Cisco Networking Essentials Chapter 5-8

Private IP address ranges

10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

Host-A has the IPv4 address and subnet mask 10.5.4.100 255.255.255.0. What is the network address of Host-A?

10.5.4.0

Host-A has the IPv4 address and subnet mask 10.5.4.100 255.255.255.0. Which of the following IPv4 addresses would be on the same network as Host-A?

10.5.4.1; 10.5.4.99

Host-A has the IPv4 address and subnet mask 172.16.4.100 255.255.0.0. What is the network address of Host-A?

172.16.0.0

What are three private IPv4 address?

172.16.4.4 192.168.5.5 10.1.1.1

Host-A has the IPv4 address and subnet mask 172.16.4.100 255.255.0.0. Which of the following IPv4 addresses would be on the same network as Host-A?

172.16.4.99; 172.16.0.1

Which network does a host with IP address 172.32.65.13 reside on if it is using a default subnet mask?

172.32.0.0

A network design engineer has been asked to design the IP addressing scheme for a customer network. The network will use IP addresses from the 192.168.30.0/24 network. The engineer allocates 254 IP addresses for the hosts on the network but excludes 192.168.30.0/24 and 192.168.30.255/24 IP addresses. Why must the engineer exclude these two IP addresses?

19.168.30.0/24 is the network IP address & 192.168.30.255/24 is the IP broadcast address.

Host-A has the IPv4 address and subnet mask 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0. Which of the following IPv4 addresses would be on the same network as Host-A?

192.168.1.1; 192.168.1.100

When was the creation of Ethernet?

1973

What is the equivalent decimal value given a binary number of 11001010?

202

Which address prefix range is reserved for IPv4 multicast?

224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255

How many usable hosts are available given a Class C IP address with the default subnet mask?

254

multicast transmission

A transmission method in which data is sent from a server to specific nodes that are predefined as members of a multicast group. IPv4 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

Which of the following class addresses were used by customers to assign addresses?

A,B,C

What are two differences between binary and decimal numbers?

Binary numbers are based on powers of 2. Decimal numbers include 0-9

Some of the IPv4 routing table codes include the following:

C - directly connected S - static D - EIGRP * - candidate default

In the classful addressing scheme, what range of network addresses is considered a Class A?

Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8) - Designed to support extremely large networks with more than 16 million host addresses. It used a fixed /8 prefix (255.0.0.0) with the first octet to indicate the network address and the remaining three octets for host addresses.

In the classful addressing scheme, what range of network addresses is considered a Class B?

Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 - 191.255.0.0 /16) - Designed to support the needs of moderate to large size networks with up to approximately 65,000 host addresses. It used a fixed /16 prefix (255.255.0.0) with the two high-order octets to indicate the network address and the remaining two octets for host addresses.

In the classful addressing scheme, what range of network addresses is considered a Class C?

Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 - 223.255.255.0 /24) - Designed to support small networks with a maximum of 254 hosts. It used a fixed /24 prefix (255.255.255.0) with the first three octets to indicate the network and the remaining octet for the host addresses.

In the classful addressing scheme, what range of network addresses is considered a Class D?

Class D multicast block consisting of 224.0.0.0 to 239.0.0.0

In the classful addressing scheme, what range of network addresses is considered a Class E?

Class E experimental address block consisting of 240.0.0.0 - 255.0.0.0.

Application (OSI)

Contains protocols used for process-to-process communications

Provides high-speed connections BETWEEN distribution layer

Core layer

This layer provides a high-speed connection between distribution layer devices.

Core layer

Ethernet switches make their forwarding decision based on what field of the Ethernet frame?

Destination MAC address

Classful addressing is an efficient method of allocating IPv4 addresses. T?F?

False

is a logical network address that identifies a particular host. It must be properly configured and unique within the LAN, for local communication. It must also be properly configured and unique in the world, for remote communication. This is how a host is able to communicate with other devices on the internet.

