CIS 2010 unit 1 test

Transaction Processing System

(TPS) The basic business system that serves the operational level (analysts) and assists in making structured decisions.

bits

(short for binary digit) is the smallest element of data and has a value of either 0 or 1.

Business Process Modeling

, or mapping, is the activity of creating a detailed flowchart or process map of a work process that shows its inputs, tasks, and activities in a structured sequence. A business process model is a graphic description of a process, showing the sequence of process tasks, which is developed for a specific purpose and from a selected viewpoint. A set of one or more process models details the many functions of a system or subject area with graphics and text, and its purpose is to: Expose process detail gradually and in a controlled manner. Encourage conciseness and accuracy in describing the process model.

Cache memory [or SRAM]

- a small unit of ultra-fast memory that is used to store recently accessed or frequently accessed data so that the CPU does not have to retrieve this data from slower memory circuits such as RAM. Cache memory that is built directly into the CPU's circuits is called primary cache. Cache memory contained on an external circuit is called secondary cache.

Emerging Technologies that are innovation accelerators

-internet of things- healthcare, smart building, connected cars----security and privacy, -3D printing: prototyping, air/space defense parts, dental -robotics: more accessible, cheaper in future; hospitals -next gen security:security threats will influence business decsions(elections, sale of companies, etc.); cyberinsursance -cognitive AI: securities investment analysis, decreed manufacturing, quality mgmt, automated srrives/kiosks; retailers -augmented & virtual reality: service industry/ commercial, as well as meetings

Computer memory including primary storage and secondary storage

-the computer's main memory, which consists of the random access memory (RAM), cache memory, and read-only memory (ROM) that is directly accessible to the CPU. -consists of equipment designed to store large volumes of data for long-term storage; nonvolatile and do not lose their contents when the computer is turned off. Some storage devices, such as a hard disk, offer easy update capabilities and a large storage capacity. Others, such as CD-ROMs, offer limited update capabilities but possess large storage capacities.

ROM

-the portion of a computer's primary storage that does not lose its contents when one switches off the power. ROM contains essential system programs that neither the user nor the computer can erase. Since the computer's internal memory is blank during start-up, the computer cannot perform any functions unless given start-up instructions. These instructions are stored in ROM

the competitive advantage forces in Porter's Five Forces Model

-threat of substitute products or services: the power of customers to purchase alternative -buyer power: the power of customers to drive down prices -threat of new entrants: the power competitors to enter a market -Rivalry among existing competitors: the power of competitors -supplier power:the power of suppliers to drive up prices of materials

client

A client is a computer designed to request information from a server.

MAN

A large computer network usually spanning a city. Most colleges, universities, and large companies that span a campus use an infastructure supported by a MAN.

Network types including WAN, MAN and LAN

A local area network (LAN) is designed to connect a group of computers in close proximity to each other such as in an office building, a school, or a home. A LAN is useful for sharing resources like files, printers, games, or other applications. A LAN in turn often connects to other LANs, and to the Internet or wide area networks. A wide area network (WAN) spans a large geographic area, such as a state, province or country. WANs often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks or metropolitan area networks. The world's most popular WAN is the Internet. A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network usually spanning a city.

Topology

A network topology refers to the geometric arrangement of the actual physical organization of the computers (and other network devices) in a network. Topologies vary depending on cost and functionality. -bus, star, ring, hybrid, wireless

Network architectures including peer-to-peer and client server

A peer-to-peer network (P2P) is a computer network that relies on the computing power and bandwidth of the participants in the network rather than a centralized server. Each networked computer can allow other computers to access its files and use connected printers while it is in use as a workstation without the aid of a server. = client/server network is a model for applications in which the bulk of the back-end processing, such as performing a physical search of a database, takes place on a server, while the front-end processing, which involves communicating with the users, is handled by the clients

Executive Information System

A specialized DSS that supports senior-level executives and unstructured, long-term, nonroutine decisions requiring judgment, evaluation, and insight.

static and dynamic business processes

A static process uses a systematic approach in an attempt to improve business effectiveness and efficiency. Managers constantly attempt to optimize static process. Examples of static processes include running payroll, calculating taxes, and creating financial statements. A dynamic process is continuously changing and provides business solutions to ever-changing business operations. As the business and its strategies change, so do the dynamic processes. Examples of dynamic processes include managing layoffs of employees, changing order levels based on currency rates, and canceling business travel due to extreme weather.

