CLP1001 Final Exam
The "similarity principle" tends to be found most frequently in
- Heterosexual couples - Homosexual couples - Friendships
In order to reduce prejudice within yourself, you need to
- Pay careful attention to what you think - Shift from mindlessness to mindfulness - Shift from automatic to controlled processing
One of the differences between depressive and bipolar disorders is that
- People with major depressive disorder experience periodic bouts of depression - People with bipolar disorders experience emotional extremes of both depression and mania - People with major depressive disorder experience anhedonia
This text assumes the key to effective adjustment is to
- Take charge of your own life - Meet problems head-on - Take an active role in improving the quality of your life
Twin studies discussed in your text suggest that genes account for about ______ of peoples' variation in personality
50%
______________ test requires people to respond to ambiguous stimuli. Inferences about needs, emotions, and personality traits are draw from the responses.
A projective
Sociometer theory suggests that self-esteem is
A subjective measure of one's interpersonal popularity and success
People from a collectivistic culture are less likely than those from individualistic cultures to have which of the following traits
Adjust themselves to needs of the group
Vinnie dislikes leaving his home and has gradually become more fearful whenever he has to go somewhere. Lately, he has decided to have his groceries delivered and do all his work online. Vinnie may be suffering from
Agoraphobia
Which of the following is the best example of normative influence?
An individual joins a gang to look cool in front of his friends
The class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
Anxiety disorders
Which of the following theoretical orientations asserts that scientific should focus on the study of observable
Behaviorism
Each of the following limits one's ability to accurately engage in self-assessment EXCEPT
Biased affective forecasting
threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no apparent time limit are referred to as
Chronic stressors
Eight-year-old Cindy has to decide whether to be best friends with Jillian, who has lots of toys to play with, or with Kaitlin, whose family has invited Cindy to go camping with them. According to social exchange theory, Cindy's choice will most likely be influenced by her consideration of which of the following?
Comparison level of alternatives
__________ occurs when people yield to social pressure in their public behavior, even though their private beliefs have not changed.
Compliance
Which of the following ideas lies at the core of the concept of personality?
Consistency across situations
________ is a tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way.
Defensive attribution
Liling is a successful lawyer who suddenly forgot who she is and most of the important details of her life after she survived a terrible car accident that killed three of her colleagues. Liling may be suffering from
Dissociative amnesia
People who lose contact with portions of the their consciousness or memory and experience disruptions in their sense of identity would most likely be considered as having which of the following types of disorders
Dissociative disorders
Which of the following disorders features the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, identities or personalities.
Dissociative identity disorder
____________ is the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation
Empiricism
Lou blames his professor for not teaching well enough, and he attributes that as the sole factor responsible for his failing Statistics. Lou is making a(n) _____________ attributtion.
External
Which of the following is NOT true of self-esteem according to the research?
Happiness cause high self-esteem
Which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between stress and anxiety disorders
High stress may help precipitate the onset of anxiety disorders
Betty has been depressed. She has been describing how she feels to her friends who recommended she seek out a therapist. Which of the following conclusions regarding Betty's behavior is appropriate?
It can be considered abnormal because she obviously feels great personal distress
_________ is an active relationship maintenance process that includes knowledge of the partner's opinions and making positive attributions regarding the partner's behaviors.
Minding
Some researchers believe that self-concept is most likely to change when a person
Moves to a new city
_____________ is a sense of grandiose self-importance
Narcissism
Which of the following are Big Five traits?
Neuroticism and openness to experience
In general, the Internet has had a negative impact on people's social relationships
No
_________ is a form of compliance in which people change their behavior in response to direct commands.
Obedience
Encouraging your partner to disclose his or her thoughts and feelings to you illustrates which of the following relationship maintenance strategies
Openness
_________ refers to a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their own consequences
Operant conditioning
Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to explain other people's behavior in terms of _______, rather than ______ factors
Personal; situational
The matching hypothesis suggests that people of similar gravitate toward each other.
Physical attractiveness
People with an independent view of the self are most likely to engage in which of the following behaviors?
Promote freedom and choice
________ involves the actions one takes to sustain the desirable qualities of a relationship.
Relationship maintenance
Which of the following is the correct order for three steps in friendship repair rituals?
Reproach, remedy, acknowledgement
Which of the following is NOT a factor influencing the nature of initial encounters between two people?
Resource exchange
The largest group of college students identified which of the following as the person to whom they felt the closest
Romantic partner
The largest group of college students which of the following as the person to whom they felt the closest?
Romantic partner
According to E. Tory Higgins, a discrepancy between the actual self and the ideal self is most likely to trigger which of the following emotions?
