CLPS Midterm 2 MC

The first major phase of neurodevelopment is induction of the a. neural tube. b. neural grove. c. growth cones. d. neural plate. e. neural growth factors.

D. Neural Plate

A zygote divides to form a. a sperm cell and an ovum. b. two ova. c. two zygotes. d. two daughter cells. e. two sperm cells.

D. two daughter cells

A method of measuring changes in the extracellular concentrations of various neurochemicals in particular sites in the brains of active laboratory animals is a. cerebral dialysis. b. the 6-OHDA histological technique. c. in situ hybridization. d. immunocytochemistry. e. electroencephalography.

a. cerebral dialysis

A method of measuring the extracellular concentration of particular neurochemicals in the brain through a fine semipermeable tube is a. cerebral dialysis. b. immunocytochemistry. c. extracellular unit recording. d. intracellular unit recording.

a. cerebral dialysis

Which method provides structural and functional information about the living human brain on the same image? a. functional MRI b. angiography c. PET d. CT e. EEG

a. functional MRI

Which of the following are amoebalike in their appearance and movements? a. growth cones b. ependymal cells c. neural cell-adhesion molecules d. radial glial cells e. retinal ganglion cells

a. growth cones

Williams syndrome is associated with a variety of health problems associated with the a. heart. b. lungs. c. lymphatic system. d. liver.

a. heart

Both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Williams syndrome are often associated with a. intellectual disabilities. b. talkativeness. c. emotional insensitivity. d. severe language problems. e. empathy.

a. intellectual disabilities

The typical Morris water maze a. is circular. b. contains a clearly visible escape platform. c. is filled with clear water. d. all of the above e. both B and C

a. is circular

The wave of absolute refractoriness that follows an action potential a. keeps the action potential from spreading actively back along an axon towards the cell body. b. increases the firing rate. c. increases the speed of axonal transmission. d. produces a second, negative action potential. e. produces saltatory conduction.

a. keeps the action potential from spreading actively back along an axon towards the cell body

__________ are light-sensitive ion channels that are found in the cell membranes of certain bacteria and algae. a. Opsins b. Brainbows c. GFPs d. Caenorhabditis elegans

a. opsins

Neuroscientists insert specific opsin genes into particular neurons so that exposure to light influences their activity. This technique is generally referred to as a. optogenetics. b. immunochemistry. c. brainbow. d. in situ hybridization. e. autoradiography.

a. optogenetics

In neurons without axons, conduction occurs entirely in the form of a. passive, decrementally conducted potentials. b. action potentials. c. all-or-none potentials. d. saltatory conduction. e. excitation.

a. passive, decrementally conducted potentials

Conduction in interneurons lacking axons is typically __________ and ____________. a. passive; decremental b. passive; non-decremental c. active; non-decremental d. all-or-none; active

a. passive; decremental

In a resting neuron, _____________ channels are open, whereas ______________ channels are closed. a. potassium; sodium b. sodium; potassium c. transporter; potassium d. ion; transporter

a. potassium; sodium

The course of human cognitive development is thought to reflect the development of the a. prefrontal cortex. b. hippocampus. c. secondary neocortex. d. posterior parietal cortex. e. hypothalamus.

a. prefrontal cortex

The pattern of neural migration that is indicated by the arrows in this illustration is (picture) a. radial. b. tangential. c. inside out. d. outside in. e. posterior.

a. radial

Action potentials normally travel along axons in only one direction because of the a. refractory period. b. rising phase of the action potential. c. repolarization phase of the action potential. d. potassium channels.

a. refractory period

The transmission of action potentials in myelinated axons is called a. saltatory conduction. b. rapid transmission. c. myelin-based conduction. d. sodium-channel-based transmission.

a. saltatory conduction

Which of the following is an indoleamine neurotransmitter? a. serotonin b. dopamine c. glutamate d. epinephrine

a. serotonin

The digit-span test is a common test of a. short-term memory. b. counting. c. arithmetic. d. intelligence. e. lateralization.

a. short-term memory

A common invasive test of language lateralization is the a. sodium amytal test. b. Wisconsin card sorting test. c. digit span test. d. repetition priming test.

a. sodium amytal test

The end of the rising phase of an action potential occurs when the a. sodium channels close. b. sodium channels open. c. potassium channels open. d. potassium channels close. e. both A and D

a. sodium channels close

Which of the following have traditionally been used by physicians to measure blood pressure? a. sphygmomanometers b. plethysmographs c. oscilloscopes d. electrodes e. ERPs

a. sphygmomanometers

In laboratory animals, cortical EEG signals are commonly recorded through a. stainless steel skull screws. b. electrodes placed around the eyes. c. subcortical electrodes. d. disk electrodes taped to the scalp. e. cortical pipettes.

a. stainless steel skull screws

PET and fMRI studies almost always employ the paired-image ________ technique. a. subtraction b. multiplication c. averaging d. addition

a. subtraction

107. With respect to neurotransmitters, which of the following is a correct sequence? a. synthesis, storage, exocytosis, reuptake b. reuptake, synthesis, deactivation, exocytosis c. deactivation, postsynaptic binding, synthesis, storage d. storage, deactivation, synthesis, exocytosis e. exocytosis, postsynaptic binding, synthesis, reuptake

a. synthesis, storage, exocytosis, reuptake

When postsynaptic potentials produced in rapid succession at the same synapse sum, it is known as a. temporal summation. b. spatial summation. c. the refractory period. d. an all-or-none response.

a. temporal summation

Most neural proliferation in the developing neural tube occurs in the layer adjacent to a. the fluid-filled central canal. b. the cortex. c. the marginal zone. d. layer 6. e. the neural crest.

a. the fluid-filled central canal

Diffusion tensor imaging is a method of identifying a. those pathways along which water molecules rapidly diffuse. b. activity in particular brain regions. c. the BOLD signal. d. particular brain structures.

a. those pathways along which water molecules rapidly diffuse.

Research on the migration in the neural tube of future neocortical neurons indicates that the destinations of migrating neurons are determined by the location and _____________ of their births. a. timing b. ease c. genetics d. experience e. age

a. timing

Which of the following methods is used to activate particular areas of human cortex? a. transcranial direct current stimulation b. PET activation c. MRI stimulation d. BOLD stimulation

a. transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

Mice that contain the genetic material of another species are called a. transgenic mice. b. optogenetic mice. c. knockout mice. d. brainbow mice.

a. transgenic mice

The hypothesis that synaptic transmission depends on communication among three cells (presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, and astrocyte) is referred to as the a. tripartite synapse. b. astrosynaptic hypothesis. c. tricellular hypothesis. d. three's company hypothesis

a. tripartite synapse

The neural groove develops into the neural a. tube. b. plate. c. mesoderm. d. endoderm. e. cord.

a. tube

Lesions restricted to structures on one half of the brain are called a. unilateral lesions. b. bilateral lesions. c. monopolar lesions. d. bipolar lesions. e. unitary lesions.

a. unilateral lesions

Most cell division in the neural tube occurs in the a. ventricular zone. b. mesoderm. c. ventricles. d. floor plate.

a. ventricular zone

In the sodium amytal test, an injection into the carotid artery contralateral to the dominant hemisphere for speech renders the patient completely mute for a. 50 seconds. b. 2 minutes. c. 4 minutes. d. 30 minutes. e. none of the above

b. 2 minutes

By 40 days after conception, swellings are clearly visible at the anterior end of the neural tube. There are a. 2. b. 3. c. 4. d. 32. e. 64.

b. 3

Perseverative errors are often made by children between the ages of a. 3 to 5 months. b. 7 to 12 months. c. 1 to 2 years. d. 2 to 4 years. e. 4 to 8 years.