Positional Notation

A system of expressing numbers in which the digits are arranged in succession, the position of each digit has a place value, and the number is equal to the sum of the products of each digit by its place value

Cost strategies and competitive scope strategies

Broad strategies reach a large market segment, while focused strategies target a niche or unique market with either cost leadership or differentiation. Trying to be all things to all people is a recipe for disaster, since doing so makes it difficult to project a consistent image to the entire marketplace. For this reason, Porter suggests adopting only one of the three generic strategies

BPMN

Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) is a graphical notation that depicts the steps in a business process. BPMN provides businesses with a graphical view of the end-to-end flow of their business processes. Diagramming business processes allows for easy communication and understanding of how core business processes are helping or hindering the business.

data, information and knowledge

Data are the raw bits and pieces of information with no context. By adding the context - the raw bits and pieces become information. the data is put into context, aggregated and analyzed, it can be used to make decisions for an organization. The consumption of information produces knowledge.

business process modeling including as-is process models and to-be process models.

Business process modeling usually begins with a functional process representation of the process problem, or an As-Is process model. As-Is process models represent the current state of the operation that has been mapped, without any specific improvements or changes to existing processes. The next step is to build a To-Be process model that displays how the process problem will be solved or implemented. To-Be process models show the results of applying change improvement opportunities to the current (As-Is) process model. This approach ensures that the process is fully and clearly understood before the details of a process solution are decided on. The To-Be process model shows how "the what" is to be realized. Figure 2.22 displays the As-Is and To-Be process models for ordering a hamburger.

digital dashboards including consolidation, drill-down, slice-and-dice and pivot (figure 2.16)

Consolidation: the aggregation of data from simple roll-ups to complex grouping of interrelated information. for ex, data for different sales reps can then be rolled up to an office level, then a state level, then a regional sales level Drill Down: enables users to view details, and details of details, of information. this is the reverse of consolidation; a user can view regional sales data and then drill down all the way to each sales reps's data at each office. drill down capability lets managers view monthly, weekly, daily, or even hourly information. Slice and dice: the ability to look at information from different perspectives. one slice of information could display all product sales during a single product's sales for all promotions. slicing and dicing is often preformed along a time axis to analyze trends and find time-based patterns in the information. Pivot: also known as roatation, rotates data to display alternative presentations of the data. for ex, a Pivot can swap the rows and columns of a report to show the data in a different format.

Critical Success Factors (CSFs)

Crucial steps companies perform to achieve their goals and objectives and implement their strategies.

customer-facing and business-facing business processes (figure 2.20)

Customer-facing processes: order processing; costumer service, sales process, customer billing, order shipping Business-facing processes: strategic planning; tactical planning; budget forecasting; training; purchasing raw materials

Analytical information

Encompasses all organizational information, and its primary purpose is to support the performing of managerial analysis or semistructured decisions.

Ethernet

Ethernet is a physical and data layer technology for LAN networking. Ethernet is the most widely installed LAN access method, originally developed by Xerox and then developed further by Xerox, Digital Equipment Corporation, and Intel

TCP/IP Applications

File Transfer Protocol(FTP): allows files containing text, programs, graphics, numerical data, and so on to be downloaded off or uploaded onto a network. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP): TCP/IP's own messaging system for email. Telnet Protocol: provides terminal emulation that allows a personal computer or workstation to act as a terminal, or access device, for a server. Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP): Allows web browsers and servers to send and recieve Web pages. Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP): allows the management of networked nodes to be managed from a single point.

management information systems including TPS, DSS and EIS (figure 2.9)

Input: source documents---->process: CRUD,calculate,summarize------>output:reports Using systems thinking, we can see that the inputs for a TPS are source documents, which describes the original transaction record along with details such as its date, purpose, and amount spent and includes cash receipts, canceled checks, invoices, customer refunds, employee time sheet, etc. Source documents for a payroll system can include time sheets, wage rates, and employee benefit reports. Transformation includes common procedures such as creating, reading, updating, and deleting (commonly referred to as CRUD) employee records, along with calculating the payroll and summarizing benefits. The output includes cutting the paychecks and generating payroll reports.

