Chpt 13 ABC, Chpt 12 ABC, Chpt 11 ABC, Chapt. 10 ABC
If you had to write a research paper on Maslow's hierarchy of motives, which of the following titles would you choose to capture the essence of Maslow's theory?
"Be all that you can be, from eating right to feeling content."
On an average, in the United States, women overall earn about ________ for every dollar that men earn.
$0.82
Which of the following teenagers is exhibiting warning signs that indicate the possibility of a suicide attempt?
14-year-old Rhea, who seems to have lost her appetite and has become withdrawn
The occurrence of homosexuality ranges from ________ percent of the population.
2 to 10
The developing fetus reaches the age of viability ________ weeks after conception, during the ________ period.
22; fetal
According to research, of the boys who engage in extreme gender-nonconforming activities approximately ________ percent end up being homosexual or bisexual later in life.
75
Which of the following is an example of extrinsic motivation?
A doctor sees more patients to make more money.
Which of the following is TRUE of rape?
A rapist uses sexual behavior to show his rage at women in general.
Pioneering investigations of human sexual behavior were conducted in the 1930s by
Alfred Kinsey.
Which is the correct definition of sexual behavior?
All of these
Which of the following are included in the definition of emotion?
All of these
Which of the following is an accurate descriptor of an infant reflex?
All of these
Which of the following is a progressive brain disorder typically associated with old age that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities?
Alzheimer's disease
In the context of the Ainsworth strange situation, which of the following is true about a baby's reaction?
An avoidant child is unlikely to show any concern when his or her mother leaves the room.
Which of the following statements is TRUE of the production of androgen and estrogen?
Androgen is produced by testes, and estrogen is produced by ovaries.
________ is a severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance—which can become skeleton like—are unusual.
Anorexia nervosa
Of the following individuals, whose behavior may most easily be explained using arousal approaches to motivation?
Artie, who loves to bungee jump
________ is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual.
Attachment
Ian came home late for curfew. Without asking for an explanation, his parents sent him to his room and informed him that he was grounded for a month. What type of parenting did Ian's parents demonstrate?
Authoritarian
Which approach to personality emphasizes the role played by self-efficacy?
Bandura's social cognitive approach
________ approaches to personality are theories that suggest that important components of personality are inherited.
Biological and evolutionary
"It seemed like the two cars crossed the finish line at exactly the same time," the commentator yelled. Which theory of emotion most closely resembles this outcome?
Cannon-Bard
According to the ________ theory of emotion, both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus.
Cannon-Bard
Which of the following most accurately describes Ainsworth's strange situation?
Caregiver leaves infant with stranger and returns later.
Which neo-Freudian psychoanalytic theorist is correctly matched with a key concept?
Carl Jung; collective unconscious
________ is a prominent psychologist associated with the humanistic perspective.
Carl Rogers
In most elementary school curriculum, mathematical variables first appear in the sixth grade. In the context of Piaget's theory, which of the following best supports this trend?
Children in the concrete operational stage cannot reason with hypothetical entities such as variables.
________ are rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information.
Chromosomes
Jamar is 4-foot-8 and drives a very large car. How would Adler explain Jamar's choice in cars?
Compensation
________ occurs among members of the same sex as they vie for the opportunity to mate with members of the opposite sex.
Competition
According to Freud's theory, which of the following scenarios illustrates the defense mechanism of denial?
David is fired from the company he works at, but he refuses to accept that he has lost his job.
Dawn is 1 week old. Ellis is 6 years of age. Fritzi is 9 years of age. Girard is 15 years of age. In the context of the stages of development suggested by Piaget, which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
Dawn—sensorimotor
Which of the following is NOT an element of Carl Rogers' theory?
Defense mechanisms
________ refers to the social and psychological aspects of being male or female.
Gender
Marsha does a good job because she knows her performance will result in a bonus if she meets her goals. Dianna does an adequate job but lacks motivation to perform in a timely manner. Georgia does a good job because she feels a sense of accomplishment when she meets her goals. All three women do the same kind of work. Who is likely to be the most competent?
Georgia
________ are glands that produce sex hormones and generate ova in females and sperm in males.
Gonads
In one study, participants undergoing positron emission tomography (PET) brain scans were asked to recall events that made them feel sad, or events that made them feel happy. What did the results of such studies show?
Happiness showed a decrease in activity in certain areas of the cerebral cortex, whereas sadness showed increases in activity in particular portions of the cortex.
Which of the following statements reflects a genuine contribution of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
He recognized that psychosocial development is essentially a lifelong process.
In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, identify a true statement that supports his interactionist position on the nature-nurture issue.
He suggested that movement from one stage to the next occurs when a child reaches an appropriate level of maturation and is exposed to relevant types of experiences.
________ approaches to personality emphasize people's innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning.
Humanistic
In the context of sexual behavior, which of the following is true of humans?
Humans can be turned on sexually with things such as the smell of perfume because of prior associations.
Which is not one of the Big Five factors of personality discussed in your text?
Empathy
Which of the following accurately describes how factor analysis is used to identify personality traits
Factor analysis identifies which traits go together in terms of how they are rated.
Which of the following accurately describes how factor analysis is used to identify personality traits?
Factor analysis identifies which traits go together in terms of how they are rated.
Hines, Fink, and Alexander studied a group of children whose mothers unknowingly took drugs containing androgen, a hormone, prior to their birth. They related this concentration of the hormone to the play preferences of the same children. Which of the following alternatives best expresses the results of the study?
For both boys and girls, androgen was positively related to male-typical play preferences.
Bob has an unknown liquid and must determine what it is. He decides to systematically use a number of tests to determine the correct answer. What stage of cognitive development has Bob reached?
Formal operational
In which part of the world is gender equality the highest?
Iceland
Which infant reflex is correctly matched with its description?
In Babinski reflex, an infant's toes fan out when the edge of the sole of the foot is stroked.
Identify the accurate statement regarding verbal and nonverbal behavior of men.
In conversations with people of the other sex, men look at their partners about the same length of time while listening and speaking.
Which genetic or chromosomal abnormality below is correctly matched with its description?
In phenylketonuria, the child is unable to produce a critical enzyme, which results in an accumulation of poisons that eventually cause profound intellectual disability
What effect, if any, does engaging in altruistic behavior have on one's well-being?
Increases happiness
Which of the following statements best expresses the fate of instinct approaches to motivation within mainstream psychology?
Instinct approaches to motivation still play a role in certain theories, especially those based on evolutionary approaches that focus on our genetic inheritance.
According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, which of the following is true of the genital stage?
It begins during adolescence and extends until death.
Which of the following is true of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF)?
It consists of questions that cover a variety of issues ranging from mood to opinions to health.
Paris thinks her best friend, Nicole, may be suffering from an undiagnosed case of anorexia nervosa. She shares her concerns with Nicole, but Nicole insists that anorexia nervosa is "no big deal." What is the most serious consequence of anorexia nervosa?
It has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.
According to Freud, which of the following is true of the superego?