b. 7 to 12 months

Which is considered to be the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS? a. glycine b. GABA c. glutamate d. serotonin e. dopamine

b. GABA

Which of the following procedures is NOT an adaptation of X-ray photography? a. computed tomography b. MRI c. CT d. angiography e. both A and C

b. MRI

Which of the following subtests of the WAIS involves cartoon drawings? a. Object Assembly b. Picture Arrangement c. Coloring d. Similarities e. Digit Span

b. Picture Arrangement

A test of frontal-lobe damage is the a. dichotic listening test. b. Wisconsin card sorting test. c. digit span test. d. WAIS.

b. Wisconsin card sorting test

Which of the following biopsychologists would be most likely to study cortical ERPs in human volunteers? a. a neuropsychologist b. a psychophysiologist c. a physiological psychologist d. a psychopharmacologist e. a comparative psychologist

b. a psychophysiologist

Many new neural tube cells migrate radially a. along axons of other neurons. b. along radial glial cells. c. to the ventricular zone. d. all of the above e. both B and C

b. along radial glial cells

The release of neurotransmitter molecules from buttons is often triggered by a. an efflux of sodium ions. b. an influx of calcium ions. c. the sodium-potassium pump. d. the arrival of an AP at the axon hillock. e. the release of calcium ions from the buttons.

b. an influx of calcium ions

The self-stimulation paradigm is a. a Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. b. an operant conditioning paradigm. c. a punishment procedure. d. both A and C e. both B and C

b. an operant conditioning paradigm

Unlike subcortical lesions, cortical lesions are often made by a. the electrolytic method. b. aspiration. c. radio-frequency current. d. transection. e. stereotaxic surgery.

b. aspiration

The most prevalent childhood neurological disorder is a. dyspraxia. b. autism spectrum disorder (ASD). c. Williams syndrome. d. Down syndrome.

b. autism spectrum disorder

Unlike brain-imaging techniques, TMS permits the study of __________ between human cortical activity and cognition. a. links b. causal relations c. correlations d. neural connections e. communication

b. causal relations

Many neurons contain two neurotransmitters—a situation generally referred to as a. metabotropic. b. coexistence. c. dual transmitters. d. tripartite.

b. coexistence

Muscle tension is monitored by a. electroencephalography. b. electromyography. c. electrooculography. d. ERPs. e. MEGs.

b. electromyography

Embryonic cells that have the potential for unlimited renewal and have the ability to develop into different kinds of mature cells if they are transplanted to different sites are often called a. daughter cells. b. embryonic stem cells. c. zygotes. d. multipolar cells. e. ectodermal cells.

b. embyronic stem cells

Only those growth cones that are not pioneer growth cones can normally find their way to their targets by a. chemoaffinity. b. fasciculation. c. blueprints. d. topographic gradients. e. stopping and asking for directions.

b. fasciculation

Technological developments led to the discovery of __________ throughout the mammalian brain; they seem to link the activities of inhibitory interneurons of the same type. a. neuropeptides b. gap junctions c. multipolar neurons d. chemical synapses e. G-proteins

b. gap junctions

Repetition priming tests are tests of a. explicit memory. b. implicit memory. c. episodic memory. d. semantic memory. e. consolidated memory.

b. implicit memory

Apoptosis is safer than necrosis because apoptosis does not involve a. neuron death. b. inflammation. c. suicide. d. degeneration. e. synapse rearrangement

b. inflammation

IPSPs are a. non-graded. b. inhibitory. c. excitatory. d. inflammatory

b. inhibitory

In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors generally produce a. their effects more rapidly. b. longer lasting effects. c. more localized effects. d. all of the above e. both A and C

b. longer lasting effects

Autoreceptors of a neuron are sensitive to the neuron's own a. EPSPs. b. neurotransmitter. c. IPSPs. d. second messengers. e. APs.

b. neurotransmitter

Almost all functional brain-imaging studies use the a. default mode. b. paired-image subtraction technique. c. aspiration control. d. constituent cognitive process.

b. paired image subtraction technique

Experiences that permit information in brain genetic programs to be expressed and maintained are called a. instructive experiences. b. permissive experiences. c. critical experiences. d. sensitive experiences. e. none of the above

b. permissive experiences

Second messengers are formed in the a. presynaptic neuron. b. postsynaptic neuron. c. synaptic cleft. d. vesicles. e. mitochondria

b. postsynaptic neuron

The last part of the human brain to reach full maturity is the a. hippocampus. b. prefrontal cortex. c. amygdala. d. occipital cortex. e. hypothalamus.

b. prefrontal cortex

After a neuron fires, the resting potential is re-established by the a. sodium-potassium pump. b. random movement of ions. c. refractory period. d. electrostatic gradient. e. EPSP's

b. random movement of ions

Cocaine and amphetamines in high doses can produce a temporary disorder that is similar to a. epilepsy. b. schizophrenia. c. Parkinson's disease. d. paralysis. e. Huntington's disease.

b. schizophrenia

Metabotropic receptors are linked to a. ligand-activated ion channels. b. signal proteins and G proteins. c. ionotropic receptors. d. vesicles. e. receptor subtypes.

b. signal proteins and G proteins

The Morris water maze is commonly used to study a. swimming in fish. b. spatial ability in rats. c. maze running in rats. d. passive avoidance in fish. e. swimming in rats.

b. spatial ability in rats

The _____________________ is used to locate brain structures in much the same way that a map is used to locate geographic landmarks. a. bregma map b. stereotaxic atlas c. stereotaxic instrument d. stereotaxic map

b. stereotaxic atlas

Acetylcholine is a. a large-molecule neurotransmitter. b. synthesized by adding an acetyl group to a choline molecule. c. an indolamine. d. all of the above e. both B and C

b. synthesized by adding an acetyl group to a choline molecule

A method of identifying all of the brain areas of a laboratory animal that were particularly active during a behavioral test is a. cerebral dialysis. b. the 2-deoxyglucose technique. c. immunocytochemistry. d. the 6-OHDA technique. e. the kainic acid technique.

b. the 2-deoxyglucose technique

Which of the following is a test of language ability that employs objects of two shapes, two sizes, and five different colors? a. block-span test b. token test c. aphasia subtest of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery d. paired-associate test e. Wechsler Language Scale Test

b. token test

There are three kinds of spatial summation and a. one kind of temporal summation. b. two kinds of temporal summation. c. three kinds of temporal summation. d. four kinds of temporal summation. e. no such thing as temporal summation.

b. two kinds of temporal summation

A major feature of the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is their a. serenity. b. variability from case to case. c. homogeneity. d. consistency. e. universality.

b. variability from case to case

Most cell division in the developing neural tube occurs in the a. hindbrain zone. b. ventricular zone. c. ventricles. d. posterior zone. e. midbrain

b. ventricular zone

Depriving one eye of input for a few days early in life has a lasting adverse effect on vision in the deprived eye, but this does not happen if the a. animal's primary visual cortex is stimulated. b. animal is subsequently exposed to an enriched environment. c. other eye is also blindfolded. d. deprived eye is subsequently exposed to excessive visual stimulation.

c. other eye is also blindfolded

If a PET image is recorded while a patient is reading, many areas of activity on the PET image will have nothing to do with the cognitive activity of reading per se. That is why cognitive neuroscientists often use a. functional MRI. b. structural MRI. c. the paired-image subtraction technique. d. the additive-image control procedure. e. EEG.

c. paired image subtraction technique

The neural crest develops into the a. ventricular system. b. cortex. c. peripheral nervous system. d. circulatory system of the brain. e. neural tube.

c. peripheral nervous system

Positron emission tomography is a valuable research tool because it a. pictures the brain in fine detail. b. involves angiography. c. provides an image of brain function. d. provides an image of brain structure. e. involves low levels of radioactivity.

c. provides an image of brain function

The spatial abilities of foraging rodents are often assessed with a ________ maze. a. Morris water b. elevated plus c. radial arm d. intromission

c. radial arm

A seminatural animal learning paradigm that is often used to study spatial ability is the a. self-stimulation paradigm. b. conditioned defensive burying paradigm. c. radial arm maze. d. the conditioned taste aversion paradigm.

