CHM - Module 4

When naming an ionic compound, the _____ is always named first. To name the anion, the root of the nonmetal name is added to the suffix ____

cation; -ide

A mole of CO2 contains how many oxygen atoms?

1.20 x 10^24

How many atoms are contained in 4.7 g of carbon?

2.4 X 10^23

What is the mass of exactly 500 sulfur atoms?

2.66 × 10−20 g

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) issued a report in 2014 that attached probabilities to the predictions and statements made. Which prediction/statement was considered "Very Unlikely"?

Relative to 1850-1900, the global surface temperature for the end of the 21st century (2081-2100) will exceed 2 degC

The chemistry of carbon-based compounds is called ______ chemistry.

organic

Calculate the mass of 25,000 molecules of nitrogen gas. (1 mole = 6.02 × 1023 molecules)

1.16 × 10^-18 g

Calculate the mass of 2.50 × 10^4 molecules of nitrogen gas.

1.16 × 10^−18 g

elect the options that correctly reflect the mass ratios and mass percentages of the elements in SO3. The mass percentage of O is 60.0%. The mass percentage of O is 20.0%. The mass ratio of S is 0.400. The mass ratio of S is 0.667.

The mass percentage of O is 60.0%. The mass ratio of S is 0.400.

Which statement correctly describes the procedure used to predict the ion formed by Group 1 and Group 2 elements?

The metal loses enough electrons to attain the same number as its nearest noble gas.

In chemistry, the mole _______.

is abbreviated mol indicates amount of substance

The internationally accepted atomic mass standard is carbon-12 because this isotope

was arbitrarily selected as a convenient standard.

Which of the following ion combinations will result in an ionic compound that has a balanced number of positive and negative charges? (Select all that apply.) K+ and 2 O2- 2 Li+ and S2- Ca2+ and 2 F - Mg2+ and Cl- Na+ and Br -

2 Li+ and S2- Ca2+ and 2 F - Na+ and Br -

A certain combustion reaction generates 0.500 moles of carbon dioxide. How many grams does this represent? Report your answer to 3 significant figures.

22.0

Determine the molar mass for fluoxetine (C16H16F3NO), also known as Prozac®.

295.3

Calculate the molar mass of CO2. Report your answer to 2 decimal places.

44.01

Radiative forcings are factors that influence the balance of the Earth's incoming and outgoing radiation. Order these selected examples from Cooling to Warming.

Aerosols, stratospheric ozone, methane, Carbon dioxide

Which of the following options correctly describe albedo? Select all that apply.

Albedo is the fraction of incoming radiation that is reflected by a surface. The albedo of the Earth affects global temperatures. A more reflective surface will have a higher albedo than a less reflective one.

What is meant by the term "carbon footprint" when applied to an individual?

An estimate of the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions produced by the individual in a given time frame

Which of the following options correctly describes the underlying principle used to determine molecular shape from a Lewis structure?

Each group of outer electrons around a central atom is located as far from the others as possible.

Which process plays the most important role in the greenhouse effect?

Energy radiated by the earth is absorbed by the atmosphere

molecules and electromagnetic radiation interact. Atoms may dissociate, a molecule may rotate, or bonds may stretch and bend. Carbon dioxide has four possible vibrations. Select the true statements about the vibrations below.

Red molecule--><--Black molecule%% Red molecule--> -this vibration will change the charge distribution around the molecule. -this motion is called a stretching vibration -this vibration requires more energy -this vibration directly absorbs infrared radiation. Red molecule ^ Black molecule v Red molecule ^ -this vibration will change the charge distribution around the molecule -this motion is called a bending vibration - this vibration requires less energy -this vibration directly absorbs infrared radiation

Which of the following human activities increase the levels of atmospheric CO2? Reforestation programs Respiration Replacing trees with cultivated crops Burning fossil fuels

Respiration Replacing trees with cultivated crops Burning fossil fuels

An ecological footprint estimates the biologically productive space required to support a particular lifestyle. Which of the following are included in this estimate? Select all that apply.

