classification of organisms

Chytriidiomycota

Fossil fungi, is the most primitive one yet, flagellated spores. important for digestion in animals

monocots

Have one clytledojn in the seed. flower parts in multiples of 3. Veins are parallel. they have herbaceous stems; little or no woody tissue soft and bendable. The vascular bundles in stem are scattered.

Helical

Helical shaped. Ex:Rabies and Ebola virus

Carl Linnaeus

Linnaeus primarily used physical characteristics, founded taxonomy

Hyphae

Long thread-like extensions, helps stationary protists suck up nutrients and bring them back to the main body

fruiting body

The reproductive structure of a fungus that contains many hyphae and produces spores

taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified. Allows a better understanding of relationships among species. use a systematic method to name, organize, and show relationships among species

Virus Reproduction

Viruses need a host cell to replicate their genetic material, transcribe their genetic material, translate those instructions into proteins for itself, and then package the new genetic material into new capsids.

Fungus

eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophs. cells have chitin in their cell walls. Not able to move. They can reproduce both asexually (through spores) or sexually.

seed plants

gymnosperms and angiosperms, evolutionary advantage of seeds is protect and nourish young, growing plants. All are vascular (evolved from Pteridophytes)

Cilia

hair-like extensions that can beat in a rhythmic manner and move creature through water and liquids. help creatures absorb nutrients or water from their environment or chemical signals that tell the where they need to go.

Fungus-like protists

heterotrophs, are multicellular, are decomposers, live in damp locations (water or slime mold are examples)

Animal-like protists (protozoan)

heterotrophs, are unicellular, live in fresh and salt water, dry sand, moist soil, and inside other organisms. Classified by how they get around/move.

classification systems

important bc it organize them and speak about them accurately, change over time as scientists find new evidence in their studies,

Flagellum

long whip-like extensions often found in the back of a protist. They can flag back and forth and propel the protists through its environment.

enveloped

made of lipids, like a membrane, and it assists the entire versus in being taken into a cell. Ex: influenza and HIV

Mycelium

mass of hyphae

seedless plants

may be vascular or non vascular; reproduce with spores. characteristics have allowed for scientist to study how aquatic plants have evolved to adapt to living on land. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes

Diatoms

plant like protists used in toothpaste due to their glass like cell walls that die when they fall to ocean floor.

Groups of Fungi

reproductive structure distinguishes them, Chytriidiomycota, Asecomytoa, Basidiomycota, zygomycota, and the Dueteromycota

Robert Koch

scientist created tests that helped confirm that bacteria and other microorganisms cause a variety of diseases

bacteria

single-celled organisms that have no nucleus and can either benefit or harm the body

Viruses

small, infectious agent that can only replicate inside the living cells of other organisms. nonliving, no cell membrane, cannot grow or respond to stimuli. DNA or RNA , capsid

Vascular tissue and seeds

specialized tissue that could transport water, minerals, and other resources needed by the plants for growth and photosynthesis. evolutionary adaptation that has helped plants succeed and spread on land.

Polyhedral

spherical virus made up from range. ex: polio and papilloma virus

Spirillum

spiral shaped bacteria

Pseudopods

temporary foot-like extensions. used for movement(suctioning); can help a particular organisms move or incircle objects with pseudopods and bring it into the cell.

Capsid

the outer coating of a virus, which is composed of proteins

conjugation

the process by which a plasmid is transferred from one bacterial cell to another

binary fission

the process of cell division (asexual reproduction) in prokaryotic organisms by which the parent cell divides into two genetically identical cells. allows for fast reproduction of bacteria

Fungus Hyphae

thread-like structures form from spore. help with growth/germination.

How viruses infect

virus has some sort of protein that acts as a key to get that virus into a cell. Cells naturally have receptors which are proteins on the outside that allow those cells to communicate with the environment

Dueteromycota

An imperfect fungi, lacks reproduction phase, Penicillium nitatum is an example. importance=medicine and human infections

pathogen

An organism that causes disease

Asecomytoa

Are a sac fungi where their spores are produced in the ascus. Truffles, yeasts, and blue molds are examples. The importance includes the food industry, plant diseases

Basidiomycota

Club fungi, familiar type of fungus, the spores are produced in the basidia. Mushrooms and rusts are examples. importance is we eat them, Plant diseases can impact the agriculture industry.

binary fission process

DNA is copied . DNA molecules attach to cell membrane . cell membrane elongates and pinches off . two identical cells are produced

archaea

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan

Eubacteria

Eubacteria: a kingdom of life that is unicellular and prokaryotic, and has a cell wall

phylogenetic tree

A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms. changes with evidence of DNA sequences change, fossil record, and new species discoveries.

Angiosperms

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary. Grouped into dicots and monocots. has group of plants important in agriculture. Used as source of medicine such as oil from wintergreens.

Bryophytes

A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.

gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits. help in carbon balancing , good sources of timber and paper.

plasmid

A small circular molecule of DNA in bacteria

coccus

A spherical bacterium. can be found in pairs, chains, squares of four, cubes of eight, or clusters. ex: can cause MRSA

Domain

A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Bacillus

Rod shaped bacteria

Pteridophytes

Seedless plants with true roots with lignified vascular tissue. The group includes ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails.

Protista

a kingdom of life that is mostly unicellular, is eukaryotic, and is composed of eukaryotes that do not fit into other eukaryotic kingdoms

Plantae

a kingdom of life that is multicellular, eukaryotic, and autotrophic, and has a cell wall composed of cellulose

Fungi

a kingdom of life that is multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic, and has a cell wall composed of chitin

Animalia

a kingdom of life that is multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic, and lacks a cell wall

Archaebacteria

a kingdom of life that is unicellular and prokaryotic, has a cell wall, and often lives in extreme environments

Protist

a kingdom that is a eukaryote that is either animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like unicellular, multicellular, or in a colony autotrophs or heterotrophs. are capable of movement or being stationary

transduction

a method of genetic recombination in bacteria in which DNA is transferred between cells by a virus

lytic cycle

a method of viral replication in which the virus uses the host cell's genetic material, structures, and energy to replicate, usually killing the host cell

lysogenic cycle

a method of viral replication in which the virus's nucleic acid is integrated with the host cell's genetic material, creating a provirus

Louis Pasteur

a scientist that developed the idea that microorganisms can cause diseases

binomial nomenclature

a two word system for naming organisms by using the genus and species

transformation

a type of gene transfer in which DNA is taken from the environment

Zygomycota

a zygote fungi, spores are produced in the zygosporangia. Black bread mold is an example. importance=food spoilage , fermentation, and digestion

dicots

angiosperms that have two cotyledons in the seed. flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5. Stems are Herbaceous or woody. They have ring-like vascular bundles. Veins are netted.

Eukarya

are made of eukaryotes that have a nucleus and organelles. contains the kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, Protista, and Fungi

Plant-like protists

autotrophs, unicellular. live in water, trees, or soil. Can sometimes do bioluminescence(glow)

energy metabolism

basic characteristic of all living cells