c. radial arm maze

Signal averaging is commonly used in the recording of ERPs because it reduces the magnitude of a. large signals. b. sensory evoked potentials. c. random signals. d. the P300. e. far-field potentials.

c. random signals

Alpha wave EEG activity is associated with a. high arousal. b. sleep. c. relaxed wakefulness. d. epilepsy. e. evoked potentials.

c. relaxed wakefulness

In most PET and functional MRI studies of cognitive processes, the signal-to-noise ratio is increased by a. subtraction. b. addition. c. signal averaging. d. signal splitting. e. multiplication.

c. signal averaging

Sperry's initial version of the chemoaffinity hypothesis of axon growth has difficulty accounting for a. the results of Sperry's own eye-rotation regeneration experiments. b. the ability of axons to grow to their correct targets. c. the ability of axons to follow exactly the same circuitous route to their target in every member of a species. d. all of the above e. both A and B

c. the ability of axons to follow exactly the same circuitous route to their target in every member of a species

Normally, a male rat cannot intromit unless a. it is all by itself. b. it first displays lordosis. c. the female first displays lordosis. d. the female has a low lordosis quotient. e. it first ejaculates.

c. the female first displays lordosis

A membrane potential is the difference in electrical charge between a. neuron membranes. b. synapses and cell bodies. c. the inside and outside of a cell. d. nuclei and tracts. e. ganglia and nerves.

c. the inside and outside of a cell

Unlike other electrophysiological methods of recording neural activity, intracellular unit recording provides measurements of a. cell firing. b. action potentials. c. the membrane potential. d. reductions in neural firing. e. EEG activity.

c. the membrane potential

In human patients, EEG activity is commonly recorded directly from a. muscle. b. the hippocampus. c. the scalp. d. the neocortex. e. the heart.

c. the scalp

Eyes and optic tectums grow at different rates. As they grow, the synaptic connections that were originally formed on the tectum by axons of retinal ganglion cells shift so that the retina is always fully and faithfully mapped on the tectum. This finding supports the a. chemoaffinity hypothesis. b. pioneer hypothesis. c. topographic-gradient hypothesis. d. all of the above e. both A and C

c. topographic-gradient hypothesis

Peptide neurotransmitters (i.e., neuropeptides) are synthesized in the cell body and a. stored in the Golgi complex until they are broken down. b. released by the Golgi complex into the synapse. c. transported in vesicles along microtubules to the buttons. d. stored in ribosomes with small-molecule neurotransmitters. e. transported along the axons to the nodes of Ranvier.

c. transported in vesicles along microtubules to the buttons.

Studies have shown that about ______ new neurons are created each day in each hippocampus of humans. a. 4 b. 8 c. 12 d. 16 e. 700

e. 700

Which of the following provides the most detailed three-dimensional view of the structure of the living human brain? a. CT b. PET c. angiography d. EEG e. MRI

e. MRI

Acetylcholine is created by the addition of an acetyl group to a. a monoamine. b. a soluble gas. c. tryptophan. d. an indolamine. e. a choline molecule.

e. a choline molecule

Glycine, aspartate, and glutamate are a. amino acid neurotransmitters. b. small-molecule neurotransmitters. c. transmitters at fast-acting, directed synapses. d. building blocks of proteins. e. all of the above

e. all of the above

In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors a. are more prevalent. b. produce longer lasting effects. c. produce effects that are more diffuse. d. produce effects that take longer to develop. e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Stereotaxic surgery in human patients typically requires a. a stereotaxic atlas. b. a stereotaxic instrument. c. a head holder. d. an electrode holder. e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following WAIS subtests are perceptual reasoning subtests? a. Picture Completion b. Digit Symbol c. Block Design d. Object Assembly e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following is a commonly studied species-common behavior? a. copulating b. nest building c. grooming d. swimming e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Multiple-unit signals are typically a. recorded through microelectrodes. b. recorded through electrodes that are larger than microelectrodes. c. integrated, or added together, to facilitate their interpretation. d. both A and C e. both B and C

e. both B and C

Antianxiety (anxiolytic) drugs tend to reduce the amount of a. conditioned taste aversion. b. time spent in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze. c. self-stimulation. d. conditioned defensive burying. e. both B and D

e. both B and D

In the typical radial arm maze, rats tend to orient themselves on the basis of a. the colors of the arms. b. the size of the arms. c. the number of the arms. d. the length of the arms. e. external room cues.

e. external room cues

The short-latency low-amplitude signals (indicated by the arrow) in this average auditory evoked potential are termed (image) a. the P300. b. the P400. c. the ERP. d. the sensory evoked potential. e. far-field potentials.

e. far-field potentials

IP, SC, and IM are all a. recording methods. b. drugs. c. stimulation methods. d. cranial nerves. e. routes of drug administration.

e. routes of drug administration

Neurotrophins can a. promote neuron growth. b. promote neuron survival. c. function as axon guidance molecules. d. all of the above e. both A and B

d. all of the above

Stem cells are embryonic cells that a. have an almost unlimited capacity for self-renewal if maintained in an appropriate cell culture. b. are sometimes pluripotent. c. are sometimes multipotent. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

In a classic experiment, Roe and colleagues (1990) caused the developing axons of ferret retinal ganglion cells of the visual system to synapse in the medial geniculate nuclei of the auditory system. Once the ferrets matured, their a. auditory cortex responded to visual stimuli. b. auditory cortex was laid out retinotopically. c. auditory cortex had totally degenerated. d. both A and B e. both A and C

d. both A and B

Lesions that are commonly referred to as amygdala lesions often a. damage neural structures other than the amygdala. b. do not destroy the entire amygdala. c. damage prefrontal cortex. d. both A and B e. both B and C

d. both A and B

The receptors of the neuromuscular junction are a. cholinergic. b. nicotinic. c. muscarinic. d. both A and B e. both A and C

d. both A and B

5. The tips of intracellular recording electrodes are a. about the size of a neuron. b. too small to be seen with the naked eye. c. less than one thousandth of a millimeter in diameter. d. both B and C e. none of the above

d. both B and C

An extension of the green fluorescent protein technique led to the development of a. bregma. b. BOLD. c. gene knockouts. d. brainbow

d. brainbow

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) infants spend less time looking at a. their own bodies. b. animals. c. faces. d. moving objects

d. faces

Intracellular unit recording is particularly difficult in a. humans. b. monkeys. c. rats. d. freely moving animals. e. higher species.

d. freely moving animals

After the formation of the neural tube, the number of cells destined to become part of the adult nervous system a. actually declines. b. stays the same until the end of the neural-plate phase. c. stays the same until the end of the neural-groove phase. d. increases rapidly. e. quickly doubles and then declines.

d. increases rapidly

Which of the following is NOT an amino acid neurotransmitter? a. aspartate b. glutamate c. glycine d. indolamine e. GABA

d. indolamine

One problem noted in recording sensory evoked potentials is that a. the measurement of auditory evoked potentials involves low volume stimuli. b. small auditory evoked potentials are often missed by a recording. c. the averaging of a sensory evoked potential can generate inaccurate results. d. the sensory evoked potential is masked by background noise.

d. the sensory evoked potential is masked by background noise

This test can infer the location of a cerebral tumor from the displacement of blood vessels at the site. a. PET b. MRI c. cerebral angiography d. computed tomography

c. cerebral angiography

Vestibular function can be assessed by assessing a patient's reaction to a. facial nerve stimulation. b. electroencephalography. c. cold water flushed in the ear. d. needles inserted in the face. e. needles inserted in the foot

c. cold water flushed in the ear

This procedure is used to visualize connections in the living human brain. a. diffusion tensor imaging b. connectome. c. computed tomography d. TMS

c. computed tomography

Which technique records the BOLD signal? a. MRI b. CT c. fMRI d. PET e. MEG

c. fMRI

At the tip of each growing axon is a a. hillock. b. CAM. c. growth cone. d. neural crest cell.

