Clinical Psychology Exam 2 - Quizzes

TRUE or FALSE: Despite considerable growth in racial and ethnic diversity, the most widely used cognitive assessment tools in psychology have only been validated among English-speaking Whites. a. True b. False

True

TRUE or FALSE: According to the authors, physicians should use race-specific norms for diagnosing hypertension. a. FALSE b. TRUE

a. FALSE

According to the authors, should psychologists use race-specific norms when interpreting neuropsychological test scores? Yes, because race-specific norms improve the sensitivity of the measures a. It depends; psychologists should evaluate the cost and benefit of each norm, and use the norm with the greatest benefit and the least cost for the client b. No, because race-specific norms may prevent psychologists from detecting real deficits c. No, because race-specific norms obscure underlying cultural and educational issues for which race serves as a proxy d. Yes, because race-specific norms improve the specificity of the measures

a. It depends; psychologists should evaluate the cost and benefit of each norm, and use the norm with the greatest benefit and the least cost for the client

Which of the following tests is NOT a projective test? Rorschach a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory b. Draw-a-Person test c. Kinetic Family Drawing test d. Thematic Apperception Test

a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Which of the following is NOT true about polygraphs? a. Polygraphs reliably and accurately detect lies b. Polygraphs may lead to false confessions c. Polygraphs detect physiological responses after questions are asked d. Polygraphs are still used despite no evidence that they do what they claim to

a. Polygraphs reliably and accurately detect lies

According to the authors, what are the potential disadvantages of using race-specific norms (compared to common, non race-specific norms)? (mult) a. Race-specific norms may not reflect all of the important cultural and educational background variables that influence performance (e.g., socioeconomic status, amount/quality of education, stereotype threat) b. Race-specific norms may reduce diagnostic sensitivity (may prevent clients from getting treatment who would benefit from treatment) c. Race-specific norms typically result in greater cultural bias d. Race-specific norms typically result in higher rates of diagnosis for minority groups

a. Race-specific norms may not reflect all of the important cultural and educational background variables that influence performance (e.g., socioeconomic status, amount/quality of education, stereotype threat) b. Race-specific norms may reduce diagnostic sensitivity (may prevent clients from getting treatment who would benefit from treatment)

Which of the following structured interviews has the highest test-retest reliability? a. Scheduled of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) b. Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) c. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Diagnosis (SCID)

a. Scheduled of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS)

According to the author, the inter-scorer reliability of the polygraph is high. That is, when examining the same results (i.e., scoring the same chart), two scorers are likely to make the same judgment (innocent or guilty). Given the available evidence on the polygraph described by the author, which of the following could explain why inter-scorer reliability is high for polygraphs? a. Scorers are trained to interpret the results in a uniform way b. Countermeasures do not work c. Polygraphs have overall strong psychometric properties, including reliability and validity d. Polygraphs yield similar results when administering it multiple times

a. Scorers are trained to interpret the results in a uniform way

The author suggested all of the following when administering interviews EXCEPT: a. Tailor the phrasing and order of questions to meet the needs of the client b. Describe the format and purpose of the interview prior to starting the interview c. Conduct the interview in a quiet, protected area d. Convey a sense of empathy and positive regard using body posture, voice tone, and other nonverbal communication e. Establish rapport with the client quickly

a. Tailor the phrasing and order of questions to meet the needs of the client

Which of the following best describes structured interviews? a. The clinician asks predetermined sets of questions in a predefined order b. The clinician asks predetermined sets of questions in a predefined order, however the clinician is free to ask follow-up questions c. The clinician uses open-ended questions rather than a predetermined set of questions in a predefined order

a. The clinician asks predetermined sets of questions in a predefined order

Which of the following is most similar to the authors' definition for "norms" in psychological assessment? a. The standard of performance that a client's performance can be compared to b. The most common behavior in a social situation c. How a client expects other people to behave in a social situation

a. The standard of performance that a client's performance can be compared to

TRUE or FALSE: According to the author, a clinician can more quickly and easily learn whether a client is psychotic or mentally impaired by having a short conversation with the client (compared to using the Rorschach). a. True b. False

a. True

TRUE or FALSE: It is easier to fake self-report measures like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 compared to the Rorschach. a. True b. False

b. False

TRUE or FALSE: Lie detection is a scientifically supported use of polygraph tests. a. True b. False

b. False

According to the article, which of the following are strengths of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Diagnosis (SCID)? (choose more than one) a. It is brief to administer b. It takes a hierarchical approach c. It has good reliability d. It has diagnostic breadth e. It evaluates the severity of individual symptoms f. It requires little training to administer, score, and interpret

b. It takes a hierarchical approach c. It has good reliability d. It has diagnostic breadth

