CLD Chapter 11

Outline the steps in developing an ecological inventory for a student at the L4L stage.

1 get to know the client 2 list activities and routines in a typical day in this setting 3 state goals, and list key activities/routines and set priorities among them 4 observe and record behaviors of typical participants or conduct 5 interviews to determine the expectations of each activity 6 observe the student in each activity compare the student's behavior to expectations. Note discrepancies 7 identify the language/communication skills needed to achieve expectations 8 identify communication skills not currently demonstrated

At what age do children start developing a need to make some decisions on their own?

7 years old

fictional narratives:

: Children can be asked to GENERATE A STORY, such as "goldilocks and the three bears" or DESCRIBE THE PLOT OF a tv show or MOVIE they've watched. *-Alternatively, the clinician can tell a story, with or without pictorial support, and ask the student to retell it. You can use a wordless picture book to elicit a fictional narrative.

areas of conversational speech that can be assessed in a pragmatic evaluation of students with LLD.

An appropriately broad range of communicative intentions, or functions of communications Whether or not the student can modify communicative style, or register, for different interactive situations How the student can manage discourse turns, topics, and breakdowns

What are the three types of curriculum-based assessment?

Artifact analysis, onlooker observation, dynamic assessment

how can we assess presuppositional skill: method of assessment?

Barrier games are useful contexts for assessing the ability to tell a listener what he or she needs to know in a situation. This type of assessment is called a referential communication task.

Test used to screen the kindergarten population

Fluharty Preschool Speech and Language Screening Test (2nd Edition) Joliet 3-minute Speech and Language Screening Test Screen (Revised) Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning (3rd Edition)

How can we assess receptive vocabulary using curriculum based methods? Using other informal methods?

Instructional vocabulary: Using curriculum based methods it can be assessed by teacher through directions by isolating each potential problem word and testing its comprehension in a game-like format Textbook vocabulary: You can also assess through use of the student's classroom texts. In this instance, you can probe for words in the text that might be causing problems, and focus on expanding the understanding of these words. Using informal methods, it can be assessed through picture-pointing format

Personal narratives:

Involve asking the child to recount a salient PERSONAL EXPERIENCE. Suggestions for eliciting these include asking students to tell about a time when they were hurt, scared, or solved a problem.

When should standardized tests of pragmatics be used?

It is best used on students with LLD and high functioning students with autism because it may provide information of their deficits in pragmatic areas.

Why can establishing eligibility sometimes be a problem for children at this stage?

Many students require students to perform below a particular level in order to be eligible for services

Why can establishing eligibility sometimes be a problem for children at this stage

Many students require students to perform below a particular level in order to be eligible for services.

Procedures for assessing each aspects of narrative form in children with L4L period?

Maturity or narrative complexity of narrative microstructure, productivity, diverse vocabulary

criteria for choosing a screening instrument for school-age children.

Must have reliability and validity Must cover a relatively wide range of language behaviors must provide clear scoring with pass/fail criteria must have adequate sensitivity and specificity to accurately identify a large majority of children who have language difficulties must take a short amount of time

How can we assess Communicative intentions: methods of assessment?

Observing a peer interaction around a pretend activity or interactive game can provide an opportunity to the clinician to tally the number of different intentions that are observed.

What are some methods for eliciting narrative samples in students with LLD?

Personal narratives, script narratives, fictional narratives

Discuss two methods of assessing phonological awareness.

Production skills can be assessed using non-word repetition tasks, by having the child produce complex, unfamiliar terms RAN can be assessed by having students name common objects presented in a series as rapidly as they can OR they produce overused series like the days of the week or months of the year

How is a kindergarten screening accomplished?

Some districts use locally developed informal methods. Some school systems use mass screening in which all children beginning kindergarten are screened during a few designated period by professionals or paraprofessionals using short standardized instruments

If the child does BETTER in this CONTEXTUALIZED format..what do you do?

Target structures the child does not comprehends well for focused stimulation or verbal script (CC) approaches to work on comprehension and production in tandem.

how can we assess discourse management: method of assessment?

The ability to ORCHESTRATE TURNS AND TOPICS and to REPAIR BREAKDOWNS in conversation constitutes the realm of discourse management. /We are looking to see if a student can initiate a topic, begin a conversation, maintain a topic and respond to requests for clarification.

Script Narratives:

These require students to RELATE A ROUTINE SERIES OF EVENTS. Often it helps to give the student a reason for producing the script. For example, we can ask students to pretend they are explaining to a new student what happens in gym class or to a foreign visitor how to order food in a fast food restaurant.

Outline a strategy for assessing expressive syntax and morphology from a speech sample in children with LLD.

This can be done by means of a spontaneous speech sample and conducted in the form of an interview. The clinician would initiate an introduction followed by questions that should engage the client to speak.

How are screening done?

Through the use of an instrument with well-documented psychometric properties, because it is the best way to ensure fairness.

What is the role of a case manager in an assessment of a school-age child?

To be an advocate for the parent. This role is normally filled by the SLP, especially if the communication is a major area of deficit for the student.

How can ecological inventories be used for students at the L4L stage?

To determine what communicative skills are needed to succeed in the client's daily environments, such as regular classrooms, in which they are included for some or all of their instruction. to determine what their literacy needs are in school, work, or independent living to determine the discourse situations and rules the client must deal with on a day-to-day basis.

Use of precise and DIVERSE VOCABULARY

a literate language style, advanced episodic structure and linguistic highlighting of the crux, or high point, of the story to create a comprehensible and interesting tale. "artful storytelling.

Artifact analysis

also referred to as portfolio assessment, is a tool for examining functional communication in school settings, using products of the student's regular activities, such as homework assignments, written work done in class, or projects complete independently or in cooperative learning groups can be examined as a form of functional assessment - a way to look at how the student uses communication in real, relevant situations. This can help to document change in an intervention program or to provide information on various communicative skills such as level of narrative development literate language styles use of cohesion

What is the type token ratio used to measure ?

assess lexical diversity. It involves counting the total number of words (token) in a 50-utterance speech sample and dividing this number into the number of different words (types) in the sample.

how do benchmark measures differ from curriculum based measures?

benchmark measures can be used identify goals for future instruction.

contextualized comprehension assessment techniques. How can they be done?

by asking the child to work with a peer and some materials, have the peer give instruction on how to play a board game or complete a craft project.

how to assess speech disruptions in a spontaneous speech sample

by differentiating between stalls and revisions. It is suggested that children who produce more than 8 disruptions in speech samples of 100 words are producing significanly tangled speech.

Revisions:

changes of lexical and morphological material and major changes in syntactic structure. This includes lexical, grammatical or phonological changes, as well as combinations of these and "orphans" (linguistic units with no identifiable relationship to other units).

What is a way to optimize the efficiency of teacher referrals with schools that are not using the RTI process?

checklist or specific criteria

Why should nationally standardize assessment be used to assess screen children?

developed and tested locally with a relatively large normative sample, or measures that provide evidence of reliability and validity and include children from a range of ethnic and economical backgrounds.

Why would you want to assess metapragmatic awareness ?

difficulty with this kind of activity may suggest a need for the clinician to exert extra effort to make the hidden curriculum explicit for the client and to talk explicitly about how classroom discourse differs from that in other settings.

Stalls:

disruptions that interrupt the flow of speech, but do not change the lexical, morphological, syntactic, semantic, or phonological material of the sentence. This includes filled pauses, silent pauses, and repetition

reasons why teachers may not refer a child?

due to the fact that the student's language may sound acceptable to the naked ear, or because the child's problem is considered to be primarily in the area of reading, rather than oral language.

What does the case manager do for the families?

ensure that the family stays informed and engaged, gets a chance to ask questions, and contributes to the planning process. He/she can also check with the parents to make sure that they understand all the jargon being used by professionals.

How does the family centered practice relate to the school age child?

family involvement referral planning parent permission parent invention to attend meeting parent should be informed of student progress discussion of the evaluation with the teacher and parents

Discuss some aspects of expressive vocabulary that can be assessed with criterion-referenced procedures.

focus on lexical diversity as well as word retrieval.

contextualized comprehension assessment techniques. What insight do they provide?

how well the client comprehends messages in this setting by not only observing comprehension, but also request for clarification and other pragmatic skills.

contextualized comprehension assessment techniques. When are they done?

if the child does poorly when assessed with decontextualized tests. You would want to set-up some communicative situations and observe the child's responses to gain information on how a child responds to language in a more naturalistic setting.

How can metapragmatic awareness be assessed?

in conversation with the client about rules for various discourse contexts. We might ask the student how the roles for asking for something politely differ from the rules for asking for something during an argument. It may be especially important to assess a student's awareness of the interactional expectations of the classroom.

MICROSTRUCTURE

including measure of PRODUCTIVITY (measures of word output, lexical diversity, and t-unit output) and COMPLEXITY (measures of mean length of t-units in words and proportion of complex t-units) of words and sentences produced in the story.

What are the advantages of screening?

it can be fair, efficient, and effective

The role of assessment in RTI?

monitoring progress. You can do this by means of benchmark measures to evaluate classroom performance several times during the school year to track progress of the class as a whole and identify students who fail to achieve predetermined standards or through curriculum assessments which are done as often as weekly, to identify children who are not acquiring or through curriculum based assessments.

Comprehension monitoring

one aspect of metacognition and it is central to success in the classroom.

How is an analysis of disruptions is done?

only for those clients whose perceived deficits in expressive language cannot be reduced to semantic, syntactic, or phonological difficulties. This analysis can help both to make deficits more explicitly and to identify strategies for intervention.