c. growth cone

In the presence of the appropriate enzyme, dopamine is converted to a. L-dopa. b. tyrosine. c. norepinephrine. d. epinephrine. e. serotonin.

c. norepinepherine

Autoreceptors are commonly found in a. somas. b. postsynaptic membranes. c. presynaptic membranes. d. synaptic vesicles. e. ribosomes.

c. presynaptic membranes

In large myelinated human motor neurons, impulses travel at about a. the speed of light. b. 186,000 miles per second. c. 1 meter per second. d. 60 meters per second. e. 100 meters per second.

d. 60 meters per second

Peptide neurotransmitters are a. synthesized in the cell body. b. amino acid chains. c. large-molecule neurotransmitters. d. all of the above e. both B and C

d. all of the above

Which of the following are membrane potentials? a. EPSPs b. IPSPs c. APs d. all of the above e. both A and B

d. all of the above

Which drug was extracted from the belladonna plant and used by the ancient Greeks for cosmetic purposes? a. opium b. diazepam c. d-tubocurare d. atropine e. endorphin

d. atropine

Opioids play a role in a. analgesia. b. pleasure. c. retrograde transport. d. both A and B e. both B and C

d. both A and B

The prefrontal cortex plays a role in a. working memory. b. fear learning and anxiety. c. following the rules of social behavior. d. both a and c

d. both a and c

If a rat with its hair erect, moves sideways towards another rat and then pushes against it, the a. first rat is likely sexually motivated. b. second rat is likely a female. c. first rat is likely a female. d. first rat is likely a dominant male displaying social aggression. e. second rat is likely dominant to the first.

d. first rat is likely a dominant male displaying social aggression

By 40 days after conception, three swellings become visible at the anterior end of the human neural tube. The most anterior of these swellings eventually develops into the a. brain. b. midbrain. c. hindbrain. d. forebrain. e. ventricles.

d. forebrain

Intracellular unit recording is not commonly used in biopsychological research because a. it is too difficult for biopsychologists. b. biopsychologists are usually not interested in neurons. c. it is a neurophysiological procedure. d. it is very difficult to keep the tip of a microelectrode inside a single neuron in a moving subject. e. all of the above

d. it is very difficult to keep the tip of a microelectrode inside a single neuron in a moving subject

Which of the following is a procedure in which high-resolution images are constructed from the measurement of waves that hydrogen atoms emit when they are activated by radio-frequency waves in a magnetic field? a. scalp electroencephalography b. positron emission tomography (PET) c. cerebral angiography d. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

d. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A patient is sometimes injected with radioactive fluorodeoxyglucose before a. a CT scan. b. magnetic resonance imaging. c. a contrast X-ray. d. positron emission tomography. e. a sodium amytal test.

d. positron emission tomography (PET scan)

A neuron normally fires when a. its sodium-potassium pumps are stimulated. b. there is an EPSP. c. there is an IPSP. d. the degree of depolarization on the axon adjacent to the hillock exceeds the threshold of excitation. e. its buttons are stimulated.

d. the degree of depolarization on the axon adjacent to the hillock exceeds the threshold of excitation

With respect to the maximum speed of axonal conduction in motor neurons, cats are to humans as a. 50 is to 100 meters per second. b. 80 is to 100 meters per second. c. 25 is to 100 meters per second. d. 82 is to 100 meters per second. e. 100 is to 60 meters per second.

e. 100 is to 60 meters per second.

An electroencephalograph is a. a gross measure of the electrical activity of the brain. b. a gross measure of the electrical activity of the cortex. c. a gross measure of the electrical activity of neurons. d. a gross measure of the electrical activity of groups of neurons. e. an EEG machine

e. an EEG machine

The modern customized-test-battery approach to neuropsychological testing typically begins with a a. test of memory. b. test of speech. c. test of motor function. d. test of emotion. e. battery of tests.

e. battery of tests

Lesions restricted to structures in one half of the brain usually have effects that are much less severe than do comparable a. unilateral lesions. b. bipolar lesions. c. cryogenic lesions. d. aspiration lesions. e. bilateral lesions.

e. bilateral lesions

A behavioral paradigm normally includes a method for a. producing the behavioral phenomenon under investigation. b. measuring the behavioral phenomenon under investigation. c. recording brain activity. d. all of the above e. both A and B

e. both A and B

Functions of the prefrontal cortex include a. working memory. b. planning and carrying out sequences of action. c. locating objects in space. d. all of the above e. both A and B

e. both A and B

Green fluorescent protein a. was first isolated from a species of jelly fish. b. fluoresces when exposed to blue light. c. has been used to visualize neurons in a few plants, but not yet in animals. d. all of the above e. both A and B

e. both A and B

In comparison to metabotropic receptors, ionotropic receptors produce effects that a. are less diffuse. b. develop more rapidly. c. are more enduring. d. all of the above e. both A and B

e. both A and B

In most adult mammals, substantial neurogenesis occurs in the a. hippocampus. b. olfactory bulb. c. amygdala. d. all of the above e. both A and B

e. both A and B

The discovery of conditioned taste aversion challenged the a. principle of equipotentiality. b. belief that temporal contiguity is necessary for conditioning. c. the engram theory of memory. d. all of the above e. both A and B

e. both A and B

Which of the following is a nicotinic antagonist? a. Botox b. curare c. atropine d. all of the above e. both A and B

e. both A and B

Although they have many cognitive problems, Williams people have good a. musical abilities. b. drawing abilities. c. language abilities. d. all of the above e. both A and C

e. both A and C

At rest, a. a neuron has a membrane potential of about -70 mV. b. the electrical charge outside the neuron is 70 mV less than inside the neuron. c. a neuron is polarized. d. all of the above e. both A and C

e. both A and C

Tinnitus in adults a. is ringing in the ears. b. leads to degeneration restricted to the contralateral auditory cortex. c. leads to a reorganization of primary auditory cortex. d. all of the above e. both A and C

e. both A and C

Which of the following is a technique for locating particular proteins in the brain? a. immunocytochemistry b. the 6-OHDA technique c. in situ hybridization d. both A and B e. both A and C

e. both A and C

After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by a. reuptake. b. enzymatic degradation. c. G proteins. d. all of the above e. both A or B

e. both A or B

22. The transmission of postsynaptic potentials is a. active. b. decremental. c. extremely rapid. d. all of the above e. both B and C

e. both B and C

Early monocular deprivation a. eliminates ocular dominance columns. b. decreases the width of ocular dominance columns from the deprived eye. c. increases the width of ocular dominance columns from the nondeprived eye. d. causes ocular dominance columns to develop sooner. e. both B and C

e. both B and C

If just one eye is deprived of input for a few days early in life, a. the contralateral visual cortex totally degenerates. b. there is a decrease in the ability of visual cortex to be activated by stimulation of the deprived eye. c. there is an increase in the ability of visual cortex to be activated by stimulation of the nondeprived eye. d. both A and B e. both B and C

e. both B and C

Prevalent in the cytoplasm of most terminal buttons are a. nuclei. b. mitochondria. c. synaptic vesicles. d. all of the above e. both B and C

e. both B and C

IPSP is to EPSP as a. graded is to nongraded. b. excitatory is to inhibitory. c. cable properties are to noncable properties. d. presynaptic is to postsynaptic. e. hyperpolarization is to depolarization.