IPv4

other IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are managed by

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

Which statement describes a MAC address? It is a physical address assigned to an Ethernet NIC by the manufacturer. It contains two portions, the network portion & the host portion. It identifies the source & destination addresses of hosts on the internet. It is 128-bits in length.

It is a physical address assigned to an Ethernet NIC by the manufacturer.

The Ethernet protocol is at what layer of the OSI model?

Layer 2 Data Link

Which 2 devices would commonly be found at the access layer of the hierarchical enterprise LAN design model?

Layer 2 switch, access point

What identifier is used at the data link layer to uniquely identify an Ethernet device?

MAC address

A router receives an incoming packet and determines that the destination host is located on a LAN directly attached to one of the router interfaces. Which destination address will the router use to encapsulate the Ethernet frame when forwarding the packet?

MAC address of the destination host

A physical, system, burned in, or hardware address assigned to an ethernet network interface

Media Access Control (MAC)

Which three elements do all communication methods have in common?

Message source, transmission medium, message destination

Ethernet hubs are considered

Obsolete

Rules of networking that must be followed in order for the message to be received and understood

Protocols

Session (OSI)

Provides services to the presentation layer to organize its dialogue and to manage data exchange.

Private addresses are defined

RFC 1918.

When a new standard is proposed, each stage of the development and approval process is recorded in a numbered

Request For Comments (RFCs)

Which network device can serve as a boundary to divide a Layer 2 broadcast domain?

Router

maintains the networking standards, including Ethernet and wireless standards. Responsible for approving & maintaining the standards for connections, media requirements, and communications protocols.

The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, or IEEE

When an Ethernet frame is sent out an interface, the destination MAC address indicates:

The MAC address of the device, which is on this network, that will receive the Ethernet frame.

What is the OSI model?

The OSI model is a theoretical representation of what happens between two nodes communicating on a network.

Network (OSI Model)

The network layer provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network between identified end devices.

What will a router do if it cannot determine where to forward an incoming packet?

The router will drop it.

refers to a local network, or a group of interconnected local networks that are under the same administrative control.

The term local area network (LAN

Protocol model

This type of model closely matches the structure of a particular protocol suite. The TCP/IP model is a protocol model because it describes the functions that occur at each layer of protocols within the TCP/IP suite. TCP/IP is also used as a reference model.

What is the TCP/IP model?

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol: a model used to conceptualize the many parts of a network. Layers are: Application- Represents data to the user, plus encoding and dialog control. Uses HTTP to govern HTML. Transport- Supports communication between various devices across diverse networks. Uses TCP that guarantees reliable delivery of information & manages the flow control between end devices. Internet- Determines the best path through the network using IP (internet protocol), which is responsible for delivering messages from sender to recipient. Network access- Controls the hardware devices and media that make up the network. Uses Ethernet protocol that is responsible for the delivery of messages from one NIC to another NIC on the same Ethernet local area network (LAN)

The lower layers of the OSI model

Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical

A technician is setting up equipment on a network. Which three devices will need IP addresses? (Choose three.) wireless mouse a printer with an integrated NIC an IP phone a PDA that is attached to a networked workstation a web camera that is attached directly to a host

a printer with an integrated NIC, an IP phone, a server with 2 NICs

What are three characteristics of a multicast transmission?

a single packet can be sent to a group of hosts. Routers will not forward multicast addresses in the range of 224.0.0.0 tp 224.0.0.255 Multicast transmissions can be used by routers to exchange routing information

how do you determine the value of an octet?

adding the values of positions wherever there is a binary 1 present

What type of IPv4 address was obsoleted in the 1990s?

classful

Data Link Layer

describe methods for exchanging data frames between devices over a common media

What type of route is indicated by the code C in an IPv4 routing table on a Cisco router?

directly connected route

An IP address is considered what type of address:

logical

Which portion of the network layer address does a router use to forward packets?

