Civil War Review DCUSH Chapter 13-16

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin. ; NEVER WITNESSED SLAVERY ((1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.)

Oregon Boundary Dispute

(A dispute in 1844 between British and American interests in the Pacific Northwest. The U.S. originally wanted the boundary to be at latitude 54°40'N. This matched the American Manifest Destiny and expansionist agenda. However, a compromise was reached to set the boundary at current day 49th parallel.) (Great Brittian and the US wanted to split the territory but GB wanted the split at the Columbia River and the US wanted it at the 49th parallel. In 1846 GB accepted the 49th parallel )

President Johnson's plan for reconstruction

(E) aimed at swift restoration of the southern states after a few basic conditions were met.)

Effects of John Tyler's new veto of the New Bank of the United States

(He twice vetoed bills to reestablish a national bank) Second veto led to the resignation of the cabinet he had inherited from Harrison (save for the Secretary of State Daniel Webster, who was in the midst of negotiations with the British); ENRAGED CONGRESSIONAL WHIGS THEN EXPELLED TYLER FROM THE PARTY

What ended Reconstruction?

(The compromise of 1877: with the agreement that the northern presidential candidate Hayes would win and federal troops be removed from south )

Compromise of 1850 (parts)

-Admitted California as a free state -Allowed the residents of the New Mexico and Utah territories to decide the slavery issue for themselves -ended the slave trade in the District Of Columbia - Passed a new FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW to enforce the constitutional provision stating that a slave escaping into a free state shall be delivered back to the owner.

Causes of the Mexican War

1) Mexico severed U.S. relations after Texas 2) U.S. wanted Cali + tried to force its sale over a $3 million Mexican debt 3) Polk ordered Zachary Taylor to cross the Nueces River + Mexican forces caused 17 causalities (One was the boundary dispute, in which United States recognized the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas, but Mexico argued that the traditional boundary was at the Nueces River farther north. Texas winning its Independence from Mexico in 1836 and Mexico refusing to acknowledge the new republic of Texas also increased tensions. The concept of manifest destiny was accompanied by many Americans moving in on territories not owned by America. The last straw was he American annexation of Texas, which Mexico took as a direct declaration of war.)

North (Union) Advantages

1. Twice the population 2. 3/4 the navy officers + almost all the ships 3. Four times the industries 4. Twice as many railroad tracks 5. Finances money from taxes + the treasury

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 for senator of Illinois, Douglas favored popular sovereignty from the FREEPORT DOCTRINE, but Lincoln opposed slavery spreading to the Western territories. Douglas won, but Lincoln clarified the principles of the Republican party. (1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate)

Harriet Tubman

American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.

Where was support for secession weakest in the South? Where was it strongest?

Among small, non-slaveholding farmers; Large landowners in counties in which slaves comprised a majority of the population

Filibuster

An individual that leads a private army to take land from another country + either keep it (ASK SOMEONE)

Between what years did the term "anglo-saxon" acquire racial overtones? What were the racial overtones?

Anglo-Saxon Americans (as descendants of ancient Germanic tribes that had purportedly brought the seeds of free institutions to England) were the foremost race in the world

William Seward's Achievements

Arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million in 1867, purchased because of Russia's support of the North

John Brown's Raid

Brown seized weapons at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, freeding and arming slaves. Lee led the Marines against him. Brown failed, and was sentence to death. Southerners saw proof of murder plot of Northerners against slaveholders. (SOUTH BELIEVED IT WAS ONE THING TO CONDEMN SLAVERY IN THE TERRITORIES BUT ANOTHER TO ATTACK IT VIOLENTLY WHERE IT WAS LONG ESTABLISHED + SOUTH SAW THE REPUBLICAN PARTY AS AN ESTABLISHMENT OF JOHN BROWN'S IDEALS AND ACTIONS / REPUBLICAN PRESIDENT WOULD BE A DEATH SENTENCE FOR THE SOUTH)

Wilmost Proviso

By David Wilmot, proposed that slavery would never exist in the Mexican Cession, it was never passed (a law that proposed that the United States ban slavery in any territory taken from Mexico)

What did Wilmot do in an attempt to generate support across the North, regardless of party, and even in some areas of the Upper South? Why did it backfire?

By linking the exclusion of slavery in the territories to freedom for white people. ; Infuriated southerners . it implied that the mere proximity of slavery was degrading and that white southerners were therefore a degraded people, unfit to join other Americans in the territories + religious differences

Kansas-Nebraska Act

By stephen Douglas, split Nebraska in half, UNDID THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE, allowed slavery based on popular sovereignty, UNDID THE COMPROMISE OF 1850, DESTROYS THE WHIG PARTY (1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.)