e. hyperpolarization is to depolarization

Extracellular unit recording provides information about a. the magnitude of the membrane potential. b. the wave form of action potentials. c. EPSPs. d. all of the above e. none of the above

e. none of the above

Knockout mice are mice that a. have had a concussion. b. are susceptible to concussion. c. have amnesia. d. both A and C e. none of the above

e. none of the above

On the digit-span test, most people score about a. 65%. b. 85%. c. 50%. d. 100%. e. none of the above

e. none of the above

The elevated plus maze is a commonly used test of a. balance. b. learning. c. memory. d. all of the above e. none of the above

e. none of the above

Which of the following is currently thought to be a valid general principle of synaptic transmission? a. Each neuron releases only one neurotransmitter. b. Each neurotransmitter acts on only one receptor subtype. c. All receptors are in postsynaptic membranes. d. All neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft. e. none of the above

e. none of the above

The process of the growth of a fertilized egg into a mature nervous system is called a. neural growth. b. neuroplasticity. c. neurodevelopment. d. psychological development. e. rewiring

C. Neurodevelopment

Which of the following is a cholinergic antagonist? a. curare b. Valium c. THC d. all of the above e. both B and C

a. curare

Which of the following is an endogenous opioid? a. enkaphalin b. anandamide c. morphine d. atropine

a. enkaphalin

Which neurotransmitters are often released from string-of-beads axons? a. monoamines b. amino acids c. glutamate and GABA d. soluble gases e. peptides

a. monoamines

A commonly used test of rat fearfulness is the ________ test. a. open-field b. closed-field c. colony intruder d. lordosis

a. open-field

How many individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) display some savant abilities? a. about 1% b. between 10 and 30% c. about 50% d. more than 60% e. more than 90%

b. between 10 and 30%

Once released, neurotransmitter molecules typically produce signals in postsynaptic neurons by a. binding to presynaptic receptors. b. binding to postsynaptic receptors. c. entering postsynaptic neurons. d. binding directly to calcium ions. e. attaching to vesicles.

b. binding to postsynaptic receptors

If a rat receives a single painful stimulus from a small object in a test box containing commercial bedding material, the rat will usually investigate the object and then a. flee. b. bury it. c. dig a tunnel. d. escape. e. build a nest.

b. bury it

MEG records a. the time of particular EEG signals. b. changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp. c. the frequency of particular EEG signals. d. the latency of far-field potentials. e. the P300.

b. changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp

Adult neurogenesis is increased by a. sleep. b. exercise. c. thinking. d. napping.

b. exercise

The process of neurotransmitter release is referred to as a. excitation. b. exocytosis. c. synthesis. d. metabolism. e. expulsion.

b. exocytosis

Which method was used to record this signal? (image that looks like box plot) a. extracellular unit recording b. intracellular unit recording c. electroencephalography d. multiple-unit recording e. plethysmography

b. intracellular unit recording

Many buttons contain two sizes of vesicles; the larger ones typically contain a. small-molecule neurotransmitters. b. neuropeptides. c. acetylcholine. d. dopamine. e. glutamate.

b. neuropeptides

The first growth cone of a developing tract to reach the target is called a __________ growth cone. a. fast b. pioneer c. quick d. early e. premier

b. pioneer

The very first cells to develop in the embryo are a. multipolar. b. bipolar. c. myelinated. d. totipotent. e. mesodermal

D. totipotent

Which of the following is true with respect to atropine? a. Atropine is a receptor blocker. b. Atropine constricts the pupils. c. Atropine enhances memory. d. Atropine is a muscarinic agonist.

a. Atropine is a receptor blocker

A change in the resting membrane potential from -70 mV to -68 mV would be considered a(n) a. EPSP. b. IPSP. c. resting action potential. d. resting membrane potential.

a. EPSP

Neurotransmitter molecules are often packaged in vesicles by a. Golgi complexes. b. ribosomes. c. buttons. d. peptides. e. microtubules

a. Golgi complexes

________________ are specialized pores in neural membranes through which ions can pass. a. Ion channels b. Electrostatic channels c. Transporters d. Receptors

a. Ion Channels

Which of the following is a property of cerebral neurons that is not shared by motor neurons? a. Many cerebral neurons fire continually even when they receive no input. b. Cerebral neurons can display action potentials. c. Cerebral neurons can conduct graded signals. d. Cerebral neurons have a resting membrane potential.

a. Many cerebral neurons fire continually even when they receive no input

In resting neurons, there are more _____ ions outside the cell than inside, and more ______ ions inside than outside. a. Na+; K+ b. K+; Na+ c. potassium; sodium d. sodium; chloride

a. Na+; K+

"Reptilian stare" is sometimes used to describe the widely opened, unblinking eyes and motionless face of a. Parkinson's disease. b. multiple sclerosis. c. old age. d. infancy. e. Alzheimer's disease.

a. Parkinson's disease

Many current neuropsychological assessments begin with the a. WAIS. b. Wisconsin card sorting test. c. digit span test. d. repetition priming test

a. WAIS

A common neuropsychological test of frontal-lobe damage is the a. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. b. token test. c. Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test. d. digit-span test. e. block-design test.

a. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

In a classic experiment, Knudsen and Brainard (1991) raised barn owls with vision-displacing prisms over their eyes. This led to the ontogenetic development of a. a corresponding shift in the auditory topographic map in the tectum. b. a discrepancy between where a stimulus was heard to be and where it was seen to be. c. the degeneration of the tectum. d. the degeneration of the visual tectum. e. the degeneration of the auditory cortex.

a. a corresponding shift in the auditory topographic map in the tectum

Which of the following is considered to be an early warning sign of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)? a. a decline in eye contact between 2 and 6 months b. impressive musical abilities c. the development of communicative gestures prior to 12 months d. smiling prior to 9 months

a. a decline in eye contact between 2 and 6 months

How long does one eye have to be deprived of stimulation early in life in order to reduce its ability to activate visual cortex? a. a few days b. a few minutes c. a few seconds d. a few years e. a few months

a. a few days

The open-field test is usually conducted in a. a large, empty chamber. b. the animals' natural habitat. c. an open space in the animals' natural habitat. d. a thigmotaxic chamber. e. Iowa.

a. a large, empty chamber

Many patients with Williams syndrome have a. a mutation of the elastin gene. b. both copies of chromosome 3. c. a mutation of the collagen gene. d. an extra arm on chromosome 5.

a. a mutation of the elastin gene

If you were startled by a loud noise, there would be an increase in your skin's conductance of electricity. This response is called a. a skin conductance response. b. an EKG. c. a skin conductance level. d. an average evoked potential. e. a P300 wave.

a. a skin conductance response

The ____________ refractory period is followed by the _________ refractory period. a. absolute; relative b. relative; absolute c. hyperpolarizing; repolarizing d. rising; dropping

a. absolute; relative

Which of the following is NOT a monoamine? a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. epinephrine d. serotonin e. norepinephrine

a. acetylcholine

Melanopsin knockout mice have difficulty a. adjusting their circadian rhythms in response to changes in the daily light-dark cycle. b. seeing. c. sleeping on a regular schedule. d. displaying circadian rhythms. e. recognizing circadian signals.

a. adjusting their circadian rhythms in response to changes in the daily light-dark cycle

Drugs that facilitate the effects of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be _______________ of that neurotransmitter. Drugs that inhibit the effects of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be its ______________. a. agonist; antagonist b. antagonist; agonist c. blocker; agonist d. agonist; blocker

a. agonist; antagonist

Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitter's autoreceptors without activating them are usually a. agonists. b. antagonists. c. enzymes. d. endorphins. e. amino acids.

a. agonists

Drugs that block the reuptake of a neurotransmitter from the synapse are usually a. agonists of that neurotransmitter. b. antagonists of that neurotransmitter. c. enzymes of that neurotransmitter. d. receptor blockers. e. ligands of that neurotransmitter.