Sadness
Numerous studies have shown that good communication is most likely to be related to which of the following
Satisfaction in relationships
Which of the following groups of psychological disorder is characterized by irrational thinking, poor reality contact, disturb emotion, and hallucinations
Schizophrenic disorders
________ are the inferences that people make about what causes their behavior
Self-attributions
_________ is an organized set of beliefs about the self
Self-concept
Imagine that you see a potential employer at a job fair. You only have a moment to make a first impression. Suppose you want to convey your potential for the job based simply on your academic prowess. Evaluate the following impression management strategies. Which approach would be MOST appropriate for this scenario?
Self-promotion
Presenting yourself in a way that you think will cause others to respect you is most consistent with which of the following self-presentation strategies?
Self-promotion
How did the Asch induce conformity in his studies involving judgements of line length?
Several accomplices gave incorrect answers before the true participant answered.
Kelly thinks she works hard to make sure that her relationship boyfriend Michael is fulfilling and fun. However, lately she has begun to think that Michael doesn't appreciate her efforts. According to ________, this relationship might not last
Social exchange theory
__________ are widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group
Stereotypes
A researcher gives you a questionnaire to fill out about your attitudes on abortion, school prayer, and drug legalization. This researcher is using which of the following research methods?
Survey
Comorbidity is
The coexistence of two or more disorders.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the role of physical attractiveness in relationships?
The importance of physical attractiveness in a dating partner has decreased in the last 50 years
Which of the following is the best definition of psychology?
The study of behavior and the profession that applies knowledge from these studies to solving practical problems
Which of the following facial features is NOT associated with physical attractiveness in women?
Thin lips
Art is on the debate team and is interested in philosophy. He enjoys seeking out effortful thought. He is most likely to be persuaded by
a high-quality argument
A researcher wants to determine whether diet causes children to learn better in school. In this study, the dependent variable is
a measure of learning
Prejudice is defined as
a negative attitude toward some group.
Nonverbal communication is most informative when it is
accompanied by verbal messages
The term _____________ refers to the psychological processes through which people manage or cope with the demands and challenges of everyday life
adjustment
The correct order of stages in the general adaption syndrome is
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
A personal explanation of the cause of behavior is
an attribution
In a case study,
an individual participant is studied in depth
An attribution is
an inference about the causes of behavior and events
Social comparison theory proposes that we compare ourselves to others in order to
assess our abilities and opinions
Persuasion involves the communication of arguments information intended to change another person's
attitudes
Categorizing others by ethnicity, gender, age, or religion is used to
avoid expanding cognitive effort to form a more accurate impression
Baumeister's research suggests that a narcissist who experiences an ego threat is likely to
become aggressive or violent
The area of psychological research that attempts to trace the hereditary influences on personality is called
behavioral genetics
Critics have described the psychodynamic perspective as
biased females and difficult to test
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that help shape our vision of our possible selves?
biology
Modern Western society has made extraordinary technological progress
but social and personal problems seem more prevalent and more prominent than ever before
Compared to other methods of drawing conclusions about behavior, the major advantages of the scientific approach are
clarity and precision; relative intolerance of error
When your cat hears a can being opened and comes running, it is an example of
classical conditioning
An originally neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response is called a(n)
conditioned stimulus
In _________ disorders, people show persistent feeling of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure
depressive
Self-regulation refers to
directing and controlling ones behavior.
Two months ago, your best friend did not win a major scholarship that she had been counting on to help pay for graduate school. Now she is always fighting with you, her boyfriend, and her roommates. She is most likely using the defense mechanism called
displacement.
A control group consists of subjects who
do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group
In general, women's friendships are more likely to focus on _________, whereas men's friendships tend to be based on _________.
emotional intimacy; shared interests
Several lines of research indicate that the most important element of friendship is
emotional support
Humanism is a theoretical orientation that
emphasizes unique human qualities such as free will and growth potential
The tendency to use similar casual explanations for a wide variety of events in one's life is known as
explanatory style
An innate adaptive response to the perception of danger is the ______.