Sea surface Land Fresh water

Argon, which comprises almost 1 percent of the atmosphere, is approximately 27 times more abundant than CO2, but does not contribute to global warming. Which explanation accounts for this fact?

Single atoms do not have bonds, therefore do not vibrate

Which of the following conclusions were reached by the IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change)? Select all that apply.

The burning of fossil fuels has a major impact on climate change. Human activities play an important role in climate change. The average global temperature of the Earth is increasing.

The proportion of incoming radiation that is reflected by a surface is called the______ . This quantity is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface.

albedo

The majority of N2O molecules in the atmosphere come from

bacterial removal of nitrate ions (NO3¯) from soil.

Describe the shape of a SO2 molecule.

bent

The most electronegative element is _______. Multiple choice question.

fluorine

Which of the following is NOT a likely consequence of increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere?

increase in bioiversity

Predict the shape of nitrous oxide, N2O (atomic order N — N — O).

linear

What shape would a molecule of carbon tetrachloride have?

tetrahedral

Organic chemistry is _______.

the study and production of carbon-containing compounds

Calculate the mass percent of chlorine in CCl3 F (Freon-11). Group of answer choices

77.5 percent

This figure shows global emissions of C in metric tons per person per year for selected countries. Using this figure, how many metric tons of carbon dioxide are released per person in the United Kingdom per year?

8.4 metric tons

Choose from the conversion factors given to complete the following diagram of amount-mass-number relationships for two species, A and B, in a chemical reaction.

Avogadro's number = entities of substance A Avogadro's number = entities of substance B middle = molar ratio from balanced equation Mass of substance & Amount of substance B = molar mass substance B Mass of substance A = molar mass of substance A

Which of the following statements correctly describe ions? Select all that apply. An atom that has lost an electron is negatively charged. A cation is formed when an atom gains an electron. F- is an example of an anion. Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.

F- is an example of an anion. Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.

Which of the following has the greatest impact on global warming?

Levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases

Which of the following options correctly describe each type of chemical compound? Select all that apply.

Molecular compounds tend to contain nonmetals only. Nonmetals combine with metals to form ionic compounds.

Which of the following elements will form a cation? Select all that apply. Rb P F Ca

Rb Ca

Which of the following statements correctly describe molar mass? Select all that apply. The term "molar mass" can be applied to atoms or molecules, but not other particles. The molar mass of oxygen is 16.00 g/mol. This means that 1 mole of oxygen atoms has a mass of 16.00 g. The periodic table can be used to calculate the molar mass of any substance. The molar mass of a molecular substance is the mass per mole of its molecules. The term "molar mass" applies to compounds but not to elements.

The molar mass of oxygen is 16.00 g/mol. This means that 1 mole of oxygen atoms has a mass of 16.00 g. The periodic table can be used to calculate the molar mass of any substance. The molar mass of a molecular substance is the mass per mole of its molecules.

Which of the following options correctly describe the steps required to determine the shape of a molecule? Select all that apply.

The shape of the molecule is dictated by the most stable arrangement of the outer electron pairs. The Lewis structure of the molecule must be drawn first. Both bonding and nonbonding electron pairs must be considered.

An estimate of the biologically productive space necessary to support a particular standard of living is called a(n) _____.

ecological footprint

An estimate of the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions produced by an individual in a given time frame is referred to as that individual's carbon _________

footprint

Greenhouse gases have a _____ effect on global warming than other anthropogenic forcings.

greater

Chemists use the ____ as a unit of amount of substance.

mole

One _____of any substance contains Avogadro's number of particles.

mole

The molar mass of any substance is the mass of 1 of the particles of that substance.

mole

Consider the balanced equation 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O. The coefficients (numbers in front of the formulas) correspond to the number of particles of each substance involved in the reaction, which is proportional to the _____ of each substance.

number of moles

The most stable molecular arrangement is the one in which the __________ electron groups are as far apart as possible, to minimize electron-electron ________.

outer; repulsion

Vibrations of some molecules will absorb infrared radiation while others will not. Do the following vibrations absorb? Select Yes or No.