Structured decisions

Involves situations where established processes offer potential solutions

Data driven decision making

Lacking data, managers often found themselves making business decisions about how many products to make, how much material to order, or how many employees to hire based on intuition or gut feelings. In the information age, successful managers compile, analyze, and comprehend massive amounts of data daily, which helps them make more successful business decisions.

Decision Support Systems(DDS)

Model information using OLAP, which provides assistance in evaluating and choosing among different courses of action.

Media

Network transmission media refers to the various types of media used to carry the signal between computers. When information is sent across the network, it is converted into electrical signals. These signals are generated as electromagnetic waves (analog signaling) or as a sequence of voltage pulses (digital signaling). To be sent from one location to another, a signal must travel along a physical path. The physical path that is used to carry a signal between a signal transmitter and a signal receiver is called the transmission media. The two types of transmission media are wire (guided) and wireless (unguided).

Binary numbers

Number system with a base of 2, unlike the number systems most of us use that have bases of 10 (decimal numbers), 12 (measurement in feet and inches), and 60 (time). Binary numbers are preferred for computers for precision and economy. An electronic circuit that can detect the difference between two states (on-off, 0-1) is easier and more inexpensive to build than one that could detect the differences among ten states (0-9).

Semi-structured decisions

Occurs in situations in which a few established processes help to evaluate potential solutions, but not enough to lead to a definite recommended decision.

Unstructured decisions

Occurs in situations in which no procedures or rules exist to guide decision makers toward the correct choice.

Switching costs

One way to reduce buyer power is by manipulating switching costs, costs that make customers reluctant to switch to another product or service. Switching costs include financial as well as intangible values.

Visualization

Produces graphical displays of patterns and complex relationships in large amounts of data.

Sustaining Innovations

a theory about disruptive innovations that suggest established companies have the upper hand with sustaining innovations (the incremental improvements that make something established a little better). However, disruptive innovations are most often championed by new entrants, and this is the way that established organizations and methods are unseated and replaced.

Internet of Things

a world where interconnected Internet-enabled devices or "things" have the ability to collect and share data without human intervention

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

Quantifiable metrics a company uses to evaluate progress towards critical success factors.

3D printing

Rapid prototyping process that builds a part by ejecting adhesive bonding material onto successive layers of powders. Note that this term is often used to describe all rapid prototyping processes.

Rivalry

Rivalry among existing competitors is high when competition is fierce in a market and low when competitors are more complacent. Although competition is always more intense in some industries than in others, the overall trend is toward increased competition in almost every industry.

Variable

is a data characteristic that stands for a value that changes or varies over time. For example, in Tony's data, price and quantity ordered can vary. Changing variables allows managers to create hypothetical scenarios to study future possibilities.

decision making across organizational levels including operational, managerial and strategic (figure 2.4)

Strategic level: senior mgmt, presidents, leaders, executives; focus on external, industry, and cross company; time frame long term, yearly, multiyearly; unstructured and nonrecurring decision types; knowledge (MIS type); critical success factors focusing on effectiveness Managerial level: middle management, managers, directors; focus on internal, crossfunctional; time Fram is short term, daily, monthly, yearly; decision types are semistructured, ad hoc(unplanned) reporting; uses Businesss intelligence; key performance indicators focusing on efficiency, and critical success factors focusing on effectiveness Operational level: lower mgmt, department mgmt, analysts, staff; internal, functional; short term, day to day operations; structured, recurring repetitive; uses information; key performance indicators focusing on efficiency

Operational decisions

Structured- employees develop, control, maintain core business activities required to run the day to day operations

Robotics

Technology dealing with the design, construction, and operation of robots in automation.

CPU

The central processing unit (CPU) (or microprocessor) is the actual hardware that interprets and executes the program (software) instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together. -A CPU contains two primary parts: control unit and arithmetic/logic unit.

Internet of Things (IoT)

The idea that objects are becoming connected to the Internet so they can interact with other devices, applications, or services.

