CJ 320 Exam 2 Review
what is genuine moral dilemma
a situation from which one cannot emerge innocent no matter what one does: employ a dirty means, employ an insufficiently dirty means, or walk away
what does the polygraph uncover
behaviors that would not have surfaced during personal interviews or background investigation
What is scanning
conduct preliminary inquiry to determine if a problem exists and if further analysis is needed
What does psychological screening test consider
stability and suitability
When did the community era start and is it still going or not
started in the 1980's and is still going today
Are gratuity unethical
yes
Do training requirements vary by jurisdiction
yes
Deadly force in 2015
-National Vital Statistics System = 523 -WaPo = 994 - The guardian = 1,146 - Feldman et al. = 1,166 -Lum and Ball = 1,250
Tennessee v. Garner (1985)
-addressed deadly force -"fleeing felon rule"
What are ways to measure misconducts
-citizen complaints -observational research -officer self reports -official police records
What are some methods for analysis
-computerized crime mapping and offense reports - Calls for service (CFS) analysis - community surveys -problem analysis triangle
What are some different way use of force is used
-officer presence -verbalization -empty-hand control -less- lethal methods -lethal force
What was police miscondut like during the political era
-officers paid politicians for positions -officers received money, goods, services from businesses in exchange for extra police protection -police would ignore vice crimes in exchange for portion of the profits -used discretionary powers when interacting with recent immigration and different ethnic groups
What was the finding from the investigation from the Christopher commission of the LAPD
-pointed to impact of "repeated offenders" -Out of 8,450 officers employed during the 4 yr study period 1,800 officers received excessive force/ brutality complaints
Research questioned the impact of police strategies
-preventative patrol, rapid responses, and criminal investigation units - police permitted to experiment and were increasingly provided federal funding to do so
what are the non traditional measure of assessment
-reduced repeat victimization, decreases in related crime, neighborhood indicators, increased citizen satisfaction, reduced citizen fear
Response
-search for most effective way of dealing with problem - focus on developing and implementing responses to problem - important to avoid the "quick fix"
Graham v. Connor (1989)
-use of force must be "objectively reasonable"
What are some considerations for use of force
1. whether suspects pose and immediate threat 2. the severity of the crime 3. whether suspect is actively resisting arrest 4.whether suspect is a flight risk or attempting to escape custody
What is the percent of Hispanics and black LEO
12% for blacks and 10% are Hispanic
What percent of police agencies use polygraph testing
26%
What is the Probationary period for the field training officer program
6-12 months
What is the average length of training in NC
640 Hrs
What is the average length of training in the US
760 hrs
What does SARA stand for
Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment
What are some shared characteristics
- close interactions with local communities - focus on quality of life and citizen satisfaction - geographically defined officer assignments -decentralization
What was it like during the reform era
-"third degree" questioned suspects for a extended time without food, water, or sleep -excessive force against racial/ethnic minorities
What are the Bureau of justice statistics (2008)
-40 million citizens had face to face contact with police in the previous year -760,000 had force used against them(1.9% of contacts) - 74% felt force used was excessive - 28% of suspects reported provoking officers
How long does the program usually last
1-12 weeks
rooted in 2 school of thought
1. Community oriented policing (COP) 2. Problem oriented Policing (POP)
What are the alternatives to conventional firearms/ deadly force
1. OC spray 2. Impact munitions 3. Conducted energy devices
Fyfe (1995)
1. extralegal violence or brutality: officer willfully and wrongfully use force that exceeds the boundaries of their authority. 2. unnecessary force: force used by will intentional officers who are unable to handle a situation and result to violence too quickly or needlessly
What are the benefits of cybervetting in properly conducted
1. increase public confidence in police agencies by ensuring that law enforcement personnel are not engaged in inappropriate behavior 2. corroborate or contradict information provided on a resume or job application
McEwen (1996)
1. use of excessive force (amount used during an incident) vs. 2.excessive use of force (frequency of use over a span of incidents)
What are some common tests
Criminal record checks, background investigations, driving record checks, personal interviews, psychological evaluations, written aptitude test, physical agility test, personality inventory, medical exams
People v Waters
Defendant was charged with felony gun possession Defense theory: arresting officer planted the gun Police officer had a Myspace account Near time of arrest of defendant: mood description was listed as "devious" Status: watching training day to brush up on proper police procedure
What is the Geoff Alpert's force factor
Difference in the amount of force used by officer vs suspect -Officers used more force in 19% of cases - officers used less force in 31% of cases Based on supervisors use of force reports
Officer fired for Facebook post
Flint, Michigan: officer fired for post about a murder being handled by the Flint PD "keep purging society of the maggots. 2 less welfare, food stamp people. Keep it up."
What are the 3 phases of the program
Introductory: Policies and laws training and evaluation phase: more complicated tasks final phase: performance graded
College education and policing
It started with Vollmer and UC, Berkley in the early 1900's
What is a key problem facing police agencies
Recruitment
What is the ultimate challenge in POP
Response
What are some factors that affect the ability to recruit qualified candidates
Obesity, debt, drug-use, criminal records, driving records, low wages, community perceptions
What does OC stand for
Oleoresin capsicum
officer disciplined for facebook post
Peoria AZ: officer posted a picture to Facebook Secret service and the officer's department launched inquiry's. Officer was demoted and suspended for a violation of the social media policy and for discrediting the department
What is OC spray more commonly known as
Pepper spray
Is character investigations used by almost all departments
Yes 99% of them
Are woman underrepresented in leadership ranks
Yes, about 1% of chiefs are women
Is character investigation the most important element
Yes, its also one of the most time consuming and costly
How much work experience does the FBI require
at least 3 years of professional work experience
What did the court rule in Tennessee v. Garner case
deadly force may be used to prevent escape when the officer has probable cause to believe the suspect poses a serious threat of physical harm to the officer or others
What does problem analysis triangle help with
helps officers visualize recurring problems
What does the polygraph testing ensure
honesty
What is the purpose of analysis
identify seriousness of problem, know individual/groups involved and affected, list causes of problem, assess current responses
What is cybervetting?
is an assessment of a person's suitability to hold a position using information found on the internet to help make that determination
What does it interfere with
it interferes with the neuronmuscular
What is CFS for
it reveals hotspots of crime and disturbances
What does written test measure
measure general intelligence, reading, and writing skills
What is spent most on in training
most time is spent on firearms and self defense skills
Is there a national database for deadly force
no there is not
What are the traditional measure of assessment
number of arrest, levels of reported crimes, response times, clearance rates, citizens complaints, workload indicators
What is conducted energy devices commonly known as
taser or stun gun
what did the 2014 IACP survey find
that 54.2% of employers reported using social networking sites to screen applicants
what is the standard national academy curriculum
there is no standard curriculum
What are impact munitions
they are rubber/wooden bullets or small beanbags fired from shotgun/gas launchers