teenagers self-conscious.

How do peers affect each other?

•Peer pressure •Encouragement to conform to one's friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude •Deviancy training •Destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms •Peer Support •Selection •Teenagers select friends whose values and interests they share, abandoning friends who follow other paths. •Facilitation •Peers facilitate both destructive and constructive behaviors in one another. •This makes it easier to do both the wrong thing and the right thing. •It helps individuals do things that they would be unlikely to do on their own.

Body image factors

•Person's idea of how his or her body looks •Girls diet partly because boys tend to prefer to date thin girls. •Boys want to look taller and stronger partly because girls value well-developed muscles in males.

Formal operational thought

•Piaget •Fourth and final stage of cognitive development •Characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas •Examples see in comparison between primary school and high school

Randa is being cyberbullied by a group of girls in her middle school. They are sending her hurtful text messages and posting mean messages about Randa on their Facebook pages. Which of the following statements is true?

•Randa may feel worse about the bullying than if it were only happening to her in person. •Randa's bullies have probably engaged in other types of bullying. •Randa has most likely been a victim of bullying before.

Deductive

•Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics •Sometimes called top-down reasoning

Inductive reasoning

•Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion; may be less cognitively advanced than deduction •Sometimes called bottom-up reasoning

Depression

•Self-esteem for boys and girls dips at puberty •Signs of depression are common •Level of family and peer support is influential

Romance

•Sequence of male-female relationships during childhood and adolescence (Dunphy, 1963) •Groups of friends, exclusively one sex or the other •A loose association of girls and boys, with public interactions within a crowd •Small mixed-sex groups of the advanced members of the crowd •Formation of couples, with private intimacies •First love •First romances appear in high school and rarely last more than a year. •Girls claim a steady partner more often than boys do. •Breakups and unreciprocated crushes are common. •Adolescents are crushed by rejection and sometimes contemplate revenge or suicide. •Same-sex romances •Currently in North America and western Europe, not just two but many gender roles and sexual orientations are evident. •Variants (via research) reflect culture, cohort, and survey construction.

Other identities (gender)

•Sexual identity •Erikson's gender intensification no longer fits adolescent development •Now called gender identity that begins with the person's biological sex and leads to a gender role

Teens often believe that they are at center stage and that others are intensely interested in them because of:

•The imaginary audience •The adolescence myth.