It helps a person control impulses originating in the id.
Which of the following is a function of the weight set point?
It helps regulate food intake.
Identify an accurate statement about Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
It highlights the complexity of human needs.
According to Carl Jung, which of the following is true of the collective unconscious?
It is displayed in behavior that is shared by diverse cultures.
According to Freud, which of the following is true of the oral stage during psychosexual development?
It is followed by the anal stage.
Which of the following is a true statement about premature ejaculation?
It is most often a psychological problem.
Identify a true statement about the sexual abuse of children.
It is usually committed by a relative or acquaintance.
Which of the following is true of the Rorschach test?
It is widely used in clinical settings.
According to Freud, which of the following statements is true of the ego?
It starts to develop soon after a person's birth.
Which of the following is true of the Freudian theory of personality?
It states that personality is largely set by the time one reaches adolescence.
Females are often thought to outshine males on verbal tasks. What does contemporary empirical evidence have to say about this notion?
It's a myth—there's basically no difference between men and women in verbal performance.
Which of the following is TRUE of women?
The production of sex hormones in women follows a cyclical pattern.
According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, which of the following happens when an individual perceives an emotion-producing stimulus?
The thalamus communicates a message to the cerebral cortex about the nature of the emotion being experienced.
Which of the following theories is best supported by the facial feedback hypothesis?
James-Lang
The concept of visceral experience can be attributed to the ________ theory of emotion.
James-Lange
Who among the following has achieved self-actualization?
Jennifer, who believes she makes a difference in the lives of the people around her
Which of the following individuals is most at risk for developing anorexia nervosa?
Jill is 17 and lives in the suburbs.
At 12 months of age, Jordan is classified as a securely attached child by his pediatrician on the basis of the criteria set by Mary Ainsworth. Which of the following behaviors in the strange situation would be most consistent with this classification?
Jordan is moderately distressed when his mother leaves him alone and is pleased when she returns.
Which of the following individuals uses a defense mechanism as proposed in Freudian theory?
Juan, a 15-year-old, who immerses himself in his studies as part of forgetting his desire for other young men
________ is sometimes considered the first feminist psychologist.
Karen Horney
Self-report tests are most closely associated with which perspective on personality?
Trait
Twelve-year-old Nathaniel was facing trouble solving the word problems in his math homework. However, when his dad helped him by reading the problems aloud and emphasizing the important information, Nathaniel could solve all the problems correctly. Which of the following concepts is being illustrated in this scenario?
Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development
The initial studies of the human response cycle were conducted by
William Masters and Virginia Johnson.
Which of the following is TRUE of sexual responsiveness in females?
Women have the ability to cycle back to the orgasm phase and experience repeated orgasms.
Which of the following chromosomal combination is present in a typical female child?
XX
Which of the following chromosomal combination is present in a typical male child?
XY
Gary wants to lose weight by reducing his caloric intake. He eats a candy bar for breakfast instead of a bowl of cereal because the candy bar has fewer calories. Is Gary doing the right thing?
Yes, the body needs high sugar intake at breakfast.
Yolanda is 24, Zachary is 44, and Andrew is 73. Assume that each successfully completes the identity crisis associated with his or her current Eriksonian stage. Which of the following alternatives matches each individual with the correct developmental outcome?
Yolanda: intimacy; Zachary: generativity; and Andrew: wisdom
What happens when your blood sugar level gets too low?
You feel hungry.
In regards to parenting, the best predictor of good psychological adjustment in adolescence is having
a close relationship with parents.
Bonnie is 3 months old. Her parents are inconsistent in attending to her needs. Sometimes they are very attentive, feeding her promptly when she cries and comforting her when she seems upset. At other times, Bonnie cries for a long time before her parents attend to her. Based on Erikson's theory, it is likely that Bonnie will develop
a general sense of mistrust.
Octavia enjoys being around others and is well known for her social graces. She is warm and engaging with everyone she meets regardless of whether the setting is the classroom, her workplace, a restaurant, or her own home. Because Octavia has a fairly stable way of relating to other people, we can say that her behavior is probably
a manifestation of a personality trait.
In the context of projective methods of personality assessment, the Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT) uses ________ and the Rorschach test uses ________.
a series of pictures; a series of symmetrical visual stimuli
According to William James and Carl Lange, which of the following leads one to label an emotional experience?
a specific pattern of visceral response
Recent research on prosocial behavior in children has found that
a supportive parenting style is related to more prosocial behavior in children.
Bea is 70 years old and works part-time at a discount store. She has kept herself busy by engaging in various activities she enjoyed during middle adulthood. She volunteers occasionally at a local food bank, and enjoys the company of her family and the members of her bridge club. According to the ________ theory of aging, Bea is aging successfully. Multiple Choice
activity
According to Piaget, accommodation refers to
adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences.
Puberty marks the onset of
adolescence.
Larissa is highly invested in initiating and maintaining relationships. She is high in the need for
affiliation.
In the 1970s, a majority of American adults indicated that premarital sex was ________; now, a majority says that it is ________.
always wrong; acceptable
Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son, Adam, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys, even though Rebecca is close by. When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms, Adam becomes extremely upset and remains inconsolable. When Rebecca returns, Adam stays close to her, holding onto her leg. However, Adam makes it very clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. In fact, he starts kicking and hitting her. In the context of the findings of Mary Ainsworth, which term best describes Adam's attachment style?
ambivalent
The ________, in the brain's temporal lobe, plays an important role in our experience of emotions.
amygdala
According to Erik Erikson, the identity-versus-role-confusion stage of psychosocial development is characterized by
an increasing importance of the peer group as a source of social judgments.
George's cubicle at work is spotless. Everything on his desk is arranged according to a specific purpose. He gets very agitated if something is moved or rearranged. Freud might argue that George is fixated at the ________ stage.
anal
Which of the following stages of psychosexual development is correctly matched with an age range?
anal—1-3 years
Which of the following hormones produces secondary sex characteristics in men? Multiple Choice
androgen
Male sex hormones secreted by the testes at puberty are known as
androgens.
Brain structures that may differ somewhat in gay men from those in straight men include the
anterior hypothalamus.
According to Carl Jung, ________ are universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences.
archetypes
According to Jung, the collective unconscious is expressed through
archetypes.
Emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people are
archetypes.
People with the weight-related disorder anorexia nervosa
are often successful, attractive, and relatively affluent.
Authoritative parents are likely to have children who
are socially competent and self-reliant.
"Human behavior is varied and often seems unpredictable; also, people sometimes seek out extremely stimulating situations and activities." This statement is most likely that of a proponent of the ________ theory of motivation.
arousal
Incorporating new information into existing theories is to ___________ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to ___________.
assimilation; accommodation
How often should you exercise?
at least 30 consecutive minutes three times each week
Benevolent sexism refers to
attitudes relating to gender that appear on the surface to be beneficial to women but are, in reality, harmful.
