Chpt 18: Endocrine - Adrenal Glands

Metabolic changes due to E and NE persist for several ____.

minutes

Chromaffin cells are found in the ___.

The adrenal Medulla

regions of the adrenal cortex

1. Zona glomerulus 2. Zona fasciculata 3. Zona reticularis

Subdivisions of the adrenal glands

1. adrenal cortex (superficial) 2. adrenal medulla (inner)

Chromaffin cells secrete

1. epinephrine (adrenaline) 2. norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Effects from activation of the adrenal medullae

1. increases muscular strength and endurance - E and NE trigger mobilization of glycogen reserves and accelerate the breakdown of glucose to provide ATP 2. ATP production - stored fats are broken down into fatty acids which are released into the bloodstream for other tissues to use for ATP production 3. Produce glucose molecules - breakdown of glycogen molecules in the liver 4. Increase in rate and force of cardiac muscle contraction by stimulating beta 1 receptors in the heart

Roles of aldosterone

1. stimulates conservation of sodium ions and elimination of potassium ions 2. Increases sensitivity of salt receptors in taste bud

In menopausal women, all female estrogens come from ___ ____.

adrenal androgens

example of mineralocorticoids

aldosterone

Examples of glucocorticoids

cortisol (hydrocortisone) with corticosterone

Liver converts cortisol to ____.

cortisone

The adrenal medulla produces ____ and ____.

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

The adrenal cortex manufactures ____.

steroid hormones (corticosteroids)

Which division of the ANS controls secretory activities of the adrenal medulla?

sympathetic division

the adrenal medulla is stimulated by

sympathetic preganglionic neruons of the ANS

In males, after puberty, DHEA has ____ effect?

virtually no

The adrenal cortex stores __A__, especially cholesterol and __B__.

A. Lipids B. fatty acids

The zona reticularis produces __A__ under stimulation by __B__?

A. androgens B. ACTH

In females, DHEA plays a major role in __A__ and are converted to __B__.

A. promoting libido B. estrogens

Example of a major androgen

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Salt, Sugar, and Sex

Glomerulus --> Salt (mineralcorticoids) Fasciculata --> sugar (glucocorticoids) Reticularis --> sex (androgens)

Glucocorticoids have inhibitory effects on the production of?

1. Corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH) in hypothalamus 2. ACTH in adenohypophysis

What stimulates the secretion of aldosterone?

1. Drop in blood Na+, blood volume, or BP 2. Rise in blood [K+]

Functions of glucocorticoids

1. Stimulates appetite 2. stimulates gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and proteolysis 3. increases insulin resistance (diabetogenic) 4. Decrease bone formation (decreases osteoblast activity) 5. Decreases fibroblast activity and collage synthesis (poor wound healing, striae) 6. Increase in blood pressure (upregulates alpha 1 receptors in arterioles, binds to aldosterone receptors) 7. Immune responses: anti-inflammatory effects

Where is the Adrenal Gland located?

Lie along superior border of each kidney