a. agonists of that neurotransmitter

____________ are the neurotransmitters in the vast majority of fast-acting directed synapses in the central nervous system. a. Amino acids b. Monoamines c. Endocannabinoids d. Neuropeptides

a. amino acids

__________________ produces a temporary disorder that resembles schizophrenia. a. Amphetamine b. Botox c. Curare d. Morphine

a. amphetamine

A change in the resting potential of a postsynaptic dendrite from -70 mV to -72 mV is called a. an IPSP. b. an EPSP. c. a depolarization. d. both A and C e. both B and C

a. an IPSP

The action potential is a. an all-or-none response. b. a graded response. c. an increase in the resting membrane potential. d. a suppression and elimination of the resting membrane potential.

a. an all-or-none response

Which of the following is a contrast X-ray technique? a. angiography b. magnetoencephalography c. positron emission tomography d. structural magnetic resonance imaging e. functional MRI

a. angiography

Immunocytochemistry is to in situ hybridization as a. antibody is to messenger RNA. b. DNA is to antibody. c. neurotransmitter is to cell body. d. antibody is to DNA. e. RNA is to antibody

a. antibody is messenger RNA

A cell that is pluripotent can develop into a. any class of cell in the body. b. many, but not all, classes of body cells. c. different cells of only one class. d. only one type of cell.

a. any class of cell in the body

Which of the following lesion methods would you use to selectively remove the parietal cortex while leaving the underlying white matter intact? a. aspiration b. radio frequency c. knife cut d. reversible lesion

a. aspiration

Which of the following brain lesion techniques is least likely to be associated with damage to major blood vessels? a. aspiration lesions b. electrolytic lesions c. radio-frequency lesions d. knife cuts e. lobotomy

a. aspiration lesions

Synaptogenesis seems to depend on the presence of a. astrocytes. b. neurons. c. growth cones. d. pioneer cones. e. guidance molecules

a. astrocytes

This drug is a muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist; it is an extract of the belladonna plant; and it has pupil-dilating effects: a. atropine. b. curare. c. morphine. d. opium. e. librium.

a. atropine

______________, which is the main active ingredient of belladonna, is a receptor blocker that exerts its antagonist effect by binding to muscarinic receptors, thereby blocking the effects of acetylcholine on them. a. Atropine b. Botox c. Nicotine d. Muscarine

a. atropine

Several studies have shown that early music training increases the size of the a. auditory cortex that responds to complex musical tones. b. right hemisphere. c. auditory cortex that responds to pure tones. d. brain. e. auditory cortex

a. auditory cortex that responds to complex musical tones.

The final stage of the 2-deoxyglucose technique involves a. autoradiography. b. injecting fluorodeoxyglucose. c. injecting radioactive fluorodeoxyglucose. d. immunocytochemistry. e. cerebral dialysis.

a. autoradiography

_________ are metabotropic receptors that have unconventional characteristics. For example, they bind to their neuron's own neurotransmitter molecules. a. Autoreceptors b. Ionotropic receptors c. Monoreceptors d. Ligand-activated ion channels

a. autoreceptors

A(n) ________ synapse on or near a terminal button can selectively facilitate or inhibit the effects of that button on the postsynaptic neuron. a. axoaxonic b. axodendritic c. dendrodendritic d. axosomatic

a. axoaxonic

Both presynaptic facilitation and inhibition are mediated by a. axoaxonic synapses. b. axodendritic synapses. c. dendrodendritic synapses. d. axosomatic synapses. e. both A and D

a. axoaxonic synapses

Action potentials are generated in the axon initial segment, which is adjacent to the a. axon hillock. b. soma. c. dendrites. d. nucleus

a. axon hillock

A ligand of acetylcholine is a substance that a. binds to acetylcholine. b. stimulates acetylcholine's synthesis. c. facilitates acetylcholine's release. d. degrades acetylcholine. e. inhibits acetylcholine.

a. binds to acetylcholine

In which of the following ways is the firing of a neuron like the firing of a gun? a. Both are triggered by graded responses. b. Both are the result of temporal summation. c. Both are the result of spatial inhibition. d. Both are triggered by ungraded responses.

a. both are triggered by graded responses

In one study, a few days of early monocular deprivation decreased the axonal __________ of lateral geniculate nucleus neurons that normally conducted signals from the deprived eye. a. branching b. regeneration c. width d. layers e. degeneration

a. branching

To bypass the blood-brain barrier, drugs can be administered in small amounts through a fine, hollow tube called a a. cannula. b. needle. c. fistula. d. stereotaxic tube.

a. cannula

Which contrast X-ray technique is designed to locate vascular abnormalities in the brains of human patients? a. cerebral angiography b. X-ray photography c. pneumoencephalography d. CT scans e. PET scans

a. cerebral angiography

Which technique is illustrated here? (image) a. computed tomography b. cerebral angiography c. electroencephalography d. magnetic resonance imaging e. positron emission tomography

a. computed tomography

If an experience has a great effect on development when it occurs during a particular period of development but can still have some effects outside that period, the period is called a a. critical period. b. sensitive period. c. developmental period. d. time-dependent period.

a. critical period

The transmission of EPSPs and IPSPs is a. decremental. b. excitatory. c. all-or-none. d. saltatory.

a. decermental

Postsynaptic hyperpolarizations are called IPSPs because they a. decrease the chance that a neuron will fire. b. increase the chance that an ion channel will open. c. decrease the chance that an ion channel will open. d. increase the chance that a neuron will fire

a. decrease the chance that a neuron will fire

In humans, adult stem cells that ultimately become hippocampal dentate gyrus neurons are created near the a. dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. b. olfactory bulbs. c. ventricles. d. ependymal layer. e. central canal.

a. dentate gyrus of the hippocampus

______________________ are neurotransmitters that are similar to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive constituent of marijuana. a. Endocannabinoids b. Deltoids c. Marijuanoids d. Sativoids

a. ednocannabinoids

Alpha waves are recorded by a. electroencephalography. b. diffusion tensor imaging. c. BOLD. d. fMRI.

a. electroencephalography

Which of the following is a source of pressure for Na+ ions to enter a resting neuron? a. electrostatic pressure b. saltatory conduction c. the threshold of excitation d. neuropeptide activity

a. electrostatic pressure

The ________ is a test of defensiveness commonly used to study the anxiolytic effects of drugs on rats. a. elevated-plus-maze test b. Morris water maze test c. conditioned taste aversion test d. self-stimulation paradigm

a. elevated plus maze test

People with Williams syndrome tend to look like a. elves. b. their fathers more than their mothers. c. Dr. William W. Williams. d. their mothers more than their fathers. e. hippies.

a. elves

Some of the morphine-like substances that occur naturally in the brain are a. endorphins. b. autoreceptors. c. exogenous. d. benzodiazepines. e. false transmitters.

a. endorphins

Which method was used to record this signal? (membrane potential image) a. extracellular unit recording b. intracellular unit recording c. electroencephalography d. integrated multiple unit recording e. plethysmography

a. extracellular unit recording

Rats reared from birth in the dark were found to have a. fewer synapses in their primary visual cortices. b. fewer dendritic spines in their association cortices. c. less myelination in their secondary visual cortices. d. deficits in working memory

a. fewer synapses in their primary visual cortices

Neurons without axons do not a. generate action potentials. b. exist. c. exist in mammals. d. exist in humans. e. produce inhibition.

a. generate action potentials

In adult humans, neurogenesis occurs in the a. hippocampus. b. olfactory bulb. c. prefrontal cortex. d. amygdala.

a. hippocampus

A computed tomography (CT) scan of the human brain is usually presented as a series of eight or nine a. horizontal sections. b. frontal sections. c. coronal sections. d. sagittal sections. e. midsagittal sections.

a. horizontal sections

Which of the following is a category of neuropeptides? a. hypothalamic b. catecholamines c. endocannabinoids d. indolamines

a. hypothalamic

The primary purpose of the single-test and standardized-test-battery approaches to neuropsychological testing was to a. identify brain-damaged patients. b. locate the area of brain damage. c. characterize the nature of the psychological deficits. d. measure brain activity. e. compete with neurologists.