Joan's mom and dad believe that parents know best. They expect Joan to obey all parental rules without uttering a word, and they are quick to impose stern punishments if she does not comply. In Baumrind's terms, Joan's parents are
authoritarian.
Mazie's mom is loving and nurturing, sets clear boundaries, and engages in a lot of verbal give and take. In terms of parenting styles, she would be described as
authoritative.
According to the self-determination theory, ________ is the perception that we have control over our own lives.
autonomy
Martina has Stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. She is aware of her impending death. However, she keeps saying that she will accept death only if she lives to see her granddaughter married and settled. According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Martina is in the ________ stage.
bargaining
Leslie has two mothers. We can expect that Leslie will
be relatively unaffected.
According to Maslow, before you can feel safe, you need to
be satisfied physically.
The most effective element of the polygraph test lies in the
belief it is accurate in detecting deception.
Often, we compliment a female professional's appearance; we rarely compliment a male professional's appearance. This exemplifies ________ sexism.
benevolent
Geami is attracted to both males and females. Her sexual orientation is best described as
bisexual.
Though her weight is normal, Ashley is terrified of becoming heavy. She knows she should stick to a healthy diet, but she often consumes huge servings of junk food—up to 5,000 calories in one sitting. Desperate to keep from gaining weight, she then uses laxatives and diuretics to purge the calories. Ashley is suffering from
bulimia nervosa.
Young women with very high standards but very low confidence are at risk for developing
bulimia.
According to the two-factor theory, if Shelby wants her boyfriend to find her more attractive, she should approach him after
bungee jumping.
According to Darwin, Shelly is most likely to go out with Cole if he
can win his tennis match.
A ________ trait is a single, overriding characteristic that directs most of a person's behavior.
cardinal
An all-consuming need for power is sometimes known as Machiavellianism. Because the trait is named in his honor, it would be reasonable to suppose that the need for power was a(n) ________ trait for the Italian prince.
cardinal
A sprinter would best be served by eating ________ prior to a race.
chocolate
The "strange situation" experiment designed by Mary Ainsworth aims to
classify the attachment behavior of toddlers.
In females, the small sensory organ located where the labia meet is called the
clitoris.
According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans is called the
collective unconscious.
Which of the following is a function of the hormone ghrelin?
communicating hunger to the brain
According to the self-determination theory, ________ is the need to produce desired outcomes.
competence
According to Darwin, ________ drives sexual selection.
competition
According to Darwin, sexual selection involves
competition and choice.
Based on research, the most effective type of sex education is a(n)
comprehensive program.
According to Piaget, mastery of the principle of conservation marks the beginning of the ________ stage of development.
concrete operational
Edward is 8 years of age and is currently in the second grade. In the context of the theory propagated by Piaget, Edward is in the ________ stage of cognitive development.
concrete operational
Between ages 7 and 11, children can think in sophisticated ways as long as what they are thinking about is tangibly represented. Piaget calls this stage
concrete operations.
According to Freud's theory, ________ is only a small part of our psychological makeup and experience.
conscious experience
A wise mother will give both her 3-year-old child and her 4-year-old child identically shaped glasses of soft drink to avoid conflict over who has the most. The mother is showing her awareness of her children's difficulty with
conservation.
Jay complains to his father that he wants more juice. His father takes the juice Jay has in his glass and pours it into a taller but narrower glass. Jay is now content that he has more juice. Jay has failed to grasp the concept of
conservation.
The influence of formal education as an agent of gender socialization
continues even during the college years.
Max is a graduate student who wants to find a relation between identity formation and the influence of the environment. For this purpose, he interviews a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 10-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds, and asks them what they plan to be when they finish school. In this example, Mark is using a ________ research method.
cross-sectional
As psychologists use the term, "habituation" means
decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.
Premature ejaculation refers to a male's inability to
delay orgasm as long as he wishes.
The research methods Kinsey used in his pioneering studies allowed him to
describe human sexual behavior.
A cross-sectional study is one in which
different age groups are tested at the same time.
Which defense mechanism is correctly matched with a description?
displacement—the expression of an unwanted feeling is redirected from a more threatening person to a weaker one
Which of the following phrases is correctly labeled with one of Hans Eysenck's major personality dimensions?
distorted reality—psychoticism
The majority of children of divorced parents
do not have adjustment problems.
Since 1970, the proportion of women engaging in premarital sex has
doubled.
Which approach to motivation is correctly paired with a behavior to which it is especially appropriate?
drive-reduction—eating
The act of going to the refrigerator because you are hungry best represents a(n)
drive.
Erikson's theory is based on the assumption that
each person faces a set of predictable life-changing challenges at various stages of life.
As a dietician, Trish makes diet charts for people who want to lose weight. Which of the following advices is Trish likely to give her patients?
eat foods that are bulky and heavy but low in calories
Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are types of
eating disorders.
Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a doll for Christmas. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of
egocentrism.
In the ________ stage of development, the developing individual is less than an inch long and has developed a rudimentary beating heart, a brain, an intestinal tract, and a number of other organs that are at a primitive stage of development.
embryonic
Psychologists who study personality focus on the
enduring traits and qualities we demonstrate over time.
Compared with a mother's play with her children, a father
engages in more physical, rough-and-tumble sorts of activities.
Alessandro is an 80-year-old man. He seems to have little memory of his wedding, anniversary celebrations, his children's birthdays, and their graduation ceremonies. However, he explicitly remembers all the details about the Second World War. It is evident that Alessandro has suffered losses in his ________ memory.
episodic
Which of the following sexual disorders can be treated by drugs such as Viagra?
erectile disorder
The ________ phase of human sexual response begins the process of erotic responsiveness.
excitement
Lana and Mark are having sex. Mark's penis has become erect, and Lana's vagina has become lubricated. She is also getting a red rash that is spreading over her chest and her throat. Which of the following phases of sexual responsiveness is epitomized in this scenario?
excitement phase
Which sequence correctly orders the phases of the human sexual response cycle, from first to last?
excitement → plateau → orgasm → resolution
The nurture side of the nature vs. nurture debate refers to
experience.
Stacy and Bob have been married for 15 years. Of late, Stacy has been spending a lot of time with her neighbor Sam. She is attracted to Sam and has been thinking about having sexual intercourse with him. In the given scenario, Stacy is contemplating
extramarital sex.
According to the five-factor model of personality, a person who is reserved and quiet is low on
extraversion.
A professor conducts an experiment in which she asks her students to either hold a pen between their teeth or hold a pen between their lips. After five minutes, she finds that the students who held the pen between their teeth reported being happier than those who held it between their lips. These results most strongly support the Multiple Choice
facial feedback hypothesis.
While free breakfast and lunches provided at school are an attempt to satisfy one of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, students may still fail to achieve unless they
feel safe at school.
Max, a German, reports experiencing schadenfreude. He is experiencing a
feeling of pleasure over another person's difficulties.
Sarah, from Tahiti, reports experiencing musu. She is experiencing a
feeling of reluctance to yield to unreasonable demands made by her parents.