Analytics

The science of fact-based decision making.

decision making including structured, semi-structured and unstructured decisions

These types of decisions are considered semistructured decisions; they occur in situations in which a few established processes help to evaluate potential solutions, but not enough to lead to a definite recommended decision. For example, decisions about producing new products or changing employee benefits range from unstructured to semistructured -Strategic decisions are highly unstructured decisions, occurring in situations in which no procedures or rules exist to guide decision makers toward the correct choice. They are infrequent, extremely important, and typically related to long-term business strategy. Examples include the decision to enter a new market or even a new industry over, say, the next three years. In these types of decisions, managers rely on many sources of information, along with personal knowledge, to find solutions

latency

Time it takes for a bit to travel from its sender to its receiver.

Digital Dashboard

Tracks KPIs and CSFs by compiling information from multiple sources and tailoring it to meet user needs.

Artificial Intelligence

Type of software that can process information on its own without human intervention.

Cost Strategy

a generic strategy aimed at mass markets in which a firm offers a combination of cost benefits that appeals to the customer

Internet of Things (IoT)

a label used to describe a world where interconnected, Internet-enabled devices or "things" can collect and share data without human intervention. Another team for "Internet of Things" is "machine to machine", which allows devices to connect directly to other devices

Five Forces Model

analyzes the competitive forces within the environment in which a company operates to assess the potential for profitability in an industry. Its purpose is to combat these competitive forces by identifying opportunities, competitive advantages, and competitive intelligence.

Disruptive Innovations

are changes to products, services and methods that push out established way of doing things. Examples include motorized vehicles replacing animals for most forms of transportation, the progression from manual labor to water wheels, steam engines and electricity. More recent examples include the smartphone replacing landline phones and social media (facebook and Twitter) replacing print and broadcast methods for news distribution.

Three generic strategies

are generic business strategies that are neither organization nor industry specific and can be applied to any business, product, or service. These three generic business strategies for entering a new market are: (1) broad cost Page 27leadership, (2) broad differentiation, and (3) focused strategy.

Supply chain

consists of all parties involved, directly or indirectly, in obtaining raw materials or a product. In a typical supply chain, a company will be both a supplier (to customers) and a customer (of other suppliers)

Secondary Storage

consists of equipment designed to store large volumes of data for long-term storage. Secondary storage devices are nonvolatile and do not lose their contents when the computer is turned off. -hard disks, CDroms

Hardware

consists of the physical devices associated with a computer system Ex:a keyboard and a monitor 6 hardware components: CPU, primary storage, secondary storage, input devices, output devices, communication devices

Information

data converted into meaningful and useful context ex: best selling product, best customer, worst selling product, worst customer

metrics including efficiency metrics and effectiveness metrics (figure 2.7)

efficiency on y axis; effectiveness on x axis; optimal area in which to operate is in top right corner

Transactional Information

encompasses all the information contained within a single business process or unit of work, and its primary purpose is to support the performance of daily operational or structured decisions. Transactional information is created, for example, when customers are purchasing stocks, making an airline reservation, or withdrawing cash from an ATM

Competitive Scope

how broadly a firm targets its products or services

Knowledge

includes the skills, experience, and expertise, coupled with information and intelligence, that creates a person's intellectual resources

Big Data

is a collection of large, complex data sets, including structured and unstructured data, which cannot be analyzed using traditional database methods and tools

Network

is a communications system created by linking two or more devices and establishing a standard methodology by which they can communicate. ex. the internet

server

is a computer dedicated to providing information in response to requests.

Benchmarking

is a process of continuously measuring system results, comparing those results to optimal system performance (benchmark values), and identifying steps and procedures to improve system performance. Benchmarks help assess how an MIS project performs over time

Protocol

is a standard that specifies the format of data as well as the rules to be followed during transmission. Simply put, for one computer (or computer program) to talk to another computer (or computer program) they must both be talking the same language, and this language is called a protocol.

LAN(A local area network )

is designed to connect a group of computers in close proximity to each other such as in an office building, a school, or a home. A LAN is useful for sharing resources like files, printers, games, or other applications. A LAN in turn often connects to other LANs, and to the Internet or wide area networks.

Input device

is equipment used to capture information and commands. A keyboard is used to type in information, and a mouse is used to point and click on buttons and icons -A keyboard, mouse, and scanner

Output device

is equipment used to see, hear, or otherwise accept the results of information processing requests. -printers and monitors are the most common; however, speakers and plotters --output devices are responsible for converting computer-stored information into a form that can be understood.

