CLPS Exam 1

top down v.s bottom up processing

Top Down: the influence of later stages on the processing of earlier ones (eg: memory influences perception)

area V4 v.s V5

V4: region associated with color perception V5: region associated with motion perception

syndrome

a cluster of different symptoms that are believed to be related in some meaningful way

diaschisis

a discrete brain lesion can disrupt the functioning of distant brain regions that are structurally intact

structural descriptions

a memory representation of the three-dimensional structure of objects

scotoma

a small region of cortical blindness

split brain

a surgical procedure in which fibers of the corpus callosum are severed

blindsight

a symptom in which the patient reports not being able to consciously see stimuli in a particular region but can nevertheless perform visual discriminations accurately

akinetopsia v.s achromatopsia

achromotopsia: failure to perceive color (world in grayscale) -- not colorblindness which is due to cone deficit akinetopsia: failure to perceive visual motion

information processing

an approach in which behavior is described in terms of a sequence of cognitive stages

subtractive logic/ cognition subtraction

an aspect of experimental design involving the comparison of two conditions or brain states that are presumed to differ in only one discrete feature

apperceptive v.s associative agnosia

apperceptive: failure to understand the meaning of objects due to a deficit at level of object perception agnosia: failure to understand the meaning of objects due to deficit at the level of semantic memory

reductionism

belief that the mind based concepts will eventually be replaced by neuroscientific concepts

quadrantrantopia

cortical blindness restricted to a quarter of the visual field

hemianopia

cortical blindness restricted to one half of the visual field (associated with damage to the primary visual cortex in one hemisphere)

functional integration v.s function specialization

functional integration: the way in which different regions communicate with each other functional specialization: different areas of the brain specialized for different functions

group v.s single case study

group: the performance of different patients is combined to yield a group average single: data from different patients is not combined

association

impaired on task 1 and also impaired on task 2 - uses the same neural resources

independent v.s dependent variable

independent: variable being manipulated, dependent: variable that changes in response

interactivity v.s modularity

interactivity: later stages of processing can begin before earlier stages are complete (not strictly separate) modularity: the notion that certain cog processes are restricted in the type of info the process

ipsilateral v.s contralateral projections

ipsilateral projects project to the same side as it originates, contralateral projects to the opposite side

dual aspect theory

mind and brain are two levels of description of the same thing

integrative v.s object orientation agnosia

object orientation: inability to extract orientation of object despite adequate object recognition integrative: disorder in which the patient has symptoms of both apperceptive agnosia and associative agnosia, although their primary visual abilities are intact.

hierarchical/serial v.s parallel processing

parallel: different information processed at the same time (vision and auditory processed simultaneously in different places) hierarchical: one cognitive domain processes one function starting from minimal details up to higher complex details

blind spots

part of the retina with a lack of cones and rods directly where the optic nerve exits

invasiveness

refers to method that utilizes break in skin

rods v.s cones

rods: photoreceptors that are not color sensitive, cones: photoreceptors that are color sensitive

dualism

seeing mind and body as two different things that interact

sensation v.s perception

sensation = the effects of a stimulus on the sensory organs. perception= the elaboration and interpretation of a sensory stimulus based on, for example, knowledge of how objects are structured

repetitive v.s single pulse TMS

single pulse: used to explore brain functioning repetitive: used to induce changes in brain activity that can last beyond the stimulation period

single v.s double dissociation

single: patient is impaired on one task but not another double: two single dissociations that are opposite in two patients

category specificity

the notion that the brain represents different categories in different ways or different regions

optic chiasm

the part of the retinal projection at which the nasal retinas of each eye cross over

receptive field

the particular region in which a stimulus will modify the firing of that neuron

figure ground segregation

the process of segmenting a visual display into objects versus background surfaces

task resource v.s task demand artifact

task resource: dissociation may be caused by the fact that one task is harder and uses the neural resource more task demand: dissociation may caused by fact that one task is performed subpotentially (distracted or something)

biological motion

the ability to detect whether a stimulus is animate or not from movement cues alone

temporal resolution

the accuracy with which one can measure WHEN an event (a physiological change) occurs

spatial resolution

the accuracy with which one can measure WHERE an event is occuring

color constancy

the color of a surface is perceived as constant even when illuminated in different lighting conditions

domain specificity (chap 1)

the idea that a cognitive process is dedicated solely to one particular type of function

visual expertise

training your brain based on seeing certain stimuli many many times

object constancy

understanding that objects remain the same, irrespective of differences in viewing condition

dorsal v.s ventral streams

ventral: pathway extending from occipital lobes to the temporal lobes involving object recognition, memory and semantics dorsal: a pathway extending from the occipital lobes to the parietal lobes involved in visually guided action and attention