network portion

What role does a router play on a network?

selecting the path to destination networks

Which network device has the primary function to send data to a specific destination based on the information found in the MAC address table?

switch

During the process of forwarding traffic, what will the router do immediately after matching the destination IP address to a network on a directly connected routing table entry?

switch the packet to the directly connected interface

Which address should be configured as the default gateway address of a client device?

the IPv4 address of the router interface that is connected to the same LAN

A host will send a packet to the default gateway when:

the destination IP address is on a different network

When IPv4 is configured for a computer on a network, what does the subnet mask identify?

the part of the IP address that identified the network

Which IP address type is intended for a specific host?

unicast

Examples of end-user devices with network interfaces

workstations, servers, network printers, and IP phones

How much data can be encapsulated into a normal sized Ethernet frame before it is sent over the network?

46-1500 bytes

Reference Model

A conceptual blueprint of how communications should take place.

What are the benefits of the TCP/IP model

Assists in protocol design, because protocols that operate at a specific layer have defined information that they act upon and a defined interface to the layers above and below. Fosters competition because products from different vendors can work together. Enables technology changes to occur at one level without affecting the other levels. Provides a common language to describe networking functions and capabilities.

The process of prepending protocol information with information from another protocol is called:

Encapsulation

define how data is formatted and how it is transmitted over the wired network.

Ethernet protocols

The destination MAC address of an Ethernet broadcast in hexadecimal is:

FFFF.FFFF.FFFF

Which destination address is used in an ARP request frame?

FFFF.FFFF.FFFF

RFCs for internet standards are published and managed by the

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

A set of rules that ensure that all devices connecting to the network implement the same set of rules or protocols in the same manner.

Internet standards

IP addressing occurs at what layer of the OSI model?

Network

The network layer that maps directly to the TCP/IP layer used to describe protocols that address & route messages through an inter-network

OSI Layer 3

The transport layer that maps directly to the TCP/IP transport layer used to describe general services & functions that provide ordered & reliable delivery of data between source & destination hosts.

OSI Layer 4

Which address does not change when a device is connected to a new network?

Physical

Which layer of the OSI model defines services to segment and reassemble data for individual communications between end devices?

Transport

True or false? If Host-A has an IP packet to send to Host-B, and Host-A has determined that Host-B is on a different network. Host-A will encapsulate the IP packet in an Ethernet frame with the destination MAC address of the its default gateway

True

MAC address

Unique address embedded in network connected devices. (Physical)

An ARP request is sent out as

a broadcast, so all devices on the same network will receive it.

The protocols that govern successful human communication

an identified sender and receiver, an agreed upon method of communicating, common language and grammar, speed and timing of delivery, and confirmation or acknowledgment requirements

What criteria is used to determine the divide of a local network?

broadcast containment, security requirements, physical location, local grouping

A router receives a packet from the Gigabit 0/0 interface and determines that the packet needs to be forwarded out the Gigabit 0/1 interface. What will the router do next?

create a new layer 2 ethernet frame to be sent to the destination

Which 2 layers of the OSI model maps directly as the single network access layer in the TCP/IP model?

data link, physical

Transport (OSI)

defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications between the end devices.

Physical (OSI)

describes the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to activate, maintain, and deactivate physical connections for bit transmission to and from a network device

What information in the IP packet does the router use to determine which interface to forward the packet?

destination IP address

Which term refers to the process of placing one message format inside another message format?

encapsulation

What is the purpose of the core layer in the Cisco hierarchical network design model?

high-speed backbone switching

Which portion of an IP address uniquely identifies that device on that network?

host

What are the 3 elements in common in all communication methods?

message source (sender), destination (receiver), transmission medium (channel)

An Ethernet MAC address is considered what type of address:

physical

Which two layers of the OSI model specify protocols that are associated with Ethernet standards?

physical layer, data link layer

The rules that govern network communications including the message format, message size, timing, and encapsulation, are known as network

protocols

Presentation (OSI)

provides for common representation of data transferred between application layer services

Ethernet switches add entries to their MAC address table based on what field of the Ethernet frame?

source MAC address

What information does an Ethernet switch examine and use to build its address table?

source MAC address

What is the purpose of ARP in an IPv4 network?

to obtain a specific MAC address when an IP address is known

Broadcast Domain

A logical area in a computer network where any node connected to the computer network can directly transmit to any other node in the domain without a central routing device.