a. identify brain-damaged patients

Which of the following procedures employs labeled antibodies? a. immunocytochemistry b. in situ hybridization c. cerebral dialysis d. electroencephalography e. both A and B

a. immunocytochemistry

Memories that are demonstrated by improved performance in the absence of any conscious awareness of the memories are called a. implicit memories. b. explicit memories. c. semantic memories. d. episodic memories. e. short-term memories.

a. implicit memories

Adult rats living in enriched environments produced 60 percent more new hippocampal neurons than did adult rats living in nonenriched environments. This effect was shown to be largely due to the ______________ that typically occur in enriched environments. a. increases in exercise b. decreases in exercise c. increases in visual stimulation d. increases in sexual behavior

a. increases in exercise

Combining a number of individual IPSPs and EPSPs into one signal is called a. integration. b. spatial subtraction. c. temporal initiation. d. an action potential.

a. integration

Which of the following invasive electrophysiological recording methods would you use to record the resting membrane potential of a neuron? a. intracellular unit recording b. extracellular unit recording c. multiple unit recording d. invasive EEG recording

a. intracellular unit recording

_____________________ are associated with ligand-activated ion channels, whereas __________________ are associated with signal proteins and G proteins. a. Ionotropic receptors; metabotropic receptors b. Ionotropic receptors; endoplasmic receptors c. Metabotropic receptors; Golgi receptors d. Ionotropic receptors; signal receptors

a. ionotropic receptors; metabotropic receptors

The P300 a. is an EEG wave that often occurs after the presentation of a momentary stimulus meaningful to the volunteer. b. is a negative EEG wave. c. is a far-field potential occurring 300 mm from the electrode. d. occurs about 300 seconds prior to a response. e. is a component of the potential evoked by a meaningless click.

a. is an EEG wave that often occurs after the presentation of a momentary stimulus meaningful to the volunteer

Conduction of action potentials in myelinated axons a. is faster than in unmyelinated axons. b. is slower than in unmyelinated axons. c. is possible in only an antidromic direction. d. requires more energy than in unmyelinated axons. e. is always inhibitory.

a. is faster than in umyelinated axons

Synaptic density in the primary visual cortex of infants a. is maximal by the seventh or eighth postnatal month, and then it declines. b. almost reaches adult levels by the seventh or eighth year. c. follows the same course of development as the myelination of the prefrontal cortex. d. both A and C e. both B and C

a. is maximal by the seventh or eight postnatal month, and then it declines

Reversible lesions can be produced by microinjection directly into the target brain structure of a a. local anesthetic such as lidocaine. b. a micro knife blade. c. coolant followed by antifreeze. d. both A and B e. both B and C

a. local anesthetic such as lidocaine

Developing cells that have the potential to develop into neurons of any type but into no other class of body cells are said to be a. multipotent. b. totipotent. c. multipolar. d. pluripotent. e. unipolar.

a. multipotent

Gap junctions are a. narrow spaces between adjacent cells that are bridged by connexins. b. proteins located in terminals adjacent to synapses. c. called chemical synapses. d. channel neuropeptides.

a. narrow spaces between adjacent cells that are bridged by connexins

The neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) selectively destroys a. neurons that release dopamine or norepinephrine. b. axons. c. cell bodies. d. multipolar neurons. e. the hypothalamus

a. neurons that release dopamine or norepinephrine

Endorphins are a. neuropeptides. b. monoamines. c. cholinergic. d. adrenergic. e. serotonergic.

a. neuropeptides

Botox is a a. nicotinic antagonist. b. nicotinic agonist. c. serotonergic antagonist. d. serotonergic agonist.

a. nicotinic antagonist

Which of the following is a monoamine neurotransmitter? a. norepinephrine b. acetylcholine c. anandamide d. glutamate

a. norepinephrine

Action potentials are produced by the a. opening of voltage-activated sodium channels. b. closing of ligand-activated chloride channels. c. closing of ligand-activated potassium channels. d. opening of ligand-activated potassium channels. e. closing of voltage-activated calcium channels.

a. opening of voltage-activated sodium channels

Axonal conduction from cell body to terminal buttons is called a. orthodromic conduction. b. antidromic conduction. c. saltatory conduction. d. absolute conduction.

a. orthodromic conduction

Functional MRI generates images of increases to areas of the brain of a. oxygenated blood flow. b. water flow. c. nitric oxide flow. d. alpha waves. e. fluorodeoxyglucose.

a. oxygenated blood flow

In its resting state, a neuron is said to be a. polarized. b. depolarized. c. hypopolarized. d. hyperpolarized. e. firing.

a. polarized

Unlike many other brain structures, myelination of the __________ continues into adulthood. a. prefrontal cortex b. sensory areas of the cortex c. motor areas of the cortex d. temporal cortex

a. prefrontal cortex

During postnatal human brain development, cortical thinning occurs first in the a. primary sensory areas of the cortex. b. secondary sensory areas of the cortex. c. parietal areas of the cortex. d. prefrontal cortex

a. primary sensory areas of the cortex

The volume of the human brain _______________ between birth and adulthood. a. quadruples b. triples c. doubles d. remains unchanged

a. quadruples

After release, most neurotransmitters are deactivated by a. reuptake. b. synaptic enzymes. c. the postsynaptic receptors. d. deactivating enzymes. e. ribosomes.

a. reuptake

The three phases of an action potential are, in order: a. rising phase, repolarization phase, hyperpolarization phase b. repolarization phase, rising phase, hyperpolarization phase c. hyperpolarization phase, repolarization phase, rising phase d. rising phase, hyperpolarization phase, repolarization phase

a. rising phase, repolarization phase, hyperpolarization phase

The advantage of presynaptic facilitation and inhibition (compared to EPSPs and IPSPs) is that they can a. selectively influence one particular synapse rather than the entire presynaptic neuron. b. depolarize the neuron. c. block action potentials. d. inhibit an EPSP.

a. selectively influence on particular synapse rather than the entire presynaptic neuron

The abbreviation 5-HT stands for a. serotonin. b. dopamine. c. acetylcholine. d. both A and B e. none of the above

a. serotonin

The rising phase of an action potential begins when the ____________ and ends when the _____________. a. sodium channels open; sodium channels close b. potassium channels open; sodium channels close c. sodium channels close; sodium channels open d. potassium channels open; sodium channels open

a. sodium channels open; sodium channels close

In Sperry's classic studies of eye rotation and regeneration of the optic nerves, he assessed the visual capacities of frogs by assessing their ability to a. strike accurately at fly-like stimuli. b. identify colors. c. perform a visual discrimination task. d. detect the presence of dim lights. e. solve maze problems.

a. strike accurately at fly-like stimuli

Small-molecule neurotransmitters are typically synthesized in the cytoplasm of the terminal button and packaged in ________________ by the button's _________________. a. synaptic vesicles; Golgi complex b. metabotropics; endoplasmic reticulum c. synaptic receptors; Golgi complex d. synaptic vesicles; endoplasmic reticulum

a. synaptic vesicles; golgi complex

Neurons do not normally fire more than 1,000 times per second because a. the absolute refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond. b. the relative refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond. c. the total refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond. d. the sodium-potassium pump cannot repolarize the cell in less than 1 millisecond. e. higher rates over excite the neuron.

a. the absolute refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond.

Exocytosis of small-molecule neurotransmitters involves a. the activation of voltage-activated calcium channels. b. the activation of voltage-activated potassium channels. c. fusion of the neurotransmitter with the cell membrane. d. an influx of sodium ions

a. the activation of voltage-activated calcium channels.

