CIS330 CH1 review

data flow diagram (DFD)

Graphical representation of the system, showing it stores, processes, and transforms data into useful information.

enterprise application

Company-wide applications, such as order processing systems, payroll systems, and company communications networks.

horizontal system

A basic system, such as an inventory or payroll package that is commonly used by a variety of companies.

empowerment

A business practice that places more responsibility and accountability throughout all lev- els of an organization.

help desk

A centralized resource staffed by IT professionals that provides users with the support they need to do their jobs. A help desk has three main objectives: to show people how to use system resources more effectively, to provide answers to technical or operational questions, and to make users more productive by teaching them how to meet their own information needs.

information technology (IT)

A combination of hardware, software, and telecommunications sys- tems that support business operations, improve productivity, and help managers make decisions.

information system

A combination of information technology, people, and data to support business requirements. The five key components are hardware, software, data, processes, and people.

B2C (business-to-consumer)

A commercial exchange (e.g., products or services) between businesses and consumers conducted over the Internet.

B2B (business-to-business)

A commercial exchange (e.g., products or services) between businesses, typi- cally enabled by the Internet or electronic mean

management information system (MIS)

A computer-based information system used in business plan- ning, control, decision making, and problem solving.

certification

A credential an individual earns by demonstrating a certain level of knowledge and skill on a standardized test.

business profile

A definition of a company's overall functions, processes, organization, products, ser- vices, customers, suppliers, competitors, constraints, and future direction.

business process

A description of specific events, tasks, and desired results.

business model

A graphical representation of business functions that consist of business processes, such as sales, accounting, and purchasing.

business process model (BPM)

A graphical representation of one or more business processes.

deliverable

A polished, final product, suitable for its intended use. End products or deliverables often coincide with the completion of each SDLC phase.

joint application development (JAD)

A popular systems development technique that uses a group of users, managers and IT professionals that work together to gather information, discuss business needs, and define the new system requirements.

knowledge base

A popular systems development technique that uses a group of users, managers, and IT professionals that work together to gather information, discuss business needs, and define the new system requirements.

Moore's Law

A prediction that computing power would double every 18 to 24 months due to increased miniaturization of electronic components.

enterprise resource planning (eRP)

A process that establishes an enterprise-wide strategy for IT resources. ERP defines a specific architecture, including standards for data, processing, network, and user interface design.

electronic data interchange (eDI)

A process that involves the computer-to-computer transfer of data between companies.

modeling

A process that produces a graphical representation of a concept or process that systems devel- opers can analyze, test, and modify.

corporate culture

A set of beliefs, rules, traditions, values, and attitudes that define a company and influ- ence its way of doing business.

app

A software application that runs on a mobile device, such as a smartphone or tablet

business process modeling notation (BPMn)

A standard set of shapes and symbols used to represent events, processes, and workflows in computer-based modeling tools.

adaptive method

A systems development method that typically uses a spiral development model, which builds on a series of iterations, to make adapting to changes easier for all stakeholders.

computer-aided software engineering (CASe)

A technique that uses powerful programs called CASE tools to provide an overall framework for systems development. The tools support a wide variety of design methodologies, including structured analysis and object-oriented analysis. Also referred to as computer-aided systems engineering.

class

A term used in object-oriented modeling to indicate a collection of similar objects.

iterative

An adaptive method typically uses a spiral development model, which builds on a series of iterations.

bring your own device (BYoD)

An equipment management model where employees are in charge of their devices (e.g., computers, tablets, smartphones) at work, not the IT department. This includes device selection and setup, program installation and updating, and network connectivity (including security)

mission-critical system

An information system that is vital to a company's operations.

preliminary investigation

An initial analysis to clearly identify the nature and scope of the business opportunity or problem. Also called a feasibility study.

feasibility study

An initial investigation to clearly identify the nature and scope of the business opportu- nity or problem. Also called a preliminary investigation.

legacy system

An older system that is typically less technologically advanced than currently available systems.

Why would a systems analyst have to act as a translator? What groups might be involved?

Because they must cater their knowledge to everyone therefore putting things in perspective in a way certain people can understand. Groups that might be involved could be programmers, and managers.

information

Data that has been changed into a useful form of output.

Compare enterprise computing systems to transaction processing systems. Provide three examples of each type of system.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are used by most organizations today to increase efficiencies and maximize effectiveness of operations. ERP systems are considered essential to integrate business processes, improve data security, and help managers make key decisions, such as forecasting customer demand for a product or service. Transaction processing (TP) systems process data generated by day-to-day business operations

business rules

How a system handles data and produces useful information. Business rules, also called business logic, reflect the operational requirements of the business. Examples include adding the proper amount of sales tax to invoices, calculating customer balances and finance charges, and deter- mining whether a customer is eligible for a volume-based discount.