Panic of 1857

Cali gold inflated the dollar, grain prices hurt Northern farmers, farmers made more money because of the Crimean War, caused an increase of tariffs, over 5k businesses failed, large unemployment, southern cotton farmers didn't experience financial problems (MADE THEM THINK THEY DON'T NEED THE NORTH) (Banking crisis that caused a credit crunch in the North; it was less severe in the South, where high cotton prices spurred a quick recovery; WORKED TO THE ADVANTAGE OF REPUBLICANS)

Buchanan was the first presidential candidate to win without ________ ___ _____ since 1828

Carrying the North

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion

Medical Conditions and hardships of the soldiers

Civil war was the bloodiest war; hospitals were like morgues in waiting; war became brutal (killing civilians, confederacy using dead union bodies as target practice) ; modern weapons and ancient tactics produced great carnage ; makeshift field hospitals, overcrowded and providing only straw on the bare ground for comfort, offered little sanitation or care for wounded soldiers

Lost Cause

Confederate belief that they lost the war because they never had a chance, their amazing abilities made the war last as long as it did (The phrase many white southerners applied to their Civil War defeat. They viewed the war as a noble cause but only a temporary setback in the South's ultimate vindication ) (Romanticized the war + attempt to justify and rationalize the devastation that accompanied defeat)

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Demonstrated the evils of slavery, CREATED DOUBT FOR BRITAIN TO SUPPORT THE SOUTH, "Beecher's Bibles" passed out to Republican supporters, South tried to ban the book (a novel published by harriet beecher stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral)

Effects of Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Douglas LOST the Southern Democrat vote because of his strong defense of popular sovereignty (give whites what they want + slavery not a moral issue) ; Lincoln won national respect and recognition

What stopped British support of the confederacy (document)? Why?

Emancipation Proclamation ; Made it a matter of ethics, slavery was outlawed in Britain already

Merrimack vs. Monitor (the virginia)

Engaged the Monitor in the FIRST MODERN NAVAL BATTLE; REVOLUTIONIZED WARFARE; Captured the Confederacy and planted it iron, destroying Union vessels including one w/ the Captain's brother, (Most famous naval battle of the civil war. These were two ironclads that fought to a draw on March 1862. This battle marked the end of wooden war ships. )

The Term "Anglo-Saxon" originally only applied to who?

English speaking peoples

Why was Andrew Johnson acquitted on charges of impeachment?

Enough Republicans felt that his actions fell short of the "high crimes and misdemeanors" standard set by the Constitution ; Feared a conviction would damage the office of the presidency and violate the constitutional separation of powers

Sharecropping

Fare of several former slaves, paying a portion of crops to rent farm land

Freedman's Bureau (achievements)

Fed and clothed war refugees with army supplies + helped them find work, provided schools, and established colleges for training African American teachers. TAUGHT 200K BLACK PEOPLE TO READ ; GOVERNMENT'S FIRST FORAY INTO SOCIAL WELFARE LEGISLATION (Agency established by Congress in March 1865 to provide social, educational, and economic services, advice and protection to former slaves and destitute whites; lasted 7 years) (FORMAL NAME: The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands) (Bureau could rent confiscated and abandoned farmland to freedman in 40 acre plots, with an option to buy)

Causes of Buchanan's win in 1856

Filmore ran for the America/Know Nothing Party and took votes from Fremont; Not apart of the Kansas Nebraska Act (spent the previous 4 years as ambassador to Great Britain) (SOUTHERNERS SAW HIM AS ELECTABLE AND SENSITIVE TO SLAVERY + NORTHERNERS HOPED FOR THE BEST)

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed slaves in the Confederacy. (Presidential proclamation issued by Lincoln that declared all slaves in areas of rebellion free of slavery ; ALLOWED SLAVES + FREE BLACK MEN FROM THE SOUTH COULD FIGHT ) (First time the force of federal authority crushed a domestic institution)

Maximillian

Frenchman who took over Mexico in 1863, ignored Monroe Doctrine, Mexico overthrew him

Treaty of Guadulupe Hidalgo

Gave the U.S. the Mexican Cession for $15 million + $3.5 million on in debt . Originally offered $25 million (Signed on Feb 2, 1848. Mexico surrendered its claim to Texas north of the Rio Grande and ceded Alta California and New Mexico (including present-day Arizona), Utah, and Nevada; AGREED TO GRANT U.S. CITIZENSHIP TO MEXICAN RESIDENTS IN ITS NEW TERRITORIES)

Appotomax Court House

General Lee surrendered his 35k to General Grant's 60k. The terms of surrender guaranteed that the US would not prosecute Confederate soldiers. All Confederate troops were allowed to keep their weapons + houses. (a village in Virginia that was the site of the Confederate surrender to Union forces under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant)

Battle of Vicksburg (1863)

Grant's plan to cut the South in 2; He put Vicksburg under seige, cut off food and supplies and bombarded the city, until they surrendered; LEADS TO HIM GETTING PROMOTION TO GENERAL OF THE Army of Potonac/Union (Union gains control of Mississippi River and splits the confederacy in two. Grant takes lead of Union armies and total war begins.)