What are teacher referrals based on?

perception of the teacher on something that is not quite right about the child's language

Discuss some decontextualized methods of criterion-referenced comprehension assessment that are appropriate for children with LLD.

picture pointing, behavioral compliance, object manipulation, and judgment tasks.

How can informal methods be used to assess receptive vocabulary?

picture-pointing format

what is the best form of checklists?

pragmatic criteria, helps to identify children who have linguistic problems in the classroom

What are the primary areas of impairment in speakers with ASD

pragmatics

How can we assess comprehension strategies in the L4L period?

probable-event or probable-order-of-event: involves interpreting sentences to mean what we usually expect to happen. word-order or order-mention-strategies: misinterpreting sentences based on the order in which words appear in the sentence. (eg. a hotdog is cooked by the girl may be understood as "hot dog cooks girl").

What aspects of phonology are part of the assessment of a child in the L4L stage?

production skills phonological awareness rapid automatized naming (RAN)

What role does the client have in the assessment?

provide a first-hand insight into what they are good at, what they find hard, in what areas they would like some help.

If the child does NOT do BETTER in the CONTEXTUALIZED format and does not use strategies, what do you do?

provide structured input with complexity controlled, using more hybrid and clinician-directed (CD) activities

What can an initial conversation between the client and the SLP do to make the child more comfortable?

provide the feeling that you think that they are mature enough to have some say about what goes on, and it also provides an initial conversational sample that can help guide you to areas of communicative function that will need to be assessed

Advantages of kindergarten screening?

recommendations to wait a year before schools use a RTI approach to identify children with difficulties

2 aspects of metacognitive skills?

self-regulation: the ability to plan, organize, and execute actions efficiently using consciously selected strategies self-assessment: understanding of the thinking process and the ability to consciously consider and reflect on knowledge and understanding of one's self and others.

How do other local education services screen (LOA)?

set aside the first week or two to do screenings

Dynamic Assessment

sometimes called participant observation, involves the clinician working side by side with a student, using scaffolding techniques to facilitate the student's participation in a classroom activity. It allows the clinician to observe whether the student succeeds more fully with the scaffolding than without it.

MATURITY OF NARRATIVE

sometimes referred to as story macrostructure, as indexed by the degree of organization and number and type of story grammar elements included in the story, as well as the story's cohesion.

what should you use to test receptive syntax and morphology in l4l stage?

standardize test

For what purposes are standardized tests used in the L4L stage? What are used for assessment?

standardized tests can be used as a broad-based approach for determining eligibility through means of comprehensive language batteries (profile tests, tests of pragmatics (highly recommended) and tests of learning-related language skills.

What happens if clients perform poorly on the decontextualized criterion referenced assessments ?

test the same forms in a contextualized format (D --> C)

What are the disadvantages of screening?

the availability of psychometrically sound instruments is a problem: some do not provide adequate validity data some are not brief and comprehensive

Why and how would you assess metalinguistic awareness in students with LLD?

the child's consciousness of words, ability to segment words into sentences, phonological awareness, making judgments about language form and content (as in editing), analyzing language into linguistic units (such as analyzing words into syllables), manipulating these units (as in in producing pig Latin), and understanding and producing language play (such as riddles, puns, and rhymes).

Informal assessment of these abilities can often be accomplished in curriculum-based activities.

the clinician can give purposefully unclear messages or can mumble essential parts of the message to see whether the student asks for clarification the peer interaction activity with the normally developing peer providing instructions for playing a game or doing a project teacher interviews where you ask the teacher whether students ask appropriate questions about assignments, give a signal when tey have difficulty understanding and how the teacher knows that students do not understand a direction or discussion Think aloud protocols when you present children with a task and ask them to "think out loud" for us as they complete it, saying aloud each step in the completion of the task.

What contributes to "artfulness" in children's stories

the richness of the vocabulary the complexity of the episodes in the story the creation of the "high point" to stress the story's climax use of a literate language style

Onlooker observation

this involves watching, from a distance, as the student participates in classroom activities. It is valuable for assessing adherence to classroom discourse rules or use of communicative intentions.

methods of case finding for the SLP in an elementary school setting.

through teacher referrals or or RTI.

What can standardize test be used for?

used as a broad-based approach for determining eligibility through means of comprehensive language batteries (profile tests, tests of pragmatics (highly recommended) and tests of learning-related language skills.

Judgment tasks

very convenient for assessment, because they don't require picturing or acting out linguistic stimuli. You simply present a set of sentences and ask the client to judge whether they are in some sense "ok", in relation to judging semantic acceptability (Presenting a series of sentences and having the student tell whether each is "ok" or "silly".

how can we assess register variation: methods of assessment?

we can assess this by setting up role-playing situations in which we ask students to express the same basic communicative intent in several different contexts. The kinds of variations and variations based on rights social status, and degree of formality

Does the principles for family centered practice just as relevant as the L4L stage?

yes, the same rules apply

Can you assess through students classroom text?

yes, you can probe for words in the text that might be causing problems, and focus on expanding the understanding of these words.