Review the IBM history. Describe three distinct phases the company has gone through in reaction to changing mark conditions.

IBM has been well known through most of its recent history as one of the world's largest computer companies and systems integrators. It has over 400,000 employees worldwide as of 2017, IBM holds more patents than any other U.S. based technology company and has twelve research laboratories worldwide. The company has scientists, engineers, consultants, and sales professionals in over 175 countries (Media Wiki, 2017, pp. 1-10) 3 distinct phases of IBM. 1) Phase 1 (1999-01): set timeline for the adoption of web services. Many web services development tools delivered from Microsoft, IBM, Sun, Software AG, Oracle and many others (IBM Phases, 2015, pic. 5). 2) Phase 2 (2002-04): Business web services start to appear in large numbers. Adoption of UDDI registries in 2003. 40% of the financial services transactions leveraged in web service models (IBM Phases, 2015, pic. 5). 3) Phase 3 (2005-2017): A number of issues of previous phases are addressed. These includes quality of service, network reliability, transaction recovery, real time messaging, security, and billing mechanism. Adapted dynamic web services. Organizations changes not only its business processes, but also its business models as they move to real-time collaboration and integration of processes both within and between enterprises (IBM Phases, 2015, pic. 5)

object

In object-oriented analysis or programming, an object represents a real person, place, event, or transaction.

enterprise computing

Information systems that support company-wide data management requirements, such as airline reservations or credit card billing systems.

What is information technology and why is it important?

Information technology refers to the combination of hardware, software, and services that people use to manage, communicate, and share information. It is important because business success depends on information technology.

inference rule

Instruction that directs a knowledge management system to identify data patterns and relationships.

critical thinking skill

The ability to compare, classify, evaluate, recognize patterns, analyze cause and effect, and apply logic. Such skills are valued in the IT industry.

object-oriented (o-o) analysis

The act of understanding an information system by identifying things called objects. An object represents a real person, place, event, or transaction. Object-oriented analy- sis is a popular approach that sees a system from the viewpoint of the objects themselves as they function and interact with the system.

What are the phases of the SDLC waterfall model? Who was Barry Boehm, and what did he have to say about spiral models?

P.A.D.I.S Phase 1: Systems Planning Phase 2: Systems Analysis Phase 3: Systems Design Phase 4: Systems Implementation Phase 5: Systems Support and Security Barry Boehm is a noted software engineering professor. In reference to spatial models he said that each component of the model must have set goals, so the team can reach the overall goal of the project.

CASe tool

Powerful software used in computer-aided systems engineering (CASE) to help systems analysts develop and maintain information systems.

groupware

Programs that run on a network that enable users to share data, collaborate on projects, and work in teams. Also called workgroup software.

business support system

Provide job-related information support to users at all levels of a company.

Describe three systems development tools and three development methods.

SDT: Modeling describes information that a system must provide. Prototyping is an early version of an information system. Computer aided systems engineering (CASE) which helps develop and maintain information systems. DM: Structure analysis describes the data into phases and milestones to measure process. Object- oriented analysis combines data and process. Agile/Adaptive methods stresses intense team based effort and it breaks development into cycles.

application software

Software programs, such as email, word processors, spreadsheets, and graphics pack- ages, used by employees in typical office scenarios.

agile method

Systems development method that attempts to develop a system incrementally, by building a series of prototypes and constantly adjusting them to user requirements. Related to adaptive method.

What are the four organizational levels common to many businesses? Which level typically requires data that supports long-term strategic planning and the overall business enterprise? What level of worker might rely heavily on transaction processing systems?

The four organizational levels common to many businesses are: Operational employees, supervisors and team leaders, middle managers and knowledge workers, top managers. The top manager position requires the knowledge of long term strategic planning as they have to decide the overall mission and goal for the company. Supervisors and team leaders require transaction and require focus on day to day business as they have to look over an organized operational employee.

Identify the main components of an information system. What is a mission-critical system?

The main components of an information system needs these components: hardware, software, data, processes, and people

data

The raw material or basic facts used by information systems.

ecommerce (electronic commerce)

Transactions (e.g., buying and selling of goods and information) that occur on the Internet. Includes both business-to-consumer and business-to-business.

What strategies are Wal-Mart and Lowe's using to gain more online customers?

Walmart and Lowes is using the Business to consumer commerce to gain more online customers. They offer deals and incentives, allow customers to do research, compare prices and features, check availability, arrange delivery, and choose payment methods in a single convenient session

hardware

the physical parts of a computer