14th Amendment

Granted citizenship to all born or naturalized in the U.S. and "equal protection of/under the laws" (Prohibits states from denying right and privileges to any U.S. citizen.) (OFFERED STATES THE CHOICE OF ALLOWING BLACK PEOPLE TO VOTE OR LOSING REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS) (1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts)

What was the 15th Amendment in response to? What was the loophole?

Growing concerns about voter fraud and violence against freedmen ; Allowed states to restrict the right to vote based on literacy or property qualifications

What was the purpose of the ambiguity of Cass for popular sovereignty?

If residents could decide only when applying for statehood, slavery would be legal up to that point

Union economy after the Civil War

Increased wealth by half between 1860 and 1870 ; strong and growing industrial economies -laying foundation for the sweeping industrialization of the nation (other than the south) in the next half-century -emergence of the U.S as a global economic power by the beginning of the 20th century

Reasons for the Ku Klux kLAN

Initially a social club; Directed much of its violence toward subverting the electoral process

Why were some Radical Republicans disappointed with the 14th Amendment?

It failed to give black people the right vote outright

Who coined the term Manifest Destiny?

John L. O' Sullivan

Andrew Johnson's impeachment

Johnson dismissed his secretary of war which causes the house of representatives to issue articles of impeachment calling for his removal from presidency because he fired a radical cabinet member without the senates approval.

Jefferson Davis

Limited power due to Confederate Constitution, served a 6 year term unopposed, unflexible, unwilling to change his mind, believed British need for cotton would gain British support

Causes of Polk's Win in 1844

Manifest Destiny (Polk's expansionist program); issues of slavery; !the annexation of the Republic of Texas!; (Acquiring Texas and Oregon not only held out the hope of cheap, abundant land to debt-burdened farmers in the North and planters in the South but also played on the anti-British sentiments of many voters.

Effects of the battle of antietam

McClellan stopped an advancement of Lee, LOST EUROPEAN SUPPORT OF THE SOUTH, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, ending slavery in the Confederacy, EP caused desertions cause soldiers didn't want to fight to end slavery ((1) Lee retreats across the Potomac; McClellen was removed from command again (2) was one of the most decisive engagements of world history (3) Confederates were never again so near victory (4) British and French govs were on the verge of diplomatic mediation; both backed down after display of Union power (5) Lincoln issues the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 23, 1862)

Confederacy Advantages

Military colleges, bred to fight used horses + guns from boyhood, fight for independence, south didn't have to win in order to keep independence (just had to outlast the North)

North vs South Economy during the war

North- Factories made the 1st millionaire; clothing sizes were invented; reaper fed millions; DISCOVERY OF OIL BY EDWIN DRAKE IN 1857 sent people to Pennsylvania ; South- the war caused major scarity, by the end of the war national wealth was 12%, down from 30%, and income was 40% down from 67% (Unstable finances more of a handicap than its low industrial capacity (Confederacy) ; Fed gov offset expenses with the country's first income tax (bolstered the value + credibility of the paper currency) , no ruinous inflation, financial measures eliminated a need for wage and price controls and rationing (UNION) ) (BASICALLY CONFEDERACY BAD ; UNION GOOD)th

Northern evangelicals (ex. boston minister) or southern evangelicals believed in political action/ combination of church and state?

Northern evangelicals (forcing men to be good) (Southerners didn't want it because they believed people had abandoned the basic tenets of evangelical Christianity)

Abraham lincoln's plan for the war

One + only goal to preserve the union, started a blockade, raised the size of the army, studied warfare to prepare for the war, suspended Habas Corpus (got anti-union officials, state legislature under surveillance "SOFT STRATEGY ; TOLD BORDER STATES HE WOULDN'T TOUCH SLAVERY""

Fort Sumter

One of 2 US forts in the South, Lincoln could attack using reinforcements or resupply the fort, he supplied food and Jefferson Davis ordered an attack on APRIL 12,1861, STARTING THE CIVIL WAR (Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War)

Gettysburg

Pickett's Charge, George Pickett led 15k Confederate troops, losing 10k men in 30 min. Confederate had 28k causalities, over 1/3 of Lee's army. TURNING POINT because the British didn't recognize the Confederacy (Pickett invaded the North with an intention to demoralize the North) (Most decisive battle of the war. Union had high ground with artillery barrage. 51,000 men killed/wounded.) (Bloodiest battle of the war)

Which party wanted to treat the former Confederate states as territories or "conquered provinces" subject to congressional legislation?

