CHS 330: Environmental Health Final

Specifics of CO2 emissions profiles from fossil and renewable sources. (fig)

"closing the loop"

Relationship between socioeconomic status and food selection

-Urban communities, usually consisting of poorer populations, have limited access to grocery stores that sell high quality fruits and vegetables and have a higher proportion of unhealthy fast food restaurants in the vicinity .

Clostridium botulinum mechanism of toxic action

-causes food borne disease botulism, a form of food borne intoxication -gros in an anaerobic environment and produces a potent toxin the affects the nervous system. -most poisonous substance known . -if inhaled 1ug would kill a person. exerts effects by paralyzing strained muscles or the autonomic innervated muscles

Factors contribution to increases in food borne illness.

-changes to agriculture and food processing methods - increasing globalization in food distribution - Social and behavioral changes among the human populations.

Precepts of more sustainable design.

-compact (high density) forms residential development -mixed land use -employment based primarily on education and skills -movement on foot and by bicycle and transit -Wind and solar energy -tertiary treatment of sewage -protection and use of natural hydrologic systems -natural open space, protection of wetlands, woodlands, stream valleys, habitat etc reduction of waste

Routes of exposure to Toxoplasma

-eating uncooked meat od animals boring tissue cysts - consuming food to water contaminated soil with cat feces or by contaminated environmental samples -blood transfusion or organ transplantation - transplacental from mother to fetus

precepts of less sustainable design

-low-density -segregation of land use - employment based primarily on environment polluting or non-renewable resource based industry - heavy dependence on private cars - thermal and nuclear energy -dischare of sewage into water bodied or water-courses untreated or with low level of treatment - hard surfaces preventing infiltration - destruction of natural landscape, ;manicured' parkland with exotic species, heavy use of chemical fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides -landfills, incinerators

Individuals at risk for contraction of listeria monocytogenes

-pregnant women -newborns -persons with weakened immune systems - persons with cancer, diabetes, or kidney disease -person with AIDS -the elderly

Evidence of health risks associated with urban air pollution

-risk of premature death, asthma, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other conditions can be heightened by air pollution from urban areas. 1. the association between traffic-related air pollution and childhood asthma may account for increase in asthma rates over the past decade 2. toxic particles from diesel fuels contribute to the increased rates of lung cancer for people who live near roadways, The risk increase in nearly 40%.

sources of human exposure to Salmonella

-there are many different kinds of Salmonella bacteria. Salmonella serotype typhimurium and salmonella serotype eneritidis are the most common in the US. more common in summer than water.

Facts on the transmission and management of rabies

-widely distributed across the globe; 55,000 people dies yearly, 95% occurs in Asia and Africa - death follows a bite from an infected dog. most victims are under the age of 15 - Early intervention and cleaning can prevent the onset by 100% - Once signs and symptoms have appear, no treatment is available and almost always fatal. -Most cost-effective strategy for preventing rabies in by eliminating it in dogs through animal vaccinations.

Automobile use and injury risks

1. Automobile accidents are one of the top ten contributors to premature death in the US 2. states with lower population densities experience high-rates of traffic fatalities per VMT 3. Local raodway design such as roundabouts, one-way streets, and speed bumps help alter driver behavior and reduce crash severity and likelihood.

Four elements of cardiovascular health risk associated with particulate exposure. (Fig)

1. Autonomic nervous system imbalance. 2. Pulmonary oxidative stress & inflammation 3. Systemic oxidative stress inflammatory response. 4. Vasoconstriction Hypertension, Endothelial dysfunction

types of FDA food safety monitoring programs

1. raw agriculture produce, fish, dairy products and processed foods 2. incidence or level monitoring: 3. total diet studies

"Structural Problems' in urban land use

1. separation of land use through zoning 2. low density development 3. dispersion of activity centers 4. Automobile-oriented transportation system 5. Disinvestment in central cities

Physical activity, obesity, and urban design for the promotion of physical activity

1. the concept of Co-location brings together things that are normally further from each others, and promotes walking and bicycling 2. higher density development is an effective strategy to promote walking 3. creating a grid-like networks of sidewalks and paths increases physical activity

EPA criteria pollutants ('smog-forming)

Oxides of Sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, lead, particulate matter, ozone

Mechanism/chemical components of ozone formation

Ozone os formed by the photochemical reaction of oxygen with volatile organic contaminants and oxides of nitrogen in the presence of sunlight.

Definitions and attributes of PM2.5 and PM10

Particles of both sizes cause respiratory system irritation and impact the lungs

Emissions characteristics of coal-fired power plants

Power plant CO2 emissions are directly linked to the efficiency with which fossil fuels are converted into electricity, and non-coal fired power plants are inherently inefficient. A typical pp converts only about a third of the energy contained in coal onto electricity, while the remainder is emitted as a waste heat. In fact, coal-fired pp efficiency has remained argyle unchanged since the mid 1960's because CO2 pollution in not yet federally regulated, pp do not control emissions.

