classification of organisms
Chytriidiomycota
Fossil fungi, is the most primitive one yet, flagellated spores. important for digestion in animals
monocots
Have one clytledojn in the seed. flower parts in multiples of 3. Veins are parallel. they have herbaceous stems; little or no woody tissue soft and bendable. The vascular bundles in stem are scattered.
Helical
Helical shaped. Ex:Rabies and Ebola virus
Carl Linnaeus
Linnaeus primarily used physical characteristics, founded taxonomy
Hyphae
Long thread-like extensions, helps stationary protists suck up nutrients and bring them back to the main body
fruiting body
The reproductive structure of a fungus that contains many hyphae and produces spores
taxonomy
The scientific study of how living things are classified. Allows a better understanding of relationships among species. use a systematic method to name, organize, and show relationships among species
Virus Reproduction
Viruses need a host cell to replicate their genetic material, transcribe their genetic material, translate those instructions into proteins for itself, and then package the new genetic material into new capsids.
Fungus
eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophs. cells have chitin in their cell walls. Not able to move. They can reproduce both asexually (through spores) or sexually.
seed plants
gymnosperms and angiosperms, evolutionary advantage of seeds is protect and nourish young, growing plants. All are vascular (evolved from Pteridophytes)
Cilia
hair-like extensions that can beat in a rhythmic manner and move creature through water and liquids. help creatures absorb nutrients or water from their environment or chemical signals that tell the where they need to go.
Fungus-like protists
heterotrophs, are multicellular, are decomposers, live in damp locations (water or slime mold are examples)
Animal-like protists (protozoan)
heterotrophs, are unicellular, live in fresh and salt water, dry sand, moist soil, and inside other organisms. Classified by how they get around/move.
classification systems
important bc it organize them and speak about them accurately, change over time as scientists find new evidence in their studies,
Flagellum
long whip-like extensions often found in the back of a protist. They can flag back and forth and propel the protists through its environment.
enveloped
made of lipids, like a membrane, and it assists the entire versus in being taken into a cell. Ex: influenza and HIV
Mycelium
mass of hyphae
seedless plants
may be vascular or non vascular; reproduce with spores. characteristics have allowed for scientist to study how aquatic plants have evolved to adapt to living on land. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
Diatoms
plant like protists used in toothpaste due to their glass like cell walls that die when they fall to ocean floor.
Groups of Fungi
reproductive structure distinguishes them, Chytriidiomycota, Asecomytoa, Basidiomycota, zygomycota, and the Dueteromycota
Robert Koch
scientist created tests that helped confirm that bacteria and other microorganisms cause a variety of diseases
bacteria
single-celled organisms that have no nucleus and can either benefit or harm the body
Viruses
small, infectious agent that can only replicate inside the living cells of other organisms. nonliving, no cell membrane, cannot grow or respond to stimuli. DNA or RNA , capsid
Vascular tissue and seeds
specialized tissue that could transport water, minerals, and other resources needed by the plants for growth and photosynthesis. evolutionary adaptation that has helped plants succeed and spread on land.
Polyhedral
spherical virus made up from range. ex: polio and papilloma virus
Spirillum
spiral shaped bacteria
Pseudopods
temporary foot-like extensions. used for movement(suctioning); can help a particular organisms move or incircle objects with pseudopods and bring it into the cell.
Capsid
the outer coating of a virus, which is composed of proteins
conjugation
the process by which a plasmid is transferred from one bacterial cell to another
binary fission
the process of cell division (asexual reproduction) in prokaryotic organisms by which the parent cell divides into two genetically identical cells. allows for fast reproduction of bacteria
Fungus Hyphae
thread-like structures form from spore. help with growth/germination.
How viruses infect
virus has some sort of protein that acts as a key to get that virus into a cell. Cells naturally have receptors which are proteins on the outside that allow those cells to communicate with the environment
Dueteromycota
An imperfect fungi, lacks reproduction phase, Penicillium nitatum is an example. importance=medicine and human infections
pathogen
An organism that causes disease
Asecomytoa
Are a sac fungi where their spores are produced in the ascus. Truffles, yeasts, and blue molds are examples. The importance includes the food industry, plant diseases
Basidiomycota
Club fungi, familiar type of fungus, the spores are produced in the basidia. Mushrooms and rusts are examples. importance is we eat them, Plant diseases can impact the agriculture industry.
binary fission process
DNA is copied . DNA molecules attach to cell membrane . cell membrane elongates and pinches off . two identical cells are produced
archaea
Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan
Eubacteria
Eubacteria: a kingdom of life that is unicellular and prokaryotic, and has a cell wall
phylogenetic tree
A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms. changes with evidence of DNA sequences change, fossil record, and new species discoveries.
Angiosperms
A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary. Grouped into dicots and monocots. has group of plants important in agriculture. Used as source of medicine such as oil from wintergreens.
Bryophytes
A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.
gymnosperms
A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits. help in carbon balancing , good sources of timber and paper.
plasmid
A small circular molecule of DNA in bacteria
coccus
A spherical bacterium. can be found in pairs, chains, squares of four, cubes of eight, or clusters. ex: can cause MRSA
Domain
A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
Bacillus
Rod shaped bacteria
Pteridophytes
Seedless plants with true roots with lignified vascular tissue. The group includes ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails.
Protista
a kingdom of life that is mostly unicellular, is eukaryotic, and is composed of eukaryotes that do not fit into other eukaryotic kingdoms
Plantae
a kingdom of life that is multicellular, eukaryotic, and autotrophic, and has a cell wall composed of cellulose
Fungi
a kingdom of life that is multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic, and has a cell wall composed of chitin
Animalia
a kingdom of life that is multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic, and lacks a cell wall
Archaebacteria
a kingdom of life that is unicellular and prokaryotic, has a cell wall, and often lives in extreme environments
Protist
a kingdom that is a eukaryote that is either animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like unicellular, multicellular, or in a colony autotrophs or heterotrophs. are capable of movement or being stationary
transduction
a method of genetic recombination in bacteria in which DNA is transferred between cells by a virus
lytic cycle
a method of viral replication in which the virus uses the host cell's genetic material, structures, and energy to replicate, usually killing the host cell
lysogenic cycle
a method of viral replication in which the virus's nucleic acid is integrated with the host cell's genetic material, creating a provirus
Louis Pasteur
a scientist that developed the idea that microorganisms can cause diseases
binomial nomenclature
a two word system for naming organisms by using the genus and species
transformation
a type of gene transfer in which DNA is taken from the environment
Zygomycota
a zygote fungi, spores are produced in the zygosporangia. Black bread mold is an example. importance=food spoilage , fermentation, and digestion
dicots
angiosperms that have two cotyledons in the seed. flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5. Stems are Herbaceous or woody. They have ring-like vascular bundles. Veins are netted.
Eukarya
are made of eukaryotes that have a nucleus and organelles. contains the kingdoms Animalia, Plantae, Protista, and Fungi
Plant-like protists
autotrophs, unicellular. live in water, trees, or soil. Can sometimes do bioluminescence(glow)
energy metabolism
basic characteristic of all living cells