Elizabeth is 5 years old, and she likes to help her mother in preparing supper. However, at the end of the day, her mother often loses her temper easily, and ends up scolding Elizabeth. She tells Elizabeth to stay out of the kitchen as rather than helping her, she makes more of a mess. Based on Erikson's theory, Elizabeth is most likely to develop
feelings of guilt.
One baby receives an X chromosome from its mother and an X chromosome from its father; it will develop as a ________. A second baby receives an X chromosome from its mother and a Y chromosome from its father; it will develop as a ________.
female; male
The longest part of a pregnancy, from the eighth week through to birth, is the ________ period.
fetal
Laura was quite liberal with the amount of wine she consumed during her pregnancy. She assumed that wine would not harm her baby. Laura's son, Harris, is now 12 years old. His intelligence is below normal, his growth has been slow, and he has slightly deformed facial features. In this scenario, Harris is most likely suffering from
fetal alcohol syndrome.
An object or activity that arouses sexual interest and desire is called a
fetish.
According to Freud, conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur are known as
fixations.
Research on delayed gratification indicates that the best way to resist temptation is to
focus on other activities rather than the forbidden activity.
The ability to use abstract concepts is a key component of the ___________ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
formal operations
A ________ reflex prompts babies to clear their throat.
gag
After being in a car accident, Sally's ventromedial hypothalamus was severely damaged. She should expect that she will
gain weight rapidly.
Carolina tells her friends that she helps take care of her little brother because that is what girls are supposed to do. Carolina's statement describes her
gender role.
A ________ refers to a mental framework that organizes and guides a child's understanding of information relevant to gender.
gender schema
Ten-year-old Rowan does not play softball because he thinks it is a girls' sport. Which of the following would have helped Rowan make this evaluation?
gender schema
A movie portrays the male lead as a police officer and the female lead as a secretary in the police department. In the context of gender roles, such casting of lead characters illustrates
gender stereotypes.
Saanvi is as good as her brother at math. However, her family thinks that she should study English or French in college, while her brother should study engineering. According to her family, math might get too tough for her. Saanvi's family's attitude exemplifies
gender stereotyping.
The difficulty that many divorced fathers experience when trying to gain custody of their children may be due to
gender stereotyping.
In terms of exploring the connection between sex and gender, the biological approach focuses on
genes.
According to Freud, the ________ stage is the period from puberty until death, marked by mature, adult sexuality.
genital
The male and female sex organs are known as
genitals
Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of the stages of prenatal development?
germinal, embryonic, and fetal
The production of ________ increases according to meal schedules as well as the sight or smell of food.
ghrelin
The ________ is the term for unstated but real barriers within an organization that prevent women from being promoted beyond a certain level because of gender discrimination.
glass ceiling
Which of the following sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is becoming difficult to treat as the number of drug-resistant strains of the disease is growing?
gonorrhea
Oberon has always been fascinated by fire, but he knows that it can be dangerous and sometimes lethal. When he finished high school, he decided to become a firefighter. The job is extremely fulfilling for him. Freud would probably say that Oberon's fascination with fire
has been sublimated into a socially desirable behavior.
In relation to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, more recent research
has disconfirmed the idea that emotional experiences are controlled by the thalamus.
DeShawn graduated from college with honors and approaches most aspects of life with the expectation that he will be successful. He expects a great deal of himself and sets his goals high. After his interview for a job in the most prestigious company in his state, he was convinced that he would get the job. You could say that he
has high self-efficacy.
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a child in the sensorimotor period
has little competence in representing the environment using images, language, or other symbols.
Maslow would argue that Gus went back to school at age 40 because
he chose to fully develop his potential.
Danielle is a normal weight female, whereas Ron is an obese male. Whenever Danielle and Ron go out to dinner together, Ron always eats more food. Ron, a psychology major, correctly explains this difference in food intake by pointing out that
he has more fat cells than Danielle and he is not satiated until all his fat cells are full.
According to Adler, parents can facilitate their children's development by
helping them overcome feelings of personal inferiority.
Melissa is attracted to members of the opposite sex. She is considered to be
heterosexual.
The vast majority of "tomboys" turn out to be
heterosexual.
Kristin is a socially responsible woman. She helps underprivileged children in her neighborhood. She provides them with food, shelter, and educational opportunities. Kristin most likely has
high power needs.
What are schadenfreude, hagaii, and musu?
highly specific emotions
The ________ plays an important role in the consolidation of memories.
hippocampus
According to Maslow, Kenny probably has trouble committing to a relationship because
his expectations are too high.
When you exercise, you begin breathing more rapidly to provide oxygen to your cells. This increase in breathing is an attempt to restore
homeostasis.
You stayed up all night to study for a math exam. After the test, you returned to your dorm room and slept for seven hours. Your sleeping behavior was regulated by the body's tendency to maintain
homeostasis.
People who are sexually attracted to members of their own sex are called
homosexuals.
In the United States, the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) that spreads through vaginal, anal, or oral sex is
human papilloma virus (HPV).
Belinda is in counseling and feels that she is on the brink of bursting through her psychological cocoon and becoming a butterfly. Belinda's therapist agrees with Belinda and feels strongly that Belinda has the innate ability to cope with stress and to control her life. Belinda's therapist is most likely a
humanist.
Proponents of ________ approaches to personality are most likely to reject determinism and stress the freedom of individuals to make their own choices.
humanistic
Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. It is important to her that her clients learn to evaluate themselves and not depend on the opinion of others. Brittney is practicing
humanistic counseling.
Kira finds an abandoned wallet with $300 in it and no identification. The decision to keep the money or turn it in will cause the greatest conflict between the
id and the superego.
Hannah has a substitute teacher today. She has a strong desire to give a false name but is concerned about how much trouble she might get in. The desire to change her name stems from the ________, and the concern about the trouble stems from the ________.
id; ego
Jacques is 13 years old. On Monday, Jacques announces to his parents that he wants to be called "Jack." On Wednesday, he says he wants to drop out of school. On Friday, he says he wants to get a tattoo and become an architect. In Erikson's terms, Jacques is most likely experiencing the ________ crisis.
identity-versus-role-confusion
According to Freud, which of the following personality structures is correctly matched with a descriptive term?
id—pleasure principle
The arousal approach to motivation suggests that
if levels of stimulation and activity are too low, people will try to increase them by seeking stimulation.
In ________ approaches to motivation, the desirable properties of external stimuli account for a person's motivation.
incentive
Motivation theorists refer to external rewards people seek to obtain as
incentives.
Adler focused on ________ psychology.
individual
According to Adler, a lack of self-worth, a feeling that one is not as good as others is known as a(n)
inferiority complex.
The Eisenbergs want to raise their children to be highly moral individuals. They should provide their children with
information on expected behaviors.
Dr. Mendez has always followed the works of psychologist William McDougall. Like McDougall, Dr. Mendez believes that people are born with predetermined sets of behaviors, which help them survive. Dr. Mendez is most likely a proponent of
instinct approaches to motivation.
Psychologists proposed drive-reduction approaches to motivation to replace
instinct theory.
Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned are called
instincts.
Erikson described early adulthood as a period during which the person is building a network of social relationships and making close contact with potential mates. The crisis experience at this time is known as
intimacy vs. isolation.
"Dance like no one is watching. Work like you do not need the money. Love like you have never been hurt," exhorts a sign on Dr. Elliott's office door. This sign illustrates the importance of ________ motivation.
intrinsic
Female circumcision
involves removing the clitoris.
In contrast to traditional marriages, family life in the 21st century
involves women acting simultaneously as wives, mothers, and wage earners.
According to critics, Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
is anchored in male-oriented concepts of individuality and competitiveness.
The primary criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is
its potential lack of generality across cultures.
Compared with heterosexual men or women, gay men have a ________, which is a bundle of neurons connecting the right and left hemispheres of the brain.
larger anterior commissure
A marathon runner would best be served by eating ________ prior to a race.
lasagna
After the resolution of the Oedipal conflict, typically around age 5 or 6, children move into the ________ period, which lasts until puberty.
latency
Paula has been complaining of constant fatigue for a couple of months. In addition, she has become detached and has stopped eating. Her family has to force-feed her to ensure that she gets some nutrition. Paula's brain scans reveal a tumor in the hypothalamus. Taking Paula's symptoms into consideration, the tumor is likely to be in the
lateral hypothalamus.
Which of the following approaches to personality stresses that personality remains flexible and resilient throughout one's life?
learning approach
The hormone ________ appears to be designed, from an evolutionary standpoint, to protect the body against weight loss.
leptin
When people remember, reconsider, and evaluate what has occurred in the past, they engage in a process called
life review.
For children from poor, disadvantaged homes, high-quality out-of-home child care is associated with
long-term intellectual gains.
During the refractory period,
males cannot develop an erection.
As part of the Human Genome Project, scientists were able to
map the specific location and sequence of every human gene.
Sexual self-stimulation is known as
masturbation
Carrie's body rapidly converts food into energy. Mandy's body converts food into energy more slowly. Carrie and Mandy have different
metabolic rates.
Two children are participating in a memory research: Heather, a preschooler, and Illeana, a sixth-grader. When the children fail a recall task, the researcher asks each child what she might do to succeed at the task the next time. Heather suggests that she would simply try again; Illeana proposes that she might try to write the items down. The difference in the girls' responses most clearly illustrates an increase in ________ during childhood.
metacognitive ability
According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, optimum performance is achieved when one is
moderately anxious.
As compared to children in two-parent families, children in single-parent families are
more likely to be poor.
Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be
more responsive.
The evolutionary perspective predicts that, compared to men, women will be
more selective when choosing a mate.
After watching an episode of the Dr. Phil TV show, Shanae wonders why anyone would want to air their interpersonal dirty laundry in front of 70 million viewers. Shanae is most likely wondering about the ________ of Dr. Phil's guests.
motivation
Dr. Schmidt studies the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms. Dr. Schmidt studies
motivation.
According to Freud, the ego is referred to as a mediator because it
must balance the needs of the id, superego, and reality.
The ________ is defined as a person's desire to strive for and attain challenging accomplishments.
need for achievement
The ________ is an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people.
need for affiliation
The ________ is a tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others and to be seen as an influential individual.
need for power
You just ran a marathon in very hot weather and perspired heavily. According to drive reduction theory, your body will have a(n) ________ for water, which will produce a(n) ________ for water, which will lead to a ________ to get water.
need; drive; motivation
People with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 are considered
obese.
According to Piaget, when an infant recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer in sight, the infant has understood the principle of
object permanence.
To stop baby Rudy fussing for a sharp knife on the kitchen table, Rudy's mother put it in her apron pocket. "Out of sight, out of mind," she said, and it worked. Rudy's mother has capitalized on his lack of the concept of
object permanence.
You tried to play peek-a-boo with your 6-month-old infant, but whenever you hid your face, he would cry. You try it again three months later, and now he laughs and enjoys the game, trying to uncover your face with his hands. Your baby has now developed
object permanence.
During the excitement phase of sexual responsiveness in the female, the clitoris swells because
of an increase in the blood supply to that area.
According to Maslow, self-actualization is possible
only after all other needs have been fulfilled.
A person who is intellectual, imaginative, and has a broad range of interests would mostly likely score high on a measure of
openness.
According to Alfred Kinsey, heterosexuality and homosexuality are best thought of as
opposite ends of a continuum.
According to Freud, the ________ stage is a stage from birth to 12-18 months in which an infant's mouth is the focal point of pleasure.
oral
Among both men and women, one of the most common sexual fantasies involves
oral sex.
According to Freud, which of the following sequences indicates the order of the first three stages in psychosexual development, starting from first to last?
oral → anal → phallic
The ________ of the brain, which is involved in signaling when we should stop eating, functions differently in those with eating disorders.
orbitofrontal cortex
The peak of sexual excitement during which rhythmic muscular contractions occur in the genitals is known as the
orgasm stage.
Learning to perform a task so well that it becomes automatic is referred to as
overlearning.
If chlamydia is left untreated, it can lead to
pelvic inflammation, urethral damage, arthritis, and sterility.
One of the reasons for the United States having the highest rate of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) of all the economically developed countries in the world is that
people do not talk about sex as frankly as do people in other developed nations.
According to Freud, rationalization is used when
people provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening, reason for their behavior.
Jill's parents set very few limits or boundaries for her. They use a(n) ___________ parenting style.
permissive
Richie's parents place no demands on him, and they place no rules or restrictions on his behavior. They are exhibiting a(n) ___________ parenting style.
permissive
Walter Mischel's view of situationism infers that
personality varies considerably from one context to another.
Sarah is a psychologist. She focuses on teenagers in her latest study. The aim of her study is to understand what differentiates one teenager from another and leads him or her to act consistently in different situations and over extended periods of time. Sarah is most likely studying
personality.
According to Freud, a developing child must negotiate the Oedipal conflict during the ________ stage of psychosexual development.
phallic
According to Freud, a period beginning around age 3 during which a child's pleasure focuses on the genitals is known as the ________ stage.
phallic
One of Cannon's major objections to the James-Lange theory of emotion was that
physiological arousal alone does not lead to the perception of emotion.
Which of the following sequences best expresses the order in which the needs in Maslow's pyramid must be fulfilled from the first to the last?
physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization
Compared with Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky
placed more emphasis on the social bases of cognitive development.
Amelia is having sexual intercourse with her husband; her breasts and vagina are expanding, and her breathing rate has increased. Also, her muscle tension is increasing as she is preparing for an orgasm. Amelia is in the middle of which of the following phases of sexual responsiveness?
plateau phase
During which of the following phases of sexual responsiveness do the penis and the clitoris swell with blood?
plateau phase
Research on the influence of genes on sexual behavior has revealed that genes
play a role in determining sexual behavior.