Most cases of Williams syndrome are associated with a. the mutation of a gene on chromosome 7. b. creative and accurate drawing skills. c. an abnormal gene on chromosome 1. d. multiple sclerosis. e. increased levels of elastin.

a. the mutation of a gene on chromosome 7

Mechanisms in the membrane of a cell that actively transport ions or molecules across the membrane are known as a. transporters. b. membrane holes. c. gap junctions. d. ligand junctions

a. transporters

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) typically appears full-blown by the age of a. 3 months. b. 3 years. c. 8 years. d. 8 months.

b. 3 years

Sodium-potassium pumps transport ____ sodium ions out of the cell for every ___ potassium ions they transport into the cell. a. 2; 3 b. 3; 2 c. 4; 2 d. 4; 3

b. 3; 2

Neuropeptides are transported in vesicles from the cell body to the buttons at a speed of about a. 100 meters per minute. b. 40 centimeters per day. c. 60 meters per second. d. 40 meters per minute. e. 20 meters per second.

b. 40 centimeters per day

Hyperpolarization is to depolarization as a. inhibitory is to excitatory. b. IPSPs are to EPSPs. c. APs are to IPSPs. d. APs are to EPSPs. e. many APs are to few APs.

b. IPSPs are to EPSPs

At the tip of each growing axon or dendrite is an amoebalike process called a. an amoeba cell. b. a growth cone. c. a pioneer cell. d. a blueprint cell. e. a growth cell.

b. a growth cone

Electrooculography is a. usually performed with one electrode mounted on each cornea. b. a method of estimating eye movement. c. a method of measuring skin conductance. d. an indirect method of measuring pupil constriction. e. both A and B

b. a method of estimating eye movement

Which of the following is a core symptom of ASD? a. an interest in art b. a reduced capacity for social interaction and communication c. the presence of savant abilities d. normal or better intellectual functioning

b. a reduced capacity for social interaction and communication

There is only one neurotransmitter that is known to be deactivated in the synaptic cleft by enzymatic degradation; this neurotransmitter is a. dopamine. b. acetylcholine. c. acetylcholinesterase. d. norepinephrine. e. glutamate.

b. acetylcholine

Cell adhesion molecules are thought to mediate a. differentiation. b. aggregation. c. proliferation. d. sprouting. e. cell death

b. aggregation

Drugs that facilitate the activity of the synapses of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be __________ of that neurotransmitter. a. facilitators b. agonists c. antagonists d. autoreceptors e. endorphins

b. agonists

Conduction of APs from the axon into the cell body and dendrites of a multipolar neuron is a. extremely rare. b. antidromic. c. orthodromic. d. both A and B e. both A and C

b. antidromic

The elevated plus maze is commonly employed to study a. memory in rats. b. anxiety or defensiveness in studies of anxiolytic drugs. c. aggression in drug experiments. d. all of the above e. both A and C

b. anxiety or defensiveness in studies of anxiolytic drugs

Which of the following are thought to play a role in reducing excessive neurotransmitter release? a. dendritic receptors b. autoreceptors c. dendritic spines d. postsynaptic receptors e. somatic receptors

b. autoreceptors

Prior to the early 1980s, neurogenesis was assumed to a. occur only in the adult mammalian brain. b. be restricted to early stages of development. c. be detrimental. d. be restricted to the postnatal period.

b. be restricted to early stages of development

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) usually becomes apparent a. before the age of 6 months. b. before the age of 3 years. c. after the age of 6 years. d. after the age of 8 years. e. after the age of 10 years.

b. before the age of 3 years

Male rats' aggressive and defensive behavior is readily assessed by the ________ paradigm. a. conditioned defensive burying b. colony-intruder c. self-stimulation d. lordosis

b. colony-intruder

In cognitive neuroscience, one common assumption is that each complex cognitive process results from the combined activity of simple cognitive processes called a. combined active components. b. constituent cognitive processes. c. the default mode. d. the mean difference image.

b. constituent cognitive processes

Less is known about synapse formation than axon growth because synapse formation requires a. fasciculation. b. coordinated activity in at least two cells. c. growth cones. d. guidance molecules. e. regeneration.

b. coordinated activity in at least two cells.

Brain structures typically active in the default mode and less active during cognitive or behavioral tasks are collectively referred to as the a. subtractive network. b. default mode network. c. non-cognitive network. d. default structures.

b. default mode network.

Adult stem cells that ultimately migrate to the olfactory bulbs are created at certain sites in the LEARN THIS a. subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles. b. dural layer. c. hippocampus. d. all of the above e. both A and B

b. dural layer

Myelination of sensory areas usually occurs a. prenatally. b. during the first few months after birth. c. during the second year after birth. d. during adolescence.

b. during the first few months after birth

Na+ ions are encouraged to move into neurons by a. nonrandom assignment. b. electrostatic pressure. c. the sodium-potassium pump. d. selective ion channels. e. nonrandom movement.

b. electrostatic pressure

In the open-field test, a high bolus count is frequently used as an indicator of a. aggression. b. fearfulness. c. motor activity. d. attention. e. defense

b. fearfulness

In the open-field test, thigmotaxia is often used as a measure of a. body temperature. b. fearfulness. c. sexual motivation. d. obesity. e. aggression.

b. fearfulness

Which is considered to be the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS? a. GABA b. glutamate c. dopamine d. acetylcholine e. none of the above

b. glutamate

APs are said to be all-or-none: This means that all APs a. are the same. b. in a particular neuron are the same. c. quickly or not at all. d. all of the above e. both A and C

b. in a particular neuron are the same

Neuron death a. starts to occur in humans around the age of 50. b. is a stage of normal early neural development. c. is rare in healthy humans until after puberty. d. is a common, but unfortunate, consequence of accidental exposure to neural gradients. e. is always followed by regeneration.

b. is a stage of normal early neural development

Considering their usual intellectual disabilities, people with Williams syndrome tend to have remarkably good a. spatial ability. b. language ability. c. mathematical ability. d. explicit memory. e. drawing ability.

b. language ability

The most common measure of the sexual receptivity of a female rat is the a. intromission count. b. lordosis quotient. c. ejaculation frequency. d. self-stimulation count.

b. lordosis quotient

The first time a wild rat encounters a food it has never tasted before, it usually displays a. conditioned taste aversion. b. neophobia. c. thigmotaxis. d. temporal contiguity. e. an emetic reaction.

b. neophobia

The main difference between neurologists and neuropsychologists is that a. neurologists deal with brain-damaged people. b. neuropsychologists tend to focus on the assessment of complex behavioral problems. c. neuropsychologists generally refer patients to neurologists, but not vice versa. d. neurologists deal with behavior. e. neurologists are scientists.

b. neuropsychologists tend to focus on the assessment of complex behavioral problems

Immature cells that have the potential to develop into many, but not all, classes of mature cells (e.g., blood, skin, hair, neurons) are called a. ependymal. b. pluripotent. c. ventricular. d. multipolar. e. totipotent.

b. pluripotent

Which of the following analogies best exemplifies the speed at which postsynaptic potentials travel from their site of origin? a. Postsynaptic potentials travel like the ripples seen when you drop a stone in calm water. b. Postsynaptic potentials travel like electrical signals along a cable. c. Postsynaptic potentials travel like sound waves in an open environment. d. EPSPs and IPSPs travel like a rabbit and a tortoise, respectively.

b. postsynaptic potentials travel like electrical signals along a cable.

It has been suggested that human infants between 7 and 12 months old make perseverative errors because they do not have a fully developed a. cortex. b. prefrontal cortex. c. hippocampus. d. visual system. e. motor system.

b. prefrontal cortex

When it comes to synaptogenesis, neurons display a substantial degree of a. specificity. b. promiscuity. c. monogamy. d. faithfulness. e. inertia.

b. promiscuity

Between birth and adulthood, the size of the human brain a. doubles. b. quadruples. c. actually declines. d. stays about the same although the skull grows. e. increases 10 fold

b. quadruples

Dyslexia is a difficulty in a. speaking. b. reading. c. understanding. d. thinking. e. fleeming.

b. reading

In operant conditioning paradigms, the rate of a