-nitrogen: no -dichlorodifluoromethane: yes -carbon dioxide: no

Predict the molecular shape for each of these compounds. Remember to consider all of the outer electrons before you make your choice.

-tetrahedral: methane -Trigonal pyramidal: ammonia -trigonal planar: sulfur trioxide -bent: water; ozone -Linear: carbon dioxide

Which of the following options correctly interpret the information provided by the balanced equation CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O? (Select all that apply.)

1 mole of CH4 produces 1 mole of CO2 when reacted with 2 moles of O2. 15 mol of CH4 will produce 15 mol of CO2 when burned completely in O2. 1 molecule of CH4 reacts with 2 molecules of O2.

Radiative forcings are factors that influence the balance of the Earth's incoming and outgoing radiation. Order these selected examples from Cooling to Warming.

1. Smoke, soot, and sulfate aerosols from coal combustion 2. Fresh snow in winter 3. increased sunspots 4. Halocarbons (CFCs and HCFCs) in the atmosphere

Sunspots typically occur about every _____.

11 years

What is the molar mass of dimethylglyoxime, C4H8N2O2?

116.12 g/mol

An element has two naturally-occurring isotopes. The mass numbers of these isotopes are 119.00 u and 121.00 u, with natural abundances of 25% and 75%, respectively. Calculate its average atomic mass. Report your answer to 2 decimal places.

120.50

One year, a herd of cattle released 5.24 metric tons of CH4 (methane) into the atmosphere. How many metric tons of carbon did this methane contain? Report your answer to 3 significant figures.

3.92

Which statement correctly describes the procedure used to predict the ion formed by a main-group element?

A metal loses enough electrons to attain the same number as its nearest noble gas.

Which of the following greenhouse gases would require a wedge and dash representation in order to accurately depict its shape?

CCl2F2

Which of the following formulas for ionic compounds are correct? Select all that apply.

CaO Ca3N2

In the compound CrCl3 _______. (Select all that apply.)

Cl has a -1 charge Cr has a +3 charge

Match each element with the appropriate charge in its ionic form.

Cl= -1 Sr= +2 S= -2 Al= +3

Which statements describe an ionic compound? (Select all that apply.)

Compounds formed when metals combine with nonmetals. Compounds that contain no molecules.

Correctly order the steps required to determine the shape of a molecule, starting with the first step at the top of the list.

Determine the number of outer electrons associated with each atom in the molecule Arrange the outer electrons in pairs, ensuring that all atoms other than hydrogen obey the octet rule Determine the shape of the molecule by examining the position of the bonding and nonbonding electron pairs with respect to each other

Which of the following options correctly describe variations in solar irradiance and its effect on Earth's climate?

Seasonal variations in sunlight intensity affect local temperatures significantly. Changes in the Earth's orbit can affect the amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth.

Scientists believe they know the average global temperature over the last 160,000 years. Which property of the ice core samples from Antarctica provides this information?

The 1H/2H ratio

Which of the following can be attributed to the atmosphere of planet Earth? Multiple choice question.

The Earth's average temperature is higher than expected when considering its distance from the Sun.

What was the role of the IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change), established in 1988?

The IPCC was to assess both scientific and socioeconomic data relating to climate change.

Which of the following options correctly describe the greenhouse effect? Select all that apply. The greenhouse effect causes the average temperature on Earth to be higher than predicted when considering its distance from the Sun. Atmospheric gases on Earth trap about 80% of the infrared radiation produced by the Earth, warming the planet. The greenhouse effect is a natural process. Atmospheric gases on Earth transmit more of the Sun's radiation, causing the planet to be warmer than expected.

The greenhouse effect causes the average temperature on Earth to be higher than predicted when considering its distance from the Sun. Atmospheric gases on Earth trap about 80% of the infrared radiation produced by the Earth, warming the planet. The greenhouse effect is a natural process.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the mole? Select all that apply. The mole is abbreviated mo. The number of particles in a mole is called Avogadro's number. One mole of any substance contains 6.02 x 1023 particles. The mole can only be used to describe numbers of atoms.