Research suggests that using common, non race-specific cutoffs (compared to race-specific norms) for measures of cognitive impairment leads these tests to have ________________. a. No change in sensitivity or specificity b. Lower specificity c. Higher specificity d. Lower sensitivity

b. Lower specificity

Which of the following physiological (i.e., bodily functioning) responses is associated exclusively with lying? a. Increased palmar sweating b. No physiological response has been found to be associated exclusively with lying c. Dilated pupils d. Respiration rate increases e. Heightened blood pressure

b. No physiological response has been found to be associated exclusively with lying

According to the authors, what are the potential advantages of using race-specific norms (compared to common, non race-specific norms)? (mult) a. Race-specific norms consider all of the important cultural and educational background variables that influence performance (e.g., socioeconomic status, amount/quality of education, stereotype threat) b. Race-specific norms aim to describe a client's performance relative to people with a similar background, thus potentially reducing cultural bias c. Race-specific norms ensure clients from a particular minority group get treatment who would benefit from treatment d. Race-specific norms may increase diagnostic specificity (may reduce over-pathologizing)

b. Race-specific norms aim to describe a client's performance relative to people with a similar background, thus potentially reducing cultural bias d. Race-specific norms may increase diagnostic specificity (may reduce over-pathologizing)

Which of the following would be the best evidence of construct validity for a measure intending to assess depression? a. The measure is standardized and reliable b. The measure actually and accurately assesses depression c. The measure is weakly related with constructs unrelated to depression (e.g., reading) d. The measure is predictively associated with suicide e. The measure is concurrently associated with anxiety

b. The measure actually and accurately assesses depression

Which of the following is NOT a concern about the Rorschach (using the most widely used Exner system) expressed by the author? a. It decreases the accuracy of diagnoses when it is used in combination with other tests b. It describes more people as psychologically disturbed than actually are c. It impairs the ability to develop rapport with the client d. Its norms are inadequate e. It is widely used in court settings and custody evaluations despite low accuracy for its intended use f. It is a poor measure of personality g. Apart from psychosis/thought disorder and intelligence, it is not valid for assessing psychological disorders

c. It impairs the ability to develop rapport with the client

According to the author, which of the following is true about the semi-structured interview? a. It is more closely related to the unstructured interview b. It is the most efficient form of interviewing c. It is more closely related to the structured interview d. It is the least efficient form of interviewing e. It is a misnomer as the semi-structured interview is not similar to either the structured or unstructured interview

c. It is more closely related to the structured interview

According to the author, all of the following are problems with polygraph testing (CQT) EXCEPT: a. The scoring system is based on arbitrary criteria and has not been systematically evaluated b. Different examiners use different questions/procedures It is not standardized or objective and has no norms c. It never involves numerical or computerized scoring d. Examinees can use undetectable countermeasures to successfully manipulate the results of polygraph testing

c. It never involves numerical or computerized scoring

Practitioners of the polygraph claim that the polygraph is highly accurate in detecting lies, based on field trials. According to the author, which of the following is most accurate regarding this statement? a. The polygraph is indeed around 97.5% accurate in detecting lies b. Practitioners of the polygraph under-estimate the accuracy of the polygraph because the imperfections in the legal system lead practitioners to estimate a lower accuracy than the actual accuracy of the polygraph c. Practitioners of the polygraph over-estimate the accuracy of the polygraph because practitioners rarely learn when they make errors

c. Practitioners of the polygraph over-estimate the accuracy of the polygraph because practitioners rarely learn when they make errors

As described by the authors, using race-specific norms may obscure background variables that explain underlying reasons for racial differences in performance on neuropsychological tests, including all of the following variables EXCEPT: a. Perceived discrimination b. Income c. Quality of life d. Socio-economic status e. Quantity/quality of education

c. Quality of life

If someone takes the Thematic Apperception Test, what does the test entail? a. Answering general knowledge questions b. Interpreting ink blots c. Telling a story about a seemingly ambiguous picture d. Trying to recall their earliest memory e. Answering questions about childhood experiences

c. Telling a story about a seemingly ambiguous picture

Which of the following is NOT a concern of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) expressed by the author? a. It is often administered in unstandardized ways with different cards being administered to different clients b. It is at risk of describing more people as psychologically disturbed than actually are c. The ambiguous stimuli can elicit different responses from different clients d. The scoring system is not standardized and does not have norms to compare a client's responses to a "typical" person's responses e. It is not valid for its intended use in court settings

c. The ambiguous stimuli can elicit different responses from different clients

Which of the following best describes semi-structured interviews? a. The clinician asks predetermined sets of questions in a predefined order b. The clinician uses open-ended questions rather than a predetermined set of questions in a predefined order c. The clinician asks predetermined sets of questions in a predefined order, however the clinician is free to ask follow-up questions

c. The clinician asks predetermined sets of questions in a predefined order, however the clinician is free to ask follow-up questions