Radical Republicans

Radical Reconstruction

Radical Republicans, led by Thadeus Stevens + Senator Charles Summer, to protect African Americans- 1) No Confederate leaders return to power 2) Republican Party powerful in South 3) African Americans have the right to vote (Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war)

How did the Panic of 1857 work to the advantage of Republicans? How did the South feel?

Republican sponsored legislation to raise certain tariffs, give western land to homesteaders, and fund transportation projects, if passed by Congress, could have prevented the panic (Democrats inaction reflected the southern Slave Power's insensitivity to northern workers) ; The crisis in the North REINFORCED THE SOUTHERN BELIEF THAT NORTHERN SOCIETY WAS CORRUPT AND GREEDY; THE REPUBLICAN REMEDIES WOULD ENRICH THE NORTH AND BEGGAR THE SOUTH)

Wade-Davis Bill

Required 50% of adult white confederate men to take oath of allegiance. Lincoln blocked it with a POCKET VETO after Congress adjourned

Secession

South Carolina seceded FIRST, 7 states left before Lincoln took office and 8 were borderline (South Caroline's secession was imitated by ten other states and led to the formation of the Confederacy.)

Ku Klux Klan

Started by Nathan Forest, emembers terrorized supports of Reconstruction, republican govs, including blacks, white republicans, carpetbaggers, teachers in black schools, and others who supported the Rep gov and equality for African Americans

Confederate women

Struggled becoming providers, Antebellum views about women's inferior intellect changed when women taught, women's organizations raised funds for critical soldiers supplies, they smuggled items in their clothing that Union soldiers would not search, and some passed as Male soldiers (• active role in war→spies, smuggling supplies, knitting clothes • took charge of agricultural production • new jobs→joined Confed. bureaucracy, factory work • equal pay by end of war)

According to Manifest Destiny, what gave white Americans the natural right to expand westward?

Superior Racial pedigree they claimed for themselves ; chosen people carrying the blessings of democracy and progress (only they had the energy, industriousness, and innate love of liberty to establish a successful free government)

Union women

Support the Union army + economy, women became teachers, made bullets + blankets for Union armies in factory jobs, many women believed that female suffrage would counter anti=unionist Northerners (• war opened new opportunities for women (even more than in the South) • wives ran farms • worked in industry, gov't bureaucracy, nursing, teachers • helped w/war effort thru volunteer work (ex: United States Sanitary Commission provided med. supplies & care) )

Democrats opinion on the war? Peace Democrats/Copperheads opinion on the war?

Supported the Civil War and restoring the Union w/o slavery; Opposed the war (tried to impeach lincoln!!!)

Movement for all of Mexico (All of Mexico Movement)

The cry for Americans to take all of Mexico, large problem to police, the expansion of slavery stopped, and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo stopped Mexico's annexation

Fifteenth Amendment

The right to vote could not be denied on account of race, color, or previous servitude- before Northerners demanded that Southern blacks could vote while Northerners could not (Passed by Congress in 1869, guaranteed the right of American men to vote, regardless of race)

Why was Lincoln able to issue the Emancipation proclamation?

The slaves were considered resources of war and the government/president is able to take away resources of war.

What is Jackson Stonewall's real name?

Thomas J. Jackson (General Barnard Bee of South Carolina gave it to him for standing like a stonewall and not listening/hearing orders)

Effects of the Battle at Bull Run in 1861

U.S. congressman watched as an event + Stonewall Jackson forced them back ; SHOWED THE NORTH IT WOULD BE A LONG WAR (Gave South confidence + destroyed Northern belief that the Confederates were invincible)

Peninsula Campaign (1862) ; Effect on slavery

Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital. Had McClellan taken Richmond and toppled the Confederacy, slavery would have most likely survived in the South for some time.

National Banking System (1863)

Union created a new bank for the first time since 1836 + issued paper money called GREENBACKS, a common U.S. currency (Network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased government bonds. Created during the Civil War to establish a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds. ) (A system that sold government bonds and designed a standard bank-not currency. A first step towards a unified banking network since Jackson's Bank War.)