The number of particles in a mole is called Avogadro's number. One mole of any substance contains 6.02 x 1023 particles.

Which of the following options correctly differentiate between weather and climate? Select all that apply. Weather includes daily variations in temperature and rainfall at a single location. The term "weather" refers to events that have a relatively short duration. The term "climate" refers to regional trends in temperatures, rainfall, etc. The climate varies frequently and is subject to constant fluctuation.

Weather includes daily variations in temperature and rainfall at a single location. The term "weather" refers to events that have a relatively short duration. The term "climate" refers to regional trends in temperatures, rainfall, etc.

Which of the following are three-dimensional representations of a molecule? Select all that apply.

Wedge-dash representation Space-filling model

Which of the following options correctly describe how to name an ionic compound? Select all that apply.

When naming the anionic portion of the ionic compound, the element name is changed to end in -ide. The cation is named first and the anion second.

The warming of a car in the sun is an excellent analogy for the greenhouse effect of our atmosphere. Complete the analogy with the words and phrases then place the sentences in order.

When sunlight hits a car, its windows absorb some radiation, such as UV-B. In the atmosphere, all of the UV-C and some of the UV-B radiation is absorbed by reactions of oxygen and ozone in the stratosphere. The car windows allow visible light and infrared radiation to pass into the car. Similarly, our atmosphere allows higher energy infrared radiation and visible light to pass through. The car's interior, like the Earth's rocks and soil, absorbs visible light and higher energy infrared radiation then emits lower energy infrared radiation back out. The car windows, like the greenhouse gases of our atmosphere, trap the lower energy infrared radiation and makes the interior warmer than the outside.

Match each labeled bond in the wedge-dash representation shown to its correct meaning.

a in the plane of the page b in front of the plane of the page c behind the plane of the page

An atom may lose or gain electrons to form an ion. Match each description of ions and their charges correctly.

anion: an ion with more electrons than its neutral atom cation: an ion with fewer electrons than its neutral atom negative: the charge of an ion with more electrons than its neutral atom positive: the charge of an ion with fewer electrons than its neutral atom

Both Venus and Earth have higher average surface temperatures than expected because _____.

both planets have atmospheres that trap radiation

Which atom in a molecule of CH3Cl would contain the partial negative charge? (this relates to electronegativity)

chorine

Match each type of bond to the correct description given.

covalent bond: attraction between two nuclei and a shared pair of electrons ionic bond: attraction between oppositely charged ion

The natural process by which Earth's atmospheric gases trap the infrared radiation radiated by Earth is called the _____ effect. This causes Earth's average surface temperature to be _____ than that predicted when considering the distance of the Earth from the Sun.

greenhouse; higher

In a(n) _____ compound electrons are transferred from one atom or group of atoms to another. Conversely, in a(n) _____ compound electrons are shared

ionic; covalent

In the formation of ionic compounds a metal will ______ electrons and a nonmetal will ______ electrons to form an ion with the same number of electrons as the nearest ______ gas.

lose; gain; noble

In the formation of ionic compounds a metal will ______ electrons to form an ion with the same number of electrons as the nearest ______ gas.

lose; noble

Match each element in the compound NH3 to its correct mass ratio and mass percentage.

mass ratio of N ->0.824 mass percent of N -> 82.4 mass ratio of H -> 0.176 mass percent of H ->17.6

Electronegativity generally increases _______ on the periodic table, excluding noble gases.

up and to the right

In the compound MgO, the Mg ion has a charge of _____, while the O ion has a charge of _____.

+2; -2

Which of the following has the lowest albedo? Fresh snow Ocean Desert sand Old snow

Ocean

Contrast weather and climate by matching each term to the correct definition.

Weather ---> describes events of relatively short duration, including daily high and low temperatures. Climate ----> describes regional events recorded over longer periods.

Which human activity has the GREATEST net effect on atmospheric CO2 levels?

burning fossil fuels

When a molecule absorbs an infrared photon it contributes to the ________energy of that molecule.

vibrational