The id operates according to the ________ principle in which the goal is the immediate reduction of tension and the maximization of satisfaction.
pleasure
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals who are willing to risk their lives and freedom for a belief operate on the ___________ level of moral development.
postconventional
Jack registered as a conscientious objector during the Vietnam War. He believes that it is wrong to take human life. He is willing to serve time in jail, rather than take part in an armed conflict. Jack's reasons for not going to war reflect the ________ stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg.
postconventional
Harry Harlow completed a number of studies in which baby rhesus monkeys were raised with two artificial mothers. One of the mothers was made of wire and delivered food; the other was made of cloth and provided no food. Harlow found that when the infant monkeys were startled or frightened, they
preferred the cloth surrogate that did not provide food.
You arrange two rows of pennies so they are equal in length. A child views the rows and states that they have the same amount of pennies. You spread out the pennies in the bottom row so that this row is longer than the top one. The child now states that the bottom row has more pennies. This child is in Piaget's ___________ stage of development.
preoperational
When the sympathetic nervous system, a component of the autonomic nervous system, is physiologically aroused, it
prepares the body for action.
Mabel is thrilled to find out she has finally become pregnant. She wants to make sure that she does not jeopardize the health of her baby. She should avoid all of the following EXCEPT
prescription drugs of all types.
Diane was born in the 35th week of her mother's pregnancy. Diane was a(n)
preterm infant.
Dr. Crane is looking for a test that he can use to understand more about his clients' unconscious motivations. He could use a(n) ________ measure.
projective
The TAT and the Rorschach are ________ tests of personality.
projective
Dr. Chase believes that one's personality largely reflects inner forces over which one has no control. Dr. Chase appears to take a(n) ________ approach to personality.
psychodynamic
According to Hans Eysenck, the degree to which reality is distorted is known as
psychoticism.
If Freddie's id was in charge when his boss told him that he was an incompetent fool, Freddie might
punch his boss in the face.
At the preconventional level of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on
punishments or rewards.
The act by which one person forces another person to submit to sexual activity is termed
rape.
The ego operates according to the ________ principle in which instinctual energy is restrained to maintain the individual's safety and to help integrate the person into society.
reality
Polygraph examiners can
record physiological responses.
Derek has had an orgasm and is unable to have another one just yet. His fiancée, Emma, however, has not had an orgasm yet. Her heart rate and blood pressure are rising, but at a slowing rate. In addition, the muscles in her vagina are tightening. According to the human sexual response cycle, Derek is in the ________, while Emma is in the ________.
refractory period; plateau phase
According to the self-determination theory, ________ is the need to be involved in close, warm relationships with others.
relatedness
According to Freud, the primary the defense mechanisms is
repression.
Children's ability to overcome circumstances that place them at high risk for psychological or even physical harm is called
resilience.
The ability to overcome hardship during childhood again and again is referred to as
resilience.
The most significant difference between males and females regarding the sexual response pattern occurs at the ________ phase.
resolution
Baby Lisa automatically turns her head in the direction of a touch on the cheek. This is the ________ reflex.
rooting
Tim and Margaret are enjoying a picnic on the edge of a large forest. Suddenly, a huge black bear invades their space and heads for the picnic basket. According to the James Lange theory of emotions, the couple will
run away and then experience the emotion of fear as a result of the physical changes in their bodies.
Having a father who is a nurse should have the greatest impact on Kevin's gender
schema.
Kenny believes that sex is mostly about reaching an orgasm. This belief reflects Kenny's sexual
script.
Sadie can only achieve an orgasm when she masturbates. She is unable to have an orgasm when she has sex with her partner. Sadie suffers from
secondary orgasmic dysfunction.
Eliza takes her 1-year-old son, Danny, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Danny eagerly explores the room as long as Eliza is present. When Eliza leaves the room to fill out some forms, Danny becomes somewhat upset. When she returns, though, he quickly calms down. In the context of the findings of Mary Ainsworth, which of the following terms best describes Danny's attachment style?
secure
In the context of the experiments conducted by Mary Ainsworth, the ________ attachment style describes an infant who exhibits distress at his or her mother's departure in the strange situation, but who is easily soothed on her return.
secure
A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potentials in their own unique way is known as ________ in Maslow's model.
self-actualization
According to Maslow, our highest-level need is the need for
self-actualization.
Humanistic psychologists suggest that people are consciously motivated to reach their maximum potential, each in a unique way; that is, people have a fundamental drive toward
self-actualization.
Mrs. Linley is a middle school math teacher. She consistently provides valuable feedback on her students' math assignments. She wants her students to have faith in their abilities to produce positive outcomes. Mrs. Linley is trying to develop her students'
self-efficacy.
In Piaget's cognitive development theory, the ___________ stage occurs during the period of infancy.
sensorimotor
Roger is a playful 1-year-old. During his playtime, his father sometimes hides one of his toys to see if Roger realizes that the toy is missing. Roger begins a prompt search for the toy as soon as he notices that it is missing. According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Roger appears to be in the
sensorimotor stage.
Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, from birth through adolescence?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
Human genes are composed of
sequences of deoxyribonucleic acid.
"I am so tired of dieting. It seems like it controls my life. I wonder what my real weight would be if I just ate only when I'm hungry." This dieter is curious about her
set point.
The direction of one's erotic interests refers to a person's
sexual orientation.
Patterns for how people should behave sexually are called
sexual scripts.
The cognitive-affective processing system (CAPS) theory proposed by Walter Mischel attempts to understand personality through
situationism.
The degree to which a person assumes mastery and leadership roles in social situations is known as
social potency.
According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, crying over spilled milk will result in
sorrow because you are crying.
Any man can be a great leader because men are strong, dominant, and rational. This statement reflects a gender
stereotype.
Donna views herself as a bisexual. Over time, she is most likely to engage in
strictly homosexual behavior or strictly heterosexual behavior.
To which of the following behaviors is the drive-reduction approach least applicable?
studying long hours
Nancy is a professional boxer. While growing up, Nancy realized that she found pleasure in physically fighting and overpowering other people. Nancy then decided to divert this undesirable impulse into a socially approved behavior. As a result, she took up boxing as a profession. According to Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms is Nancy most likely using?
sublimation
Jeff experiences a lot of aggressive feelings toward his overprotective stepfather. Because he is powerless to aggress openly against his stepfather, Jeff becomes a very aggressive forward on his basketball team. This is an example of
sublimation.
A TRUE statement about Erik Erikson's generativity-versus-stagnation stage of psychosocial development is that
success in this stage results in people feeling positive and optimistic about the continuity of life and their contribution to humanity.
Instinct approaches to motivation
suggest people and animals are born preprogrammed with sets of behaviors essential to their survival.
Unlike drive-reduction approaches to motivation, arousal approaches to motivation
suggest the possibility of increasing levels of stimulation and activity when they are too low.
