chpt 13 psychology test study guide

Millicent knows that she puts on weight whenever she eats cake, yet she bakes a cake every week. In the context of social cognition, Millicent will most likely experience _____.

cognitive dissonance

A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

conformity

In order to improve interactions among students from different ethnic backgrounds, a teacher would be best advised to use:

the jigsaw classroom.

_____ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group.

Prejudice

central route works by engaging the audience thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument

elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

Which of the following statements best defines conformity?

A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

Which of the following statements is true of stereotype threat? C is wrong

A)A person facing stereotype threat usually performs well in any test to prove he or she is better than what is indicated by the stereotype. B)A person who experiences stereotype threat is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group. C)In stereotype-relevant situations, a person experiences anxiety about exceeding the expectations of others. D)In stereotype-relevant situations, a person has the tendency to over-perform.

Which of the following is a similarity between the cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory? B is wrong

A)Both theories suggest that behavior can change attitudes. B)Both theories suggest that when attitude changes, behavior changes too. C)Both theories suggest that attitude remains constant while behavior changes. D)Both theories suggest that individuals should change their behavior to fit their attitude.

Which of the following statements is true of the concept of risky shift?

It is the tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members.

Which of the following is true of social cognition in social psychology?

It refers to the way people select social information, interpret social information, and the way people remember social information.

According to studies over the past half-century, which of the following is a condition under which a person's attitude will guide his or her actions?

When the person has a vested interest in the issue

In the context of group decision making, groupthink can be prevented by: a &b is wrong

a)selecting an impartial leader. b)encouraging close-mindedness. c)isolating the group and members. d)excluding outside experts in a debate.

The process by which individuals come to understand the causes of others' behavior and form an impression of them as individuals is called _____.

attribution

According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals are most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance by:

changing their attitudes to fit the behavior.

An individual's psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts is known as:

cognitive dissonance

Millicent knows that she puts on weight whenever she eats cake, yet she bakes a cake every week. In the context of social cognition, Millicent will most likely experience

cognitive dissonance

In the context of group influence, _____ occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsibility.

deindividuation

thinking that cultural out-groups are not only different but are worse than one's own group is called

ethnocentrism

In the context of social identity, thinking that cultural out-groups are not only different but are worse than one's own group is called:

ethnocentrism.

One explanation for the effects of deindividuation in groups is that groups:

give people anonymity.

Risky shift and group polarization are aspects of _____.

group decision making

Sheila is late for class. Assuming that she is the actor and her teacher is the observer, her teacher is most likely to attribute Sheila's tardiness to:

her lack of organizational skills.

The processes by which individuals use social stimuli to form impressions of others is known as _____.

person perception

Research in psychology suggests that many attractive people possess a number of positive characteristics. One explanation for this is that expectations cause individuals to act in ways that serve to make their expectations about attractive people come true. This is known as the _____.

self-fulfilling prophecy

In the context of attitudes, _____ theory contends that behaviors can influence attitudes.

self-perception

The tendency of each person in a group to exert less effort in the group because of reduced accountability is known as ___

social loafing.

Hiroko's fifth-grade teacher was disappointed when he performed poorly in math. She believes that Asian students are academically excellent and never perform poorly. In this scenario, the teacher's beliefs best illustrate:

stereotyping.

When groups of individuals work together on a shared goal, which then reduces tensions between the groups, it is known as:

task-oriented cooperation.

A bicyclist claims that bicycle racing times would be faster if individuals raced in groups, because the knowledge of being in a group produces more energy to perform better. The bicyclist's claim is based on the concept of:

social facilitation.

_____ is an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group. D is wrong

A)Groupthink B)Discrimination C)Deindividuation D)Prejudice

Professor Jenkins conducts research on how the behavior of candidates in interviews differs when they are interviewed by one interviewer and when they are interviewed by a panel of interviewers. His area of interest fits best into the field of _____ psychology.

social

The solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction is known as:

the group polarization effect.

In the context of intergroup relations, which of the following theories best explains why individuals like to think of their group as an in-group?

Social identity theory

Rob and Deandra are strong supporters of a football team, the Dallas Cowboys. Their self-esteem is greatly affected by the performance of the Cowboys. Which of the following theories best explains this scenario in the context of intergroup relations?

The social identity theory

In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates _____.

conformity

Lily and her classmates are asked to write an essay on what they want to be when they are older. Although Lily wants to be a florist, she does not write about it. Instead, she writes about wanting to be a doctor because most of her friends want to be doctors. In the context of social influence, Lily is best exhibiting _____.

conformity

According to the self-perception theory of attitudes, if people are not sure how they feel about something, what should they do?

They should consider their behavior.