Chpt 18: Endocrine - Adrenal Glands
Metabolic changes due to E and NE persist for several ____.
minutes
Chromaffin cells are found in the ___.
The adrenal Medulla
regions of the adrenal cortex
1. Zona glomerulus 2. Zona fasciculata 3. Zona reticularis
Subdivisions of the adrenal glands
1. adrenal cortex (superficial) 2. adrenal medulla (inner)
Chromaffin cells secrete
1. epinephrine (adrenaline) 2. norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Effects from activation of the adrenal medullae
1. increases muscular strength and endurance - E and NE trigger mobilization of glycogen reserves and accelerate the breakdown of glucose to provide ATP 2. ATP production - stored fats are broken down into fatty acids which are released into the bloodstream for other tissues to use for ATP production 3. Produce glucose molecules - breakdown of glycogen molecules in the liver 4. Increase in rate and force of cardiac muscle contraction by stimulating beta 1 receptors in the heart
Roles of aldosterone
1. stimulates conservation of sodium ions and elimination of potassium ions 2. Increases sensitivity of salt receptors in taste bud
In menopausal women, all female estrogens come from ___ ____.
adrenal androgens
example of mineralocorticoids
aldosterone
Examples of glucocorticoids
cortisol (hydrocortisone) with corticosterone
Liver converts cortisol to ____.
cortisone
The adrenal medulla produces ____ and ____.
epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
The adrenal cortex manufactures ____.
steroid hormones (corticosteroids)
Which division of the ANS controls secretory activities of the adrenal medulla?
sympathetic division
the adrenal medulla is stimulated by
sympathetic preganglionic neruons of the ANS
In males, after puberty, DHEA has ____ effect?
virtually no
The adrenal cortex stores __A__, especially cholesterol and __B__.
A. Lipids B. fatty acids
The zona reticularis produces __A__ under stimulation by __B__?
A. androgens B. ACTH
In females, DHEA plays a major role in __A__ and are converted to __B__.
A. promoting libido B. estrogens
Example of a major androgen
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Salt, Sugar, and Sex
Glomerulus --> Salt (mineralcorticoids) Fasciculata --> sugar (glucocorticoids) Reticularis --> sex (androgens)
Glucocorticoids have inhibitory effects on the production of?
1. Corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH) in hypothalamus 2. ACTH in adenohypophysis
What stimulates the secretion of aldosterone?
1. Drop in blood Na+, blood volume, or BP 2. Rise in blood [K+]
Functions of glucocorticoids
1. Stimulates appetite 2. stimulates gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and proteolysis 3. increases insulin resistance (diabetogenic) 4. Decrease bone formation (decreases osteoblast activity) 5. Decreases fibroblast activity and collage synthesis (poor wound healing, striae) 6. Increase in blood pressure (upregulates alpha 1 receptors in arterioles, binds to aldosterone receptors) 7. Immune responses: anti-inflammatory effects
Where is the Adrenal Gland located?
Lie along superior border of each kidney