Results of the Dred Scott Ruling for Free Blacks

Vulnerable to eenslavement or expulsion; accelerated restrictions on the Southern free black population; several cities (like Charleston) experimented with requirements that FREE BLACKS PURCHASE AND WEAR BADGES IDENTIFYING THEM AS FREE

Dred Scott Ruling

Was an slave whose owner moved to a free territory then returned to Missouri. The Supreme Court ruled because African Americans were not citizens and he had no right to sue, the 5th Amendment said property couldn't be taken away, AND THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE'S BAN ON SLAVERY WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL.

What was the effect of Andrew Johnson's accquital on the republican party?

Weakened it ; eased the way for Ulyssess S. Grant to win the nomination as a Moderate Republican

Oregon Fever

Went as far North as 54'40- claimed by Spain, U.S., Britain, & Russia / U.S. Claim through Lewis + cLARK (1842 - Many Eastern and Midwestern farmers and city dwellers were dissatisfied with their lives and began moving up the Oregon trail to the Willamette Valley. This free land was widely publicized.)

George McClellan

Westpointer, fought in Mexican War, absence Crimean War in Russia, appointed leader of the Union army twice + CREATED THE PENINSULA CAMPAIGN TO CAPTURE RICHMOND (A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.)

Atlanta and the March to the Sea

William T Sherman captured Atlanta . His troops burned everything of military value, restored faith to the Union cause, captured a major railroad hub ; He began his March to the Sea, ransacking homes, burning crops, and killing cattle, HELPED LINCOLN GET REELECTED (Union General William T. Sherman led some 60,000 soldiers on a 285-mile march from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia. The purpose of this "March to the Sea" was to frighten Georgia's civilian population into abandoning the Confederate cause. )

Huge fortunes accrued, not only from the gold in the GOLD RUSH, but from SUPPLYING THE MINERS. Examples of people who supplied the miners + what they supplied

Young Levi Strauss experimented with trousers made out of canvas that miners particularly favored; Two brothers, Henry Wells and William Fargo, offered banking, transportation, and mail services for the newcomers.

Causes of the British support of the confederacy

economic interest. In the mid-nineteenth century, a vast majority of the world's cotton was produced within the Southern States of America.

William Walker

installed himself as the President of Nicaragua in July 1856. He legalized slavery, but was overthrown by surrounding Central American countries and killed in 1860. A proslavery American adventurer from the South, he led an expedition to seize control on Nicaragua in 1855. He wanted to petition for annexation it as a new slave state but failed when several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before the offer was made.)

Picket's charge

the failed Confederate charge during the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg (Cost 2/3 of his army , including every senior officer )

Oregon Trail

2k Mile trail took 150K on a 6 month, journey to the unclaimed NW, most causalities came from accidents + drowning

Gold Rush who / when / where

A period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold; Attracted migrants - Chinese, Chileans, Mexicans, Irish, Germans, and Turks . BLACKS, MOSTLY SLAVES BROUGHT BY SOUTHERN MASTERS, also roamed the gold mines.

Ostend Manifesto ; Why wasn't it carried about?

A secret meeting where the U.S. would try to purchase Cuba for 120 million or the U.S. would go to War, when discovered by the North the plan was abandoned, also foiled the North's plan for Canada (The recommendation that the U.S. offer Spain $120 million for Cuba). It was not carried through in part because the North feared Cuba would become another slave state.

Popular Sovereignty

A solution to the slavery crisis suggested by Michigan senator Lewis Cass by which territorial residents, not Congress, would decide slavery's fate

Treat Affair

A union warship intercepted a British ship w/ 2 confederate diplomats + arrested them ,they were later released to visit w/ The British

Robert E. Lee

Asked by Lincoln to command Union troops, but he was from Virginia, so he led the Confederacy War (Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force)

13th Amendment (1865)

Banned slavery (Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners)

Manifest Destiny

Belief that God had ordained the Westward expansion of the U.S. because they were superior, supported Polk for president in 1844, ultimately added Texas, the Oregon Territory + SW US

Impact of Dred Scott Decision on Republican Party

Boosted fortunes in the North even as it undercut the party; vowed to repeal it ; "A small group of slaveholders was holding nonslaveholding white people hostage to the institution of slavery"

What did President Andrew Jackson base his plan for reconstruction on?

The Constitution made no mention of secession, the southern states had been in rebellion but had never left the Union, and therefore that there was no need for a formal process to readmit them.

Pocket veto

president's power to kill a bill, if Congress is not in session, by not signing it for 10 days