According to Freud, which of the following is the final personality structure to develop in childhood?
superego
If Marcy is feeling guilty about lying to her mother, Freud would argue that her ________ is making her feel this way.
superego
Cartoons sometimes depict personal conflict by showing an individual with an angel speaking into one ear and a devil speaking into the other ear. The angel represents Freud's idea of the ________, and the devil represents Freud's idea of the ________.
superego; id
According to the Big Five personality traits, which of the following belongs to extraversion?
talkative
Two-year-old Zack has an inherited disorder in which his body cannot break down fat. He will probably die by the time he is 4. Which of the following diseases is Zack most likely suffering from?
tay-Sachs disease
Which of the following constructs primarily reflects that "nature" is more influential than "nurture"?
temperament
Baby Celeste is busy, active, and sleeps fitfully. Her sister, by contrast, was calm and placid as a baby. This vignette illustrates differences in
temperament.
Phenytoin is used in the treatment of epilepsy. If a woman in the first trimester of her pregnancy consumes phenytoin, her baby is likely to be born with a syndrome called fetal hydantoin syndrome. In such a scenario, phenytoin can be considered an example of a
teratogen.
Maria claims that she is a mind reader. While she has quite a few believers, you notice that she seems to use very vague comments during her mind-reading sessions. Maria is likely using ________ to her advantage.
the Barnum effect
Which of the following theories of emotion supports the cognitive view of emotions and emphasizes the role of surroundings in the experience of an emotion?
the Schachter-Singer theory
The impact of extrinsic motivation depends on
the behavior being rewarded.
According to animal ethologist Konrad Lorenz, imprinting is
the behavior that takes place during a critical period and involves attachment to the first moving object that is observed.
What is homeostasis?
the body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state
According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to
the difficulty in perceiving things from another person's point of view.
Which of the following brain structures is primarily responsible for monitoring glucose levels?
the hypothalamus
The first two theoretical approaches to motivation that attained prominence in the history of modern psychology were
the instinct approach and then the drive-reduction approach.
Dr. Cavanaugh examines the relationship between the trait of hardiness and senior citizens' compliance with medication regimes. However, the hardiness measure he uses is based on college students. Based on this information, which of the following is the most apparent weakness of Dr. Cavanaugh's study?
the norming of the hardiness measure
Behavioral assessment relies most heavily on
the observation of people in their own settings.
In the context of the human sexual response cycle, breathing and heart rates reach their maximum for both men and women during
the orgasm stage.
According to Freud, much of our behavior is motivated by
the unconscious.
A limitation of instinct approaches to motivation is that they fail to explain
the variety and complexity of human behavior that is learned.
According to Alfred Adler, people are primarily motivated by
their desire to overcome perceived shortcomings.
Drive-reduction approaches to motivation are
theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.
Cognitive approaches to motivation are
theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals.
Humanistic approaches in psychology have been most influential in
therapeutic settings.
Dr. Montgomery, a personality theorist, seeks to identify the basic attributes necessary to describe personality and consistencies in individuals' behavior. Dr. Montgomery is a(n)________ theorist.
trait
Daniel was born a boy. As a child, he liked wearing skirts and dresses. As an adolescent, Daniel feels that his body is all wrong for him. He feels like a girl inside and wants his parents and friends to call him Daniella. In the given scenario, Daniel is most likely a(n) ________ individual.
transgender
The term ________ refers to experiencing one's psychological gender as being different from one's physical sex.
transgender
According to Erikson, the first stage of a child's psychosocial development is the ________ stage.
trust-versus-mistrust
The ________ is the part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware.
unconscious
The ________ provides a "safe haven" for one's recollections of threatening events.
unconscious
To Freud, much of our personality is determined by the
unconscious.
A researcher developed a questionnaire to assess impulsiveness among adults. In a journal article, she later presented evidence that college students tend to get essentially the same score if they take the test twice, two months apart. However, when a reader looks at the sample questionnaire items she included in the article, it seems that they relate more to whether a person is sociable, outgoing, and fun than to whether an individual is impulsive. In this situation, the reader is most likely to specifically question the ________ of the researcher's questionnaire.
validity
People's perceptions of what an ideal body looks like
vary from one culture to another.
Charlotte meets Will, an old high school friend, at a party and is startled to learn his weight increased from 150 to 280 pounds in the year since his automobile accident. Damage to which of the following might account for his weight gain?
ventromedial hypothalamus
Adler believed that birth order
was important to personality development.
Which theory of aging suggests that mechanical functions of the body work less efficiently as people age?
wear-and-tear theory
In Harry and Margaret Harlow's classic attachment study, they found that monkeys
were more attached to the artificial mothers who were warm and soft.
A psychological test is reliable when it
yields consistent measurements.
The one-celled entity formed by the union of an egg and sperm is called a
zygote.
According to the learning theory, which of the following situations is likely to determine sexual orientation?
Leena had a very bad heterosexual experience as an adolescent.
The ________ is a widely used self-report test that identifies people with psychological difficulties and is employed to predict some everyday behaviors.
MMPI-2-RF
Vickie is doing a research paper on projective personality tests. What conclusions should she draw regarding the Rorschach inkblot test?
Many psychologists have questioned the reliability and validity of the test.
Paige is an expert at golf and is bored by the thought of the upcoming tournament. Mary is pretty good at golf and is somewhat excited but not overly anxious about the tournament. Sara has only recently learned to play but has very high expectations and is really nervous about the tournament. Jenna is also a beginner but she does not expect to play well. According to optimum arousal theory, who will perform the best?
Mary
Identify a true statement about masturbation.
Masturbation is a healthy and harmless sexual activity.
Which of the following statements is TRUE of masturbation?
Masturbation is one of the most frequently practiced sexual activities.
As a 7-year-old, Maya loves working on art projects at school. However, very few of her projects are appreciated by her teachers. Most of the time, her teachers advise her about how she can improve her artwork. Maya, on the other hand, feels that her teachers are criticizing her work and are trying to discourage her. According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which of the following is most likely to happen to Maya?
Maya will develop feelings of failure and inadequacy.
Meghan is bulimic. Which of the following statements is most likely to be accurate?
Meghan is neither more nor less likely than other individuals of her age to be overweight.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about gender differences in romantic jealousy?
Men are more likely to become jealous when a female partner is sexually unfaithful than when she develops a close friendship with another man.
Which of the following best describes the male participants' thoughts/feelings regarding the female experimenter in the Capilano River Bridge Experiment?
Men found the experimenter on the high bridge more sexually attractive than the one on the low bridge.
Which of the following is TRUE of potential gender differences in self-esteem?
Men generally have higher self-esteem than do women.
From the 1970s to the 2010s, which of the following is true of the trend observed for people engaging in premarital sex?
Men have shown an increase in the incidence of premarital sexual intercourse.
According to Allport's trait theory, which of the following scenarios illustrates a secondary trait?
Miley loves country music and often listens to it on her phone.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about sexual fantasies?
Most people fantasize about having sex with a different partner while they are having intercourse.
Personality types derived from Jung's personality approach form the basis for the
Myers-Briggs personality test.