How Acid rain is formed

Refers to the precipitation of acidic compounds formed when components of air pollution (e.g., SO2and NOx) interact with other components in the air such as water, oxygen, and oxidants.

Clinical signs of Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)

Includes all criteria of DHF pul signs of circulatory failure manifested by rapid and weak pulse, marrow pulse pressure; hypotension for age, cold and clay skin and restlessness.

Acute Effects of Air Pollution

Irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Aching lungs, bronchitis, Pneumonia, Wheezing, Coughing, Nausea, headaches

Geographic distribution

Where the virus strain is likely to be endemic

Nucleotide sequence

Which describes the 'evolutionary distance' between related viral strain, often represented as a 'phylogenetic tree'

Vibro choteare mechanism of toxic actions (fig)

cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholera

Common causes of soil degradation.

deforestation, overexploitation for domestic uses such as fencing and fuel wood, overgrazing, unsustainable agriculture practices. and conversion of arable land residential an industrial uses.

Practice of 'fracking' for natural gas

hydraulic fracturing is a technique used to create fractures that extend from the well bore into rock or coal formation, These fractures allow the oil or gas to travel more easily from the rock pores, where the oil or gas is trapped, the the production well.

Health effects of Urban Sprawl

hypertension and obesity

Smog

is a mixture of pollutants, principally ground-level ozone, produced by chemical reactions in the air involving smog-forming chemicals -It can be formed by anthropogenic and/or natural sources

Low density development

limiting the density of household per acre in suburban and rural areas promote urban sprawl

Disenvestment in central cities

middle and upper class families fleeing the city to live in the suburbs has led to urban areas concentrated with poverty, substandard living environments and unemployment. Led to the birth if "urban health", which intern became synonymous with "health of the poor people"

Climate Forcings'

natural and anthropogenic processes that 'force' climate to change

mobile sources

on-road vehicles, off-road vehicles, non-road vehicles

Automobile0oriented transportation system

parking lots, freeways, and roads discourage mode share (distribution of modes of transportation such as walking and biking)

Hubberts 'Peak Oil' Theory

petroleum is a finite resource. Because it is formed over millions of years and is being used faster that it is being formed, it is nonrenewable on any human time scale; supply will at some point fall short demand. The point at which petroleum production peaks and begins to decline is known as 'peak pertroleum'

Examples of indoor air pollution

presence of cockroaches, persistent dampness, wall-to-wall carpeting, tobacco smoke, infestations with rodents, pets that have fur, effluents from gas stoves, construction materials that contain formaldehyde, dust mites, olds, and bacterial agents.

Health effect of diesel exhaust.

- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL evidence suggests that in comparison with non exposed groups, two categories of workers exposed directly to weasel exhaust have lung cancer incidences rates that are 20%-40% higher. - The incidence of lung cancer increases on average about 33-47% above background levels in occupational exposures to diesel exhaust. There are some uncertainties about the magnitude of the increase because with lung cancer, the question of confounding by cigarette smoke is precent.

Flavivirus basic classification criteria

- Nucleotide sequence - Antigenicity - Pathogenicity - Geographic distribution - Ecological associations

Pulmonary disorders associated with coal mining

-12% of coal miners develop on of several potentially fatal diseases: pneumoconiosis, progressive massive fibrosis, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and accelerated loss of lung function.

Clinical aspects of West Nile Virus

-Clinical features: fever, headache, fatigue, skin rash on the trunk of the body, swollen lymph glands, eye pain -Severe disease: West Nile meningitis, WN encephalitis, and WN poliomyelitis

Harmful impacts of these activities on human health include (but are not limited to)

-Direct and indirect health effects from petroleum production, transport, and refinement -Occupational hazards from coal and natural gas extraction -Air pollution resulting from: indoor biomass combustion, vehicular emissions, power plat emissions -Health effects associated with uranium mining and processing

Common sources of NOx emissions

-Electric utilities account for about 22% of all NOx emissions in the US. -Ground level ozone, which is especially harmful to children and people with respiratory problems such as asthma, is forms when NOx and votive organic compounds (VOCs) reacts in sunlight.

International disparities in resource utilization rates.

