CHP 19 + 20 QUIZ

Which part of the nephron always has low permeability to water, regardless of hormone levels? a) proximal tubule b) descending loop of Henle c) ascending loop of Henle d) collecting duct

c) ascending loop of Henle

Which hormone acts as a form of reflex (systemic) control to increase the glomerular filtration rate? a) renin b) aldosterone c) atrial natriuretic peptide d) angiotensin II

c) atrial natriuretic peptide

Suppose that a comatose patient on a respirator has a pH of 7.5. Should the ventilation rate of the patient be increased or decreased and why? a) Ventilation rate should be decreased in order to increase plasma CO2. b) Ventilation rate should be increased in order to lower plasma CO2. c) Ventilation rate should be decreased to decrease the plasma O2. d) Ventilation rate should be increased in order to increase plasma O2.

a) Ventilation rate should be decreased in order to increase plasma CO2.

Suppose that your company is developing a new drug that blocks aldosterone synthesis. You would expect that patients given this drug in clinical tests would respond with __________. a) a higher concentration of sodium in their urine than in patients given a placebo b) an immediate increase in blood pressure c) a higher concentration of potassium in their urine than in patients given a placebo d) hypernatremia (high plasma sodium) and hypokalemia (low plasma potassium)

a) a higher concentration of sodium in their urine than in patients given a placebo

The filtrate is subject to no further modification and is therefore first called urine at the end of the __________. a) collecting duct b) proximal convoluted tubule c) loop of Henle d) distal convoluted tubule

a) collecting duct

An ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitor would be used to treat __________. a) hypertension, since ACE inhibition will result in decreased secretion of vasopressin b) hypertension, since ACE inhibition will decrease the rate of urine production c) hypotension, since ACE inhibition will decrease the glomerular filtration rate d) hypotension, since ACE inhibition will result in increased secretion of vasopressin

a) hypertension, since ACE inhibition will result in decreased secretion of vasopressin

The urine of an individual will contain glucose when __________. a) plasma glucose concentration has reached the renal threshold b) the loop of Henle is hyperactive c) blood pressure is abnormally low (hypotension) d) blood sugar levels are abnormally low (hypoglycemia)

a) plasma glucose concentration has reached the renal threshold

The renal corpuscle is the site where __________. a) plasma is filtered from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule b) sodium ions are reabsorbed c) the steep medullary osmotic gradient is established d) glucose reabsorption occurs

a) plasma is filtered from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule

A vasopressin receptor antagonist would __________. a) prevent membrane recycling in collecting duct cells b) increase aldosterone secretion c) cause vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure d) cause aquaporins to be inserted into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells

a) prevent membrane recycling in collecting duct cells

Substances secreted into the filtrate as it moves along the nephron tubule include all of the following EXCEPT __________. a) water b) hydrogen ions c) potassium ions d) anions

a) water

High plasma PCO2 would NOT __________. a) lead to hyperkalemia (high plasma potassium) b) be a result of hyperventilation c) lead to more acidic urine d) cause an increase in ventilation

b) be a result of hyperventilation

The ability of the nephron to filter substances based on size and charge is NOT due to the __________. a) basal lamina b) hydrostatic pressure c) capillary endothelium d) epithelium of Bowman's capsule

b) hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following is UNLIKELY to be a consequence of kidney disease? a) anemia b) hyperglycemia c) edema d) electrolyte imbalance

b) hyperglycemia

The effects of angiotensin II on the central nervous system are to __________. a) inhibit secretion of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland b) increase thirst and increase the cardiac output and peripheral vasoconstriction c) act on the medulla oblongata to decrease blood pressure d) increase activity of the respiratory control center

b) increase thirst and increase the cardiac output and peripheral vasoconstriction