IP address

A number that uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to the Internet. (Logical)

uses a three step process to discover and store the MAC address of a host on the local network when only the IPv4 address of the host is known

ARP (Address resolution protocol)

Host-A has an Ethernet frame to send to Host-B on the same network. Host-A knows the IP address of Host-B but not its MAC address. What message will Host-A send to determine the MAC address of Host B?

ARP request

Provides connections to hosts in a local Ethernet network

Access Layer

provides connections to hosts in a local Ethernet network

Access layer

What are the 3 layers in hierarchical design?

Access, Distribution, and Core layers

Which statement is true about broadcast and collision domains? - The more interfaces a router has the larger the resulting broadcast domain. -The size of the collision domain can be by adding hubs to a network -Adding a switch to a network will increase the size of the broadcast domain. -Adding a router to a network will increase the size of the collision domain

Adding a switch to a network will increase the size of the broadcast domain

Which protocol is used by routers to forward messages?

IP (Internet Protocol)

The upper layers of OSI model

Application, Presentation, Session

What are the layers of the OSI model?

Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical

Upper layer of OSI model & the components

Application, Presentation, Session; Network aware applications, Email, Web browsers and servers, File transfer, Name resolution

Interconnects smaller networks

Distribution layer

This layer interconnects the smaller local networks

Distribution layer

The process of placing one message format inside another message format is called

Encapsulation

The broadcast MAC address in hexadecimal notation is

FFFF.FFFF.FFFF.

How are standards beneficial to networking?

Facilitate design Simplify product development Promote competition Provide consistent interconnections Facilitate training Provide more vendor choices for customers

When an Ethernet switch receives a frame that is broadcast, it will:

Forward the frame out all ports except the incoming port

When a switch receives an Ethernet frame and the destination MAC address of that frame is not in its MAC address table, the switch will:

Forward the frame out all ports except the incoming port.

are also referred to as Layer 2 protocol data units (PDUs)

Frames

Host-A sends an ARP request and receives an ARP reply from Host-B. What is in the ARP reply that Host-A did not know and needs to communicate with Host-B?

Host B's IP address

Which standards organization publishes current Ethernet standards?

IEEE

Which organization publishes and manages the Request for Comments (RFC) documents?

IETF

In implementing a LAN in a corporation, what are three advantages of dividing hosts between multiple networks connected by a distribution layer?

Increased security, splits up broadcast domains & decreases traffic, makes the host INVISIBLE to those on other local network segments

Which Ethernet frame field indicates the beginning of an Ethernet frame?

Preamble & SFD

The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) records and publishes internet standards in documents known as:

Request For Protocol (RFCs)

Which 3 layers of the OSI model are comparable in function to the application layer of the TCP/IP model?

Session, Application, Presentation

Which term refers to the set of rules that define how a network operates?

Standard

Which protocol is responsible for guaranteeing reliable delivery?

TCP (Transport Control Protocol)

A default route is the interface through which the router forwards:

a packet containing a destination IP network address that is not in the routing table of the router

Which statement defines a data communications protocol?

a set of rules that govern the communication process

Which design layer provides connectivity to devices on an Ethernet LAN?

access

Which information is used by routers to forward a data packet toward its destination?

destination IP address

Which three fields are found in an 802.3 Ethernet frame

source physical address, frame check sequence, destination physical address

Host-B receives an ARP request. Host-B will return an ARP Reply if:

the IP address in the ARP request matches its own IP address