-If the entire world population were o have the same standard of living as the avg American or Western European today, the equivalent of three world would be required to supply the needed resources at the cutest rates of consumption and waste generation. -In the US 306 million people-less than 5% of the world population-consume several times that proportion of most global resources. -The avg person in the US uses the energy equivalent of 57 barrels of oil each year, compared to less than 2 barrels for the avg Bangladeshi

Major source/sectors of energy supply and demand in the US (fig)

-NG -Coal -Oil

Relationship between urban design and mental health

-Noise can be long-term source of stride for nearby and can lead to sleeplessness, anxiety, and other mental disorders -Sprawling communities can lead to social isolation and depression -In communities dependent on automobiles for transportation, frequent commuting in heavy traffic has been linked to increased BP, back pain, CVD, and self reported stress. -road rage or over aggressive driving an impulsive behavior, has been attributed to stressful commutes -parks and green ares promote stores and reduction and relaxation

PM2.5

-Particles are capable of being inhaled deeply into the lungs -particles are not cleared readily from the body -particles are associated with 60,000 deaths annually (US)

Clinical signs of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

-Petechia, ecchymosis or purpura -bleeding from the mucose, junction sites, or other sites; Haematemesis or melena -Thrombocytopaenia (platelets 100,000/cu. m, or less) - sons of plasma leakage

the 'built environment'

-Refers to the part of the environment formed and hoped by humans including building, structures, landscaping, roads, signs, trial, and utilities,. -MAkes in harder or easier to gian access to necessary life sustaining resources (food); it can enhance or impede physical activity, worsen or better air quality, etc

Health effects of chronic noise exposure .

-Studies have shown dose-response relationship between rats traffic noise above 60 dB and MI -Other problems with noise include schoolchildren exhibiting poorer recognition memory, reading comprehension, and heightened annoyance when exposed to aircraft noise.

"concepts of Design' in urban land use planning

-The decision made that effect the placement of functions such as home, industry and stores is call land use. -Transporation is mean consideration when moving goods, people, and services from place to place. This included the building of roads, bike paths, buses, railways, etc -community design may also address lan conversions (preservation of land in its natural state), parks and recreation, historic preservation, and landscape architecture (design and management of public space)

Driving factors of urbanization

-The rapid urban growth in the developing world is bing driven by people who are feeling collapsing rural economics, lack of rural infrastructure and services, landlessness, and lack of rural employment opportunities. -Urban evolution.

Relationship between particle diameter and pulmonary disposition.

1. Dust particles are inhaled in a dust cloud. 2. Millions of these dust particles strike and stick to the moist surfaces of: nasal passage, trachea, bronchi, & alveoli. 3. infall these organs, repeated or heavy exposure to organic dusts may induce an allergy to substances in these dusts, and any further contact. Even with small amounts, can then produce such symptoms as asthma, fever, general, tiredness and shortness of breath. 4.The worst damage can be done by the smaller of the fine particles which reach the finest lung spaces-the alveoli

Universal Design

1. Equitable use 2. flexibility in use 3. Simple and intuitive use 4. perceptible information 5. tolerance for error 6. lor physcal effort 7. Size and space for approach and use

Top six pathogens contributing to food-borne disease mortality

1. Salmonella (31%) 2. Listeria (28%) 3. Toxoplasma (21%0 4. Norwalk-like viruses (7%) 5. Campylobacter (5%) 6. e. coli O157:H7 (3%)

4 systems of "environmental Distress Syndrome"

1. The reemergences of infectious diseases, and the emergence of new diseases 2. The loss of biodiversity and the consequent loss of potential sources of new drugs and crops 3. The growing dominance of generalist species, such as crows and Canada geese 4. The decline in pollinators such as bees, birds, bats, butterflies, and beetles, which are intrinsic to the propagation of flowering plants.

Social effects of Urban Sprawl

1. increases cost to the public since roads and infrastructure are constantly being improved outside of urban area. 2. Decrease in social capital side the bigger properties are claimed, isolation occurs between neighbors, diminishing they social contact.

6 Principle causes of deforestation

1. logging for fuel work and construction 2. slash-and-burn farming 3, mining and petroleum exploration 4. cattle ranching and livestock grazing 5. Commercial agriculture 6. Infrastructure development

Smart Growth

1. mixing land uses 2. creating walkable neighborhoods. 3. providing a variety of transportation choices 4. preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas 5. create range of housing opportunities and choices. housing 6. encourage community and stakeholder collaboration 7. strengthen and direct development towards existing communities 8. take advantage of compact buildings designs 9. make development decisions, predictable, fair and cost effective.

Hazardous Air Pollutants

1. mobile source air toxins 2. urban air toxics 3. diesel particulate matter

Building-related illness

Describes a diagnosable illness

Characteristics of current patterns of energy use

1.more developed areas of the world have higher per capita energy consumption (and higher associated emissions per capita as well) 2. more developed areas rely disproportionately on cleaner form of energy production that are higher on the energy ladder. 3. more developed region rly more heavily on electricity, a more efficient mode of energy production. This translates to greater economic output per unit of energy input that countries in developing world achieve 4. higher levels of development are associated with increases capacity and willingness to distribute health impacts both onto distant populations and to future generations.