A researcher raises a sample of unrelated macaque monkeys in identical laboratory environments. He finds large differences among these monkeys in their preference for novel visual stimuli. What might the researcher legitimately conclude concerning the relative contributions of nature and nurture to the preference for visual novelty?
Nature contributes substantially to the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.
Dr. Know-It-All hosts a TV talk show. One of his guests, Joe College, complains of his intense annoyance with people who talk on their cell phones while driving. Joe asks Dr. Know-It-All to explain why he reacts so strongly to this type of situation. Dr. Know-It-All immediately pronounces that Joe has an instinct for cell phone irritation. Is Dr. Know-It-All correct to assume that instinct is the cause of Joe's behavior?
No-most behavior is too complex to be explained on the basis of instinct.
Which of the following factors predicts sexual orientation?
None of these
Identify a true statement about rape.
Only about one-third of rapes and sexual assaults are reported to police.
Dr. Carpenter proposes an experiment in which female participants will complete a verbal-analogy task and a spatial-relations task at two points during their menstrual cycle: Phase A, when estrogen levels are low; and Phase B, when estrogen levels are high. Based on existing research, what might Dr. Carpenter hypothesize?
Participants' performance on the verbal task should be higher during Phase B than during Phase A; their performance on the spatial task should be lower in Phase B than in Phase A.
________ refers to the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person.
Personality
In the context of sex, which of the following refers to the "double standard"?
Premarital sex is permissible for males but not for females.
You give your younger brother Joe a big cookie. He accidently drops it, and it breaks into many smaller parts. Suddenly he gets very excited and says, "Joe, look how many cookies I have now!" He is most likely in which developmental stage?
Preoperational
Danny loves being a teacher. He is able to connect with children and, in addition to helping them with their studies, he inspires them to become good human beings. The headmistress of the school where Danny teaches offers him a monetary reward. However, following this event, the headmistress notices a sudden decline in the quality of Danny's teaching. Which of the following statements explains this sudden change in Danny's behavior?
Providing rewards to an individual for desirable behavior may sometimes cause a decline in his or her intrinsic motivation.
Projective tests are most closely aligned with which perspective on personality?
Psychodynamic
With regard to the question of whether personality is innate or learned, which of the following personality theory orientations places the most emphasis on biology?
Psychodynamic
________ stages refer to developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges.
Psychosexual
________ is the period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs, beginning at about age 11 or 12 for girls and 13 or 14 for boys.
Puberty
What defense mechanism is being used when the ego transforms the unacceptable (e.g., looking at pornography) into the acceptable (e.g., becoming a vocal advocate against pornography)?
Reaction formation
Which of the following is a defense mechanism?
Reaction formation
Every time Antony, a 30-year-old architect, experiences hardship, he goes home to his parents to find comfort in his childhood bedroom. What defense mechanism is in play here?
Regression
Which of the following is most related to extrinsic motivation?
Reward
Who among the following is using a self-report measure to assess the trait of extraversion in the context of personality assessment?
Ron, a graduate student is examining his own extraversion scores on a test of the Big Five dimensions.
The best-known projective test of personality is the
Rorschach test.
________ traits are characteristics that affect behavior in fewer situations and are less influential than other traits.
Secondary
________ is the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes.
Self-efficacy
________ is the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations.
Self-esteem
Which of the following statements is TRUE about self-esteem?
Self-esteem is strongly affected by culture.
Which of the following is most likely to be TRUE of sensitive or critical periods in development?
Sensitive or critical periods in development can occur either before or after birth.
Shonda is suffering from an eating disorder. She eats an entire pizza in one sitting. However, she feels terribly guilty for eating the entire pizza and takes laxatives to induce vomiting. Which of following could be a likely consequence for Shonda?
She may have heart failure.
________ theories stress the interaction of thought with social environments.
Social cognitive
________ is the process by which an individual learns the rules and norms of appropriate behavior.
Socialization
Michelle was reared in a home where high moral principles dominated. She has attended Sunday school and church since early childhood. In high school, her boyfriend tried to talk her into "sleeping" with him, but something from inside her told her not to. She felt very proud of herself afterward for holding her ground. According to Freud, which personality structure made Michelle feel proud of her response?
Superego
Which of the following tests sparked controversy in the United States for establishing different test norms for members of different racial and ethnic groups?
The General Aptitude Test Battery
According to the weight-set-point hypothesis, the presence of too many fat cells from earlier weight gain may result in the set point's becoming "stuck" at a higher level than desirable. Why is it difficult for an individual who is dieting to lose weight in such a circumstance?
The body is constantly at odds with its own internal set point.
What is the most important aspect of situationism?
The current environment
Ray played basketball all of his life because he loved the sport. He became so good that he was given the opportunity to play professionally and eventually he signed a very lucrative contract. After that contract ran out, the team offered him slightly more money, but he decided that it was not enough. Which of the following best explains Ray's behavior from a motivational perspective?
The extrinsic motivation had replaced Ray's intrinsic motivation to play.
In the context of the sexual response cycle for men and women, which of the following occurs during the resolution stage?
The genitals resume their unaroused size and shape.
What is the main problem with using polygraph results as an indication of whether or not a person is lying?
Different emotions can cause the same physiological changes.
According to Kohlberg, which of the following phrases describes the basis of moral reasoning in early childhood?
Don't get caught.
Dr. Agnew remarks that cross-culturally, rites of passage may be more common for young males than for young females because males have higher status than do females in most cultures. Dr. Blaine counters by suggesting that rites of passage may be more common for young males than for young females because, unlike females, males do not experience the onset of menstruation, a well-defined event marking the end of childhood. Which of the following option characterizes the views of professors on the issue of nature vs. nurture?
Dr. Agnew takes a "nurture" position; Dr. Blaine, a "nature" position.
Which of the following is an example of longitudinal research?
Dr. Stewart has been studying a group of people every 15 years since they were aged 10 to understand how the quality of child care correlates with personaity development
Which of the following is one of the characteristics of people suffering from anorexia nervosa?
Their life revolves around food.
The need for achievement is often assessed with the
Thematic Apperception Test.
In the context of premarital sex, to what extent do we find cross-cultural variability in its incidence on one hand and its acceptability on the other?
There is substantial cross-cultural variability in both the incidence and the acceptability of premarital sex.
What do the id and the superego have in common?
They both are unrealistic.
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the degree of cognitive sophistication among children in Piaget's preoperational stage of development?
They can describe people, events, and feelings.
Which of the following statements is true of people with sexual interest/arousal disorder?
They experience a kind of sexual anesthesia.
Which of the following statements is true of humanistic approaches to personality?
They have led to the growth of a significant form of therapy for psychological difficulties.
Charlotte and Robert are a married couple in their late 60s. All else being equal, which of the following statements probably best captures their sex life?
They have sex about once a month and find it satisfying.
Which of the following statements is true of androgens?
They increase the sex drive.
What is TRUE of brain scans of people with bulimia?
They show that those with bulimia process information about food differently from healthy individuals.
Which of the following is true of trait approaches to personality?
They vary in their conclusions about which traits are the most fundamental to personality.