In a dehydrated person, the kidneys compensate for changes in extracellular fluid volume and osmolarity by __________. a) reducing vasopressin release b) increasing the amount of water that is reabsorbed from the collecting duct c) increasing the amount of water excreted d) increasing the rate of glomerular filtration

b) increasing the amount of water that is reabsorbed from the collecting duct

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney because __________. a) the nephron consists of vascular parts and tubular parts b) the nephron filters the plasma, reabsorbs critical molecules, and excretes the rest c) the nephron is essentially continuous with the external environment d) there are a million nephrons per kidney

b) the nephron filters the plasma, reabsorbs critical molecules, and excretes the rest

Angiotensin II alters kidney function by __________. a) decreasing sodium reabsorption along the descending loop of Henle and increasing the water permeability of the ascending loop of Henle b) increasing water reabsorption along the proximal tubule and increasing potassium reabsorption along the distal tubules c) decreasing the glomerular filtration rate and increasing sodium reabsorption along the distal tubules d) reducing thirst and reducing the water permeability of the collecting duct

c) decreasing the glomerular filtration rate and increasing sodium reabsorption along the distal tubules

High ECF K+ stimulates __________. a) decreased secretion of renin b) increased secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide c) increased synthesis and secretion of aldosterone d) increased secretion of vasopressin and reduced sodium reabsorption

c) increased synthesis and secretion of aldosterone

The primary function of the vasa recta is to _________. a) fine-tune water reabsorption in order to maintain body volume b) establish the medullary concentration gradient c) maintain the medullary concentration gradient d) promote sodium and water excretion in the nephrone

c) maintain the medullary concentration gradient

The renal filtrate is formed in the kidney's outer shell, called the __________. a) vasa recta b) adrenal gland c) renal cortex d) collecting duct

c) renal cortex

Glucose reabsorption from the renal filtrate is due to __________. a) osmosis and simple diffusion along the distal tubule b) osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries c) sequential active transport and facilitated diffusion by the cells of the proximal tubule d) active transport along the descending loop of Henle

c) sequential active transport and facilitated diffusion by the cells of the proximal tubule

In which of the following locations is the osmolarity of the filtrate the greatest? a) near the top of the descending limb of the loop of Henle b) near the top of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle c) the base of the loop of Henle d) at the end of the proximal tubule

c) the base of the loop of Henle

A poison that inhibits the Na+-K+-ATPase in the proximal tubule would likely __________ in this segment. a) increase potassium secretion b) reabsorption c) increase water reabsorption d) decrease glucose reabsorption

d) decrease glucose reabsorption

Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in GFR? a) increased glomerular pressure b) relaxation of mesangial cells c) increased resistance in the efferent arteriole d) increased resistance in the afferent arteriole

d) increased resistance in the afferent arteriole

Which of the following is appropriately linked to increased renin secretion? a) increased secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide b) increased secretion of erythropoietin c) increased formation of angiotensinogen d) increased sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron

d) increased sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron

If clearance of a substance is greater than GFR, the substance is __________. a) glucose b) net reabsorbed by the kidney c) both secreted and reabsorbed d) net secreted by the kidney

d) net secreted by the kidney

The proximal tubule is where __________. a) micturition occurs b) cells are impermeable to water c) hormonally-regulated secretion of H+ occurs d) reabsorption of solutes and water takes place

d) reabsorption of solutes and water takes place

What are two systems that compensate for acid-base disturbances? a) respiratory and cardiovascular b) cardiovascular and renal c) renal and digestive d) renal and respiratory

d) renal and respiratory

Secretion differs from filtration in that __________. a) secretion is the process of moving substances out of the body b) filtration involves movement of substances from the lumen back into the plasma c) secretion involves movement of substances from the lumen back into the plasma d) secretion is more selective

d) secretion is more selective

What is NOT true of thirst? a) Angiotensin II stimulates thirst. b) Thirst (and drinking) can increase plasma volume. c) High osmolarity stimulates thirst. d) Thirst is a physiological mechanism for maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance.

d) thirst is a physiological mechanism for maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance