Climate Change

Over the last 800,000 years, CO2 concentrations in the Earth's atmosphere never rose above _____ part per million until the industrial revolution.

300

In 2016, atmospheric CO2 was at ________ , and oceanic pH was at 8.1.

400 ppm

Today, it takes about ______ Calories of energy to produce about 1 Calorie of food.

55

Under the Optimistic scenario, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere will increase but will remain under ______ through 2090.

600 ppm

Under the Middle Ground scenario, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere will get close to, but are not projected to exceed _______ by 2090.

700 ppm

Across all three scenarios, ocean pH falls below _____ by 2090.

8.0

In 2016, atmospheric CO2 was at 400 ppm, and oceanic pH was at ________.

8.1

Under the Pessimistic scenario, CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere are projected to exceed _______ by 2090.

800 ppm

What does the term theory mean to a scientist?

A broad hypothesis that has been supported by a large number of experiments

A buffer consists of undissociated acid (HA) and the ion made by dissociating the acid (A-). How does this system buffer a solution against decreases in pH?

A- reacts with H+ to become HA.

Choose the best explanation as to why both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration.

Although they may obtain their sugars in different ways, both consumers and producers rely on cellular respiration to make ATP.

Which answer helps to explain why all living cells need pH buffers?

Amino acid side chains have many carboxyl and amino groups.

___________ is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table.

Atomic number

What is the term used to describe relatively small areas with unusually high concentrations of species found there and nowhere else, including many species in high risk of extinction? These areas receive the focus of global conservation efforts.

Biodiversity hot spot

An acid is a compound that donates _________ to a solution.

H+

Which of the following factors led to coral death during the 2016 bleaching event?

Heat stress and starvation

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of biodiversity:

Invasive species

How does the way a buffer stabilizes pH during addition of acid differ from the way the same buffer stabilizes pH during addition of base?

It's the same reaction running backward or forward.

What type of species, if removed from the community, could lead to the collapse of the entire community?

Keystone species

How would you classify the interaction between coral and the algae that live in their tissues?

Mutualism

is one of the four elements that make up 96.3% of living cells.

Nitrogen

The higher the pH number, the higher the concentration of ________ in a solution.

OH-

If a scientist is studying how a particular species of coral can adapt to warmng ocean temperatures, what level of ecology is being studied?

Organismal

Adaptaions of organisms to their enviornment.

Organismal Ecology

Which of the following best describes the energy conversion sequence in the solar panel system described in the video?

Photons carrying energy from the sun chemically react with silicon crystals to generate a flow of electrons.

Environmental factors that affect population dynamics.

Population Ecology

All ecosystems need energy. What is the originating source for most of the energy that powers ecosystems on this planet?

Solar energy

Certain parasites, such as intestinal tapeworms, cannot survive outside of the host. Why are they still considered alive?

Survival outside of a host is not a requirement for life.

Select the most complete explanation of what the pH scale actually measures.

The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

What molecule(s) link the light reactions (stage 1 of photosynthesis) to the Calvin cycle (stage 2 of photosynthesis)?

The electron shuttles (ATP and NADPH)

What causes atmospheric CO2 levels to rise and fall on an annual basis?

The life cycle of plants

Which of the following would indicate that a home is using solar power to generate electricity and is NOT using batteries?

There are solar panels on the roof and power lines going to the home.

Which statement is true of pH buffers?

They consist of weak acids and weak bases.

What are the ecological consequences of acidification of rain and oceans?

They damage the health of ecosystems.

Identify the principal role of photosynthesis.

To convert solar energy into the chemical energy of sugars

__________ also called micronutrients, are any chemical element required by living organisms in miniscule amounts, but cells require them to survive.

Trace elements

In an ecological pyramid, there are far fewer tertiary consumers than secondary consumers.

True

Where do the electrons that are excited by the energy in sunlight first come from?

Water

What is responsible for the unusual chemical properties of water?

Water molecules can form an extensive network of hydrogen bonds with one another.

__________ is one of the fourteen trace elements and is a component of certain digestive enzymes and other proteins.

Zinc

Buffers work best when ...

about half of the buffer molecules are dissociated.