Which of the following best describes unstructured interviews? a. The clinician asks predetermined sets of questions in a predefined order, however the clinician is free to ask follow-up questions b. The clinician asks predetermined sets of questions in a predefined order c. The clinician uses open-ended questions rather than a predetermined set of questions in a predefined order

c. The clinician uses open-ended questions rather than a predetermined set of questions in a predefined order

Which of the following is a threat to standardization when administering polygraphs? a. Polygraphs do not accurately detect lies b. Administrators receive intense training in administering the polygraph c. The control questions often vary from administration to administration d. Polygraphs analyze bodily functions such as heart rate

c. The control questions often vary from administration to administration

According to the author, all of the following are advantages of structured interviews (compared to unstructured interviews) EXCEPT: a. Administration and interpretation requires less clinical training b. They provide more valid diagnoses with less time spent with the client c. They have greater capacity for rapport-building d. They are more cost-effective e. Administration is standardized from clinician to clinician f. They have greater inter-rater reliability

c. They have greater capacity for rapport-building

In which of the following situations would we prioritize specificity (over sensitivity)? a. When early identification is important to improve future outcomes b. When the treatment is highly effective, inexpensive, and has no side effects c. When deciding whether someone is guilty or not guilty in a court of law

c. When deciding whether someone is guilty or not guilty in a court of law

When deciding whether to give a client a diagnosis and treatment, we consider both the sensitivity and specificity of the assessment. In which of the following situations would we prioritize sensitivity (over specificity)? a. When deciding whether someone is guilty or not guilty in a court of law b. When the treatment is expensive c. When early identification is important to improve future outcomes d. When the treatment is associated with severe side effects

c. When early identification is important to improve future outcomes

In field tests, the CQT correctly detects innocent people with _______, and correctly detects guilty people with _______. a. high accuracy; high accuracy b. low accuracy; high accuracy c. a probability that is only slightly better than chance; a probability that cannot be estimated d. a probability that is only slightly better than chance; a probability that is only slightly better than chance e. high accuracy; low accuracy

c. a probability that is only slightly better than chance; a probability that cannot be estimated

What percentage of psychologists conducting custody evaluations report having used projective drawing evaluations of the children involved? a. 0 b. 17 c. 60 d. 45 e. 3

d. 45

What is the traditional goal of projective tests? a. Assess clients' ability to see differences in two images b. Assess clients' storytelling skills c. Assess the personality traits of which the client is aware and willing to admit d. Assess the personality traits the client fails to recognize or wants to hide e. Assess clients' drawing skills

d. Assess the personality traits the client fails to recognize or wants to hide

According to the author, what is the main methodological weakness of the CQT (the most widely used version of the polygraph test)? a. The "relevant question" is relevant for the guilty person but never for the innocent person b. The "probable lie question" always elicits a lie c. The "relevant question" is a poorly phrased question d. The "probable lie question" is an inadequate control question e. The "relevant question" is relevant for the innocent person but never for the guilty person

d. The "probable lie question" is an inadequate control question

Which of the following best describes projective tests? a. The client is given a standardized performance test (e.g., IQ or achievement test) b. The client is given questions with limited response options (e.g., multiple choice, Likert scale, yes/no) c. The client is given a structured interview d. The client is given an ambiguous stimulus/task and is asked to make an open-ended response e. The clinician uses direct observation of the client's behavior in a natural setting or context

d. The client is given an ambiguous stimulus/task and is asked to make an open-ended response

The authors write, "It has not been demonstrated that performance below a common, race-independent cutoff means the same thing across race, ethnicity, and geographic region." This suggests that the ________________ of these measures could be improved (or needs to be demonstrated). a. Standardization b. Test-retest reliability c. Inter-rater reliability d. Discriminant validity e. Construct validity

e. Construct validity

Studies suggest that using the Rorschach may decrease the accuracy of diagnoses when used in combination with other tests. This suggests the Rorschach has poor ____________. a. Test-retest reliability b. Internal consistency c. Discriminant validity d. Inter-rater reliability e. Incremental validity

e. Incremental validity

What is considered the best practice (i.e., gold standard) for diagnostic assessments? a. Self-report questionnaires b. Semi-structured interviews c. Unstructured interviews d. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) e. Structured interviews

e. Structured interviews

According to the author, all of the following are limitations of structured interviews (compared to unstructured interviews) EXCEPT: a. Some of the phrasing and order of questions might feel awkward for some clients b. They may not always make clients feel comfortable c. They constrain the ability of the clinician to tailor the interview to meet the needs of the client d. Some clients may give less information or less truthful information e. They have overall weaker validity

e. They have overall weaker validity