AP European Study Guide
In Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that:
All knowledge can be questioned and doubted.
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a:
Clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.
English Peasants' Revolt:
Parliament stopped trying to control wages paid to peasants by landowners.
What was the result of the War of the Austrian Succession?
Prussia retained Silesia, and Spain renewed the Asiento agreement with Great Britain.
Black Death:
The Black Death was a terrible epidemic that killed around 25 million people in Europe. (Third). It was a plague spread by fleas sucking on the poisonous rat blood.
What was the purpose and effect of the Encyclopedia: The Rational Dictionary of the Sciences, the Arts, and the Crafts?
The aim of the Encyclopédie was to gather all available knowledge, examine it critically and rationally, and use it for social advancement.
What was the importance of "fate" to Machiavelli's analysis of The Prince?
The most skilled and prepared ruler could not fully escape the operations of fate that might cause a prince to lose his realm.
Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to:
The rural poor worked for low wages.
Between 1700-1835, the population of Europe ______ in size. This was caused mostly by a decline in deaths due to the following factors: The disappearance of the ________, Inoculation against ___________, Improvements in the _______ and _______ resulting in somewhat better public health, and reduction of typhoid and typhus in some urban areas of western Europe
doubled -bubonic plague -smallpox -water supply and sewage
How did minority groups suffer during the subsistence crises of the fourteenth century?
Jews and lepers were accused of poisoning wells to kill Christians, and, as a result, many were killed, beaten, or heavily fined.
Luther viewed celibacy as:
Opposed to human nature and God's commandments.
Representative assemblies:
A legislature is composed of individuals who represent the population.
In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France?
English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized.
How did Europeans initially justify the enslavement of Africans?
Enslavement benefited the Africans by bringing Christianity to them.
What is the name given to French Protestants?
The Huguenot Church
How did Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa?
They traded for slaves with local leaders.
In general, during the plague, the clergy:
Cared for the sick and buried the dead
Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus?
Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations.
To what extent can Frederick the Great be considered a practitioner of enlightened absolutism?
Frederick used the legal system and bureaucracy to attempt to improve the lives of his subjects directly.
The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also:
Gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies
How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?
Hard work, well done, was pleasing to God, and all work with a religious aspect was dignified
On the Iberian Peninsula, what was the social position of African slaves?
Intermingled with the people they lived among and sometimes intermarried with them.
How did the Turks' expansion of the Ottoman Empire and their conquest of the Byzantine Empire and its capital Constantinople in 1453 influence European exploration?
It forced Europeans to search for alternate trade routes to China, bypassing the overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman Empire.
Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate was ultimately a:
It was a military dictatorship
Babylonian Captivity:
Lasts from 1305-1377, a time in which the church declines, Pope Bonacy the 8th and Philip the 4th of France learned to a Pope elected in France named Clement the 5th.
What impact did the War of the Roses have on the development of the English state?
Lawlessness was rife and taxation burdensome.
How did famines affect the European population in the seventeenth century?
Malnutrition made people susceptible to deadly diseases, which reduced the population significantly.
In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in:
More wars and likely fewer people.
France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to:
Prevent Charles V from increasing his power
In the Netherlands, tensions were always present between supporters of the staunchly republican Estates and supporters of:
The House of Orange.
Hundred Years' War:
The causes of the 100 Year War were disagreements over rights to land, a dispute over the succession to the French throne, and economic conflicts
In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on which of the following issues?
The heresy of priests who preached messages contrary to church doctrine.
Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement?
They held strong anti-German feelings
The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century was:
To uplift the moral condition of both clergy and laity
Great Schism:
When the Christian Church split into the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Churches due to disputes on who had the most power within the church and whether icons could be used or not.
Great Famine:
A geographically widespread failure of food production and/or food distribution that struck Europe early in the fourteenth century -The famine caused millions of deaths over an extended number of years and marked a clear end to the period of growth and prosperity from the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries
Conciliarists:
A theory that a general council of the church has greater authority than the pope and may, if necessary, depose him
Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?
Elizabeth did not want to execute her cousin. There was a taboo against executing other members of the royalty
How did Pico Della Mirandola understand the uniqueness of humankind?
Humans, lacking a fixed place, were the one part of the created world that could freely choose to rise to the heavens or sink into the realm of animals
What was the consequence of Prince Francis Rákóczy's rebellion for Habsburg rule?
Hungary was never fully integrated into a centralized, absolute Habsburg state.
In the eighteenth century, European public health measures:
Improved water supply and sewage systems
Statutes of Kilkenny:
Maintain the ethnic purity of the English living in Ireland by preventing intermarriage or cultural assimilation
What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?
People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions.
Confraternities:
People who believed that the authority in the Roman Church should rest in a general council composed of clergy, theologians, and laypeople, rather than in the pope alone.
What mistaken belief did the Count-Duke of Olivares hold that brought disaster to Spain?
Spain must return to the imperial tradition of the 16th century in order to solve its economic and political difficulties
How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain control over its colonies?
The monarchy established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the More wars and likely fewer people..
Jacquerie:
A popular revolt in late medieval Europe by peasants that took place in northern France in the summer of 1358, during the Hundred Years' War.
Flagellants:
Religious fanatics who whipped or beat themselves
Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?
The Dutch east India company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?
Their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.