The term for a solution with a low pH number, such as lemon juice or vinegar, is

acidic

The number of protons plus neutrons in an atom, represented as an average of all naturally occurring forms of the element, is known as

atomic weight

The term for a solution with a high pH number, such as ammonia or bleach, is

basic

A substance that accepts H+ when they are in excess and donates H+ when their concentration drops is called a(n) ________

buffer

In what organelle does photosynthesis occur?

choroplast

A __________ bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, also known as a molecular bond.

covalent

When two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms, a ________ bond is formed.

double

In an airplane, from whom are you most likely to acquire a cold or flu virus?

from a sick person sitting next to you

To make a buffer, you need to ...

have a weak acid or a weak base half ionized in water.

The average ecological footprint of a US citizen is:

higher than the world average

A weak bond called a ________ bond results from an attraction between a slightly positive region in a molecule and a slightly negative region in the same or a different molecule.

hydrogen

A(n) _____________ is a testable explanation for an observation.

hypothesis

An _________ bond forms when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom.

ionic

Atoms or molecules with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons are

ions

Ecology is a science that can be carried out by ________.

learning via discovery and having hypotheses that are then tested

An ecosystem is a collection of all the ________ in a given area.

living and nonliving things

Can you sequence the following levels of biological organization from smallest to largest?

molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

If a home uses a large supply of solar panels to generate electricity, but has no battery system, surplus electricity that is produced is usually __________.

released into the power grid for others to use, generating a credit to the homeowner

When one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms, a ________ bond is formed.

single

The purpose of the Calvin cycle is to produce ________.

sugar

The responsible management (use and conservation) of the earth's resources indefinitely is called ________.

sustainable development

"Ecology" is best defined as the study of ________.

the interactions between living organisms and their environments

What is heat energy?

the kinetic energy of moving atoms and molecules

Which of the following is a challenge to using solar-generated electricity in places not connected to a power grid?

the lack of efficient and inexpensive battery technology

What is the major method of transmission of infectious disease when using public transportation?

touching surfaces that sick people have touched

Deforestation can significantly reduce the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere.

true

Coral bleaching, or the ejection of the algae from the coral tissues, can be caused by a number of stressors. What abiotic factor was the cause of the 2016 bleaching event on the GBR?

warm ocean temperatures

Which of the following converts CO2 into sugars via photosynthesis?

producers

About how much has the average global temperature of the Earth risen since the industrial revolution?

1.6 degrees F

On average, how far do agricultural products travel from farm to plate in the United States?

1400 miles

It has been estimated that confined animal feeding operations contribute to about _____ of world carbon dioxide emissions.

15%

__________ is one of the seven elements that make up a small fraction, approximately 3.7%, of living cells.

Calcium

Why are children more likely to pick up germs in public places?

Children tend to be more tactile, and may not wash their hands as often as they should.

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight.

Interactions between species.

Community Ecology

In the solar panel system presented in the video, which of the following was necessary to generate usable electrical current for a home?

DC power had to be converted to AC.

Which of the following breaks down sugars to release CO2 via cellular respiration?

producers and consumers

If a scientist is studying a coral reef, including both the biotic and abiotic components, what level of ecology is being studied?

Ecosystem

Energy flow and chemical cycling.

Ecosystem Ecology

__________ are substances that CANNOT be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.

Elements

What is the unifying or "core" theme of biology?

Evolution

Human population growth over the last 100 years can best be described as:

Exponential

True or False. The average ecological footprint of a US citizen is sustainable.

False

From the information in the graphs, you can conclude that oceanic pH and atmospheric CO2 concentration are ________ correlated.

negatively (or inversely)

The for a solution that has an equal concentration of H+ and OH- is

neutral

Atoms involved in a _________ bond equally share electrons; there is no charge separation to the molecule.

nonpolar

Which of the following lists the steps of the scientific method in their proper order?

observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment

Which four elements make up the bulk of living cells?

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

In biogeochemical cycles, chemical elements:

pass between biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem, are continuously recycled, and cycle both locally and globally

A _________ bond is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms. As a result, one end of the molecule has a slightly negative charge and the other a slightly positive charge.

polar

Although not reflected in this graph, you can infer that as atmospheric carbon dioxide increases, oceanic carbon dioxide concentrations also increase, suggesting that the two variables are ________correlated.

positively (or directly)

Vegetarians belong in this trophic level.

primary consumers