FDCA 'Delaney Clause'

1958: the secretary of the FDA shall not approve for use in food and chemical additive found to induce cancer in man, or after tests, found to induce cancer in animals

Diesel Exhaust

A complex mixture of particles and gases.; included the element carbon, condensed hydrocarbon, and polycyclic hydrocarbons which are know for carcinogens.

Definition of Air Pollution

A general term used to describe undesirable amounts of particular or gaseous matter in the atmosphere. Air pollution can be natural or anthropogenic.

Dengue (fig)

A mosquito borne infection, which in recent years has become a major international public health concern. It is found in tropical and sub-tropical areas. Is transmitted through the bites of infected female Aedes mosquitos.

West Nile Virus (fig)

A mosquito-carried virus that can cause illness ranging from a mile fever to more serious disease like encephalitis or meningitis. It was first ID in the US in 1999. `

Water Poverty Index

An aggregate index, describing the lack pf freshwater. the index is calculated based on five components: resources, access, capacity, use, and environment, using indicators describing these. Access to freshwater is also obviously a limiting determinate of regional human populations.

Definition of 'temperature inversion'

An atmospheric condition during which a warm layer of air stalls above a layer of cool air that is closer to the surface of the earth -During TI, pollutants can build up when they are trapped close to the Earth;s surface.

Major zoonotic viral disease vectors

Anthropod: mosquito, tick, mammal, Mammal: rodent, bat,

Energy Ladder

As prosperity increases, societies tend to substitute cleaner, more efficient, and more convenient energy sources for the less costly but more polluting sources at the ladder's base.

Differences in energy use patterns in developed versus non-developed regions.

Developed: 4,600 Developing: 828

Chronic Effects of Air pollution

Heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer

Contributions of different pathogen classes to food related deaths

Bacteria: 72% Parasites: 21% Viruses: 7%

Community design

Became important after WW2 when the ideal "American Dream" led to the process of suburbanization and the abundance of homes, jobs, and access to education

Common sources of mercury emissions

Coal fired PP are the single largest source of mercury air pollution, accounting for roughly 40% of all mercury emissions nationwide.

Factors that determine geographical trends in PM distribution

Coastal cities have hight amounts of PMs

Stationary sources

Electric generating plants, factories, and manufacturing complexes, oil refineries, chemical plants, incinerators.

Regions of the world considered to be 'water-stressed'

Fig

Filovirus vector biology

Figure s13

General relationship between energy use/production and human health.

Greater energy availability is associated with longer life spans and improved health, although at the upper end of the spectrum, increased energy use generates only marginal health gains.

General prevalence of Lyme, Plague, Malaria

L 23, Slide 5,6,7

Basic components of Smog

NOx, O3, Free radicals (Reactive hydrocarbons, reactive oxygen species)

sick building syndrome

No specific illness or cause can be identified.

Urbanization

OR growth within cities continued due to rapid birth rates and industrialization

Antigenicity

OR immune responsiveness, relating to the (dis)similarity of specific viral proteins evoking and immune response

Ecological associations

The vectors and hosts associated with specific virus strains.

zoning consideration in urban land use planning

Transportation, urban renewal and reconstruction, sound barrier, aesthetics environmental planning, toxic constraints of the surrounding environment, resource use and waste extraction.

Air Quality Index

Used to provide the public with an indication of air quality in a local area on a daily basis. -it focuses on health effects you may experience within a few hours or days after breathing polluted air.

Social Capital

refers to the social network and resources within a community and the benefits that arise when interacting with community members -is important to wellbeing and mental health of citizens.

Dispersion of activity centers

segregation in 'urban jungle' from places that encompass nature

Separation of Land uses through zoning

separation sources of employment and services can promote socioeconomic barriers.

Primary air quality standards

set limits to protect public health, including the health of 'sensitive' populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly

Secondary air quality standards

set limits to protect public welfare, including protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.

Clinical signs of dengue fever

splitting headache, retro-orbital pain, myalgia/arthralgia, rash, hemorrhagic manifestation, leukopenia. In some cases pain on moving their eyes. On the 3-5 day maculopapular rash appears on the trunk and then spreads to the arms and legs, while sparing the palms and soles.

Hygiene hypothesis (fig)

states that a lack of early childhood exposure to infectious agents, symbiotic microorganisms, and parasites increase susceptibility to allergic diseases by suppressing the natural development of the immune system.

Zoning

the partitioning of land for specific use, is still used today,

Urban Sprawl

the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas

Biomass stoves

uses biomass fuels (wood, straw, animal dung), often unventilated, impact health of children, women, and the elderly.

Common sources of Air Pollution

volcano eruptions, forest fires, dust storms, from salt evaporation along the earths coasts, and from biologics such as mold spores, pollen and organic material from plants and animals.