fight-or-flight reaction
Lila believes that worrying will help her avoid negative events. She will usually find a reason to worry about something — her schoolwork, her boss, her parents, and whether the bus will come on time. Lila may possibly be suffering from
generalized anxiety disorder
The lowball technique involves
getting someone to commit to an attractive deal before revealing its hidden costs
According to Baumrind's parental classification system, authoritative parents display
high acceptance and high control
a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable is called a(n) __________ variable
independent
Mainstream America culture would most accurately be described as
individualistic
John is always putting himself down and expressing doubts in his own abilities. According to Adler, John may have a(n)
inferiority complex
In terms of relationship commitment, things that people contribute in a relationship that they cannot get back if the relationship ends are called
investments
Marge associates positives attributes with being underweight. She
is in danger of having an eating disorder
The ________ model proposes it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease
medical
Susan recognized the face of someone she often sees at work. She smiled when she saw the person despite not knowing who the person was. This is an example of
mere exposure effect
In interpersonal communication, the information that is transmitted from one person to another is called the
message
A _______ correlation is one in which the two variables move opposite directions; as one factor increases, the other decreases
negative
When temperatures rise during summer in the desert, the the amount of outdoor activities declines. This relationship is an example of a
negative correlation
The strengthening of a response leading to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is
negative reinforcement
Various confounding factors can lead to misinterpretation of eye contact between individuals. This may cause such nonverbal communication to become a form of ________ in interpersonal communication.
noise
When you and your friend make faces at each other during a class lecture, it is an example of
nonverbal communication
The results of Milgram's study imply that
obedience to authority was even more common than he anticipated.
An unwanted thought that repeatedly intrudes upon an individual's consciousness is called a(n)
obsession
Close relationships can arouse both positive and negative feelings. This phenomenon is termed
paradox of close relationships
Evolutionary explanations for dating and mating habits
parental investment theory
Research has shown that children's self-perceptions are strongly related their _______ than to their parents' attitudes toward them
perceptions of their parents' attitudes toward them
Rogers emphasized a person's subjective point of view he called
person-centered
"hostile", "agreeable" and trusting are all adjectives that can be used to represent
personality traits
Working hard to sell the most widgets for your employer in order to earn a bonus and paid vacation is behavior that is shaped by the prospect of
positive reinforcement
According to Freud, the ___________ contains thoughts and feelings that are below the surface of awareness
preconscious
Whenever others expect you to conform to their expectations or perform in certain ways, you tend to experience
pressure
In epidemiology, ________ refers to the percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period.
prevalence
Posttraumatic stress disorder involves
psychological disturbance due to the experience of a major
_______ involves the actions one takes to sustain the desirable qualities of a relationship
relationship maintenance
According to evolutionary psychologists, men seeking a prospective mate are likely to display the most interest in characteristics that denote a woman's
reproductive capacity
A significant benefit that comes from understanding techniques of persuasion and compliance is that such understanding can help you to __________ them
resist
In the _______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the body attempts to adapt to continued stress.
resistance
In classical conditioning, the unconditioned response is a(n) reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
response that does not need to be learned
Depressed people who _______ tend to remain depressed longer than those who don't
ruminate about their depression
The "cocktail party effect" illustrates the concept of
selective attention
According to Maslow, our need to fulfill our potential is called
self-actualization
The voluntary act of verbally communicating your personal information to another person is called
self-disclosure
A mismatching of self-perceptions is termed
self-discrepancy
One's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes is called
self-efficacy
The tendency to use various strategies to maintain a positive view of the self is called
self-enhancement
People asses personal worth through
self-esteem
People assess personal worth through
self-esteem
Threats to personal and social identity motivate individuals to restore
self-esteem
The tendency to sabotage one's performance to provide an excuse for possible failure is called
self-handicapping
The vast majority of personality tests take the form of
self-report inventories
Robert believes the reason he did not get job was he didn't have as much to prepare for the interview as others because of bad bad luck on that day. Robert is most likely engaged in
self-serving
According to Freud, conflicts centering on _______ and ________ impulses are especially likely to have far-reaching consequences
sexual; aggressive
According to Jung, the collective unconscious is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past, which is
shared with the entire human race
The idea that interpersonal are governed by perceptions of rewards and costs is a key premise in
social exchange theory
The moral component of personality, according to Freud, is represented by the
superego
Mounting evidence from research indicates that stress may ______ the functioning of the immune system.
suppress/weaken
The fight-or-flight response occurs in the
sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Phil has been talking to Bill about contemplating suicide. Bill can help Phil most by
taking Phil's talk seriously
According to psychologists, frustration occurs when
the pursuit of some goal
The process wherby expectations about a person cause the person to behave in ways that confirm the expectation is called
the self-fulfilling prophecy
When people discount situational factors and instead attack people's character by calling them "lazy" or "freeloaders", remarks like these illustrate
the ultimate attribution error
People engage in counterproductive strategies because
they believe they will eventually be succesful
A correlation exists when
two variables are related to each other
Psychodynamic theories of personality tend to focus on
unconscious mental processes