Buyer Power

is the ability of buyers to affect the price they must pay for an item. Factors used to assess buyer power include number of customers,their sensitivity to price, size of orders, differences between competitors, and availability of substitute products.

Primary Storage

is the computer's main memory, which consists of the random access memory (RAM), cache memory, and read-only memory (ROM) that is directly accessible to the CPU.

Devices that generate data in the IoT digital universe

machines relaying data; Apple Watch, fit bits, smart home appliance, cars and streets; nest;

Long term storage media including magnetic, optical and solid state

magnetic medium- secondary storage medium that uses magnetic techniques to store and retrieve data on disks or tapes coated with magenetically sensitive materials. . Like iron filings on a sheet of waxed paper, these materials are reoriented when a magnetic field passes over them. During write operations, the read/write heads emit a magnetic field that orients the magnetic materials on the disk or tape to represent encoded data. During read operations, the read/write heads sense the encoded data on the medium Optical medium is a secondary storage medium for computers on which information is stored at extremely high density in the form of tiny pits. The presence or absence of pits is read by a tightly focused laser beam. Optical medium types include: CD-ROM drive; CD-RW drive;DVD -ROM drive; DVD-RW

Computer components including input, output and processing

manual input devices: joystick; keyborad; microphoen; mouse;pointing stick;touch screen;touch pad automated input deviceS:bar code scanner; digital camera; magnetic inck character reader; optical character recogintion; optical mark recognition(DMR); point of sale(POS); radio frequency identification(RFID) output devices: Cathode-ray tube(CRT); liquid crystal display(LCD); laser printer; ink jet printer; plotter

Megabyte

megabytes being the most common. A megabyte (MB or M or Meg) is roughly 1 million bytes.

Control unit

part of CPU//interprets software instructions and literally tells the other hardware devices what to do, based on the software instructions. - obtains instructions from the software. It then interprets the instructions, decides which tasks other devices perform, and finally tells each device to perform the task

ALU

part of CPU//performs all arithmetic operations (for example, addition and subtraction) and all logic operations (such as sorting and comparing numbers). - responds to the control unit and does whatever it dictates, performing either arithmetic or logic operations.

Architecture

peer-to-peer, client/server.

TCP/IP

provides the technical foundation for the public Internet as well as for large numbers of private networks. The key achievement of TCP/IP is its flexibility with respect to lower-level protocols. TCP/IP uses a special transmission method that maximizes data transfer and automatically adjusts to slower devices and other delays encountered on a network

Data

raw facts that describe the chracteristics of an event or object ex: order date, amount sold, customer number, quantity ordered.

Volatility

refers to RAM's complete loss of stored information if power is interrupted. RAM is volatile and its contents are lost when the computer's electric supply fails.

Business Intelligence

s information collected from multiple sources such as suppliers, customers, competitors, partners, and industries that analyzes patterns, trends, and relationships for strategic decision making -ex. lowest sales per week compared w/ the ecnomic interest rates; best selling product by month compared to the sports season and city team wins and losses

Managerial decisions

semistructured- Employees are continuously evaluating company operations to hone the firm's abilities to identify, adapt to, and leverage change

WAN(wide area network)

spans a large geographic area, such as a state, province or country. WANs often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks or metropolitan area networks. The world's most popular WAN is the Internet.

RAM [or DRAM]

the computer's primary working memory, in which program instructions and data are stored so that they can be accessed directly by the CPU via the processor's high-speed external data bus.

Software

the set of instructions the hardware executes to carry out specific tasks ex: Microsoft Excel

Supplier Power

the suppliers' ability to influence the prices they charge for supplies (including materials, labor, and services). Factors used to appraise supplier power include number of suppliers, size of suppliers, uniqueness of services, and availability of substitute products.

Substitute Products

there are many alternatives to a product or service and Page 25low when there are few alternatives from which to choose.

New Entrants

threat of new entrants is high when it is easy for new competitors to enter a market and low when there are significant entry barriers to joining a market.

Strategic decisions

unstructured- Managers develop overall bsuiness strategies, goals, and objectives as part of the company's strategic plan