Chp. 7 &8

From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as "I see."

18-24

what do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common?

All of the concepts are examples of mental set.

who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

what is the main idea of Stroop effect?

The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

which of the following statements about algorithms is false?

algorithms cannot be used in everyday life

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.

anterograde

___ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes.

artificial

Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________.

automatic

what should be changed to make the following sentence true? there are three types of encoding: semantic, visual, and sensory.

change the word "sensory" to "acoustic"

the formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called _______.

construction; reconstruction

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________.

explicit memory

which of the following statements about eyewitnesses testimony is correct?

eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion

which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it is designed for?

functional fixedness

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

hippocampus

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

logical-mathematical

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

a(an) ___ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

prototype

which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as _________.

retrieval

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde; anterograde

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

schema

what are two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

which of the following is not a way you can use what you know memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory

which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct?

the amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning nto long-term memory

What is the Flynn effect?

the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

thinking

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

amygdala

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

analytical

the analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to _____.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.

arousal

Encoding information occurs through ________.

automatic processing and effortful processing

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

availability heuristic

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.

bias

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

bodily-kinesthetic

which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

what should be changed to make the following sentence true? long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory.

change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative"

what should be changed to make the following sentence true? persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention

change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

what should be changed to make the following sentence true? in order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

_____ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

cognition

____ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

concepts

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?

dyslexia

____ and ____ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.

emotion and memory

the likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is _____.

experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally

natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our _____.

experiences

How is explicit memory different from implicit memory?

explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness

a public opinion poll was administrated to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls were taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Obama would be elected president. after election results, the same people were asked if they believed that Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. this may be an example of ____ bias.

hindsight

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

Remembering ________ is a good example of procedural memory.

how to use the phone

what is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ____, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.

intergrate

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

interpersonal

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ____ intelligence and _____ intelligence are often combined into a single type : emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?

jane does emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia?

john doe is in a car accident. everyday, he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

which term best describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?

language

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.

learning disability

in order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long term memory) it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ______ memory.

long-term

which is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

mental set

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

mental set

Schemata are a(an) ________.

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

which of the following is a way to police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? police have ____.

modified the way witnesses questioned

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.

natural

in psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ____ and ____

natural and artificial

the average score on an IQ test is 100. in modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as _____.

one standard deviation above the mean

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

patriotism

which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?

processing memory

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.

representational bias

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

retroactive

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.

revealed a genetic component to intelligence.

what is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

self-reference

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best?

semantic encoding

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

spatial

what did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in?

stroop effect

Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________: the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.

suggestibility

which of the following is not one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics?

the decision to be made is important

what should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it."

the word "fluid" should be changed to the word "crystallized"

what should be changed to make the following sentence true? " a prototype is a category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences."

the word "prototype" should be changed to the word "concept"

which of the following is a good example of visual encoding?

thinking about a dog you want to adopt and having an image of the dog appear in your mind

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.

thoughts

which of the following is an example of mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the name of the 5 great lakes

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.

visual

_______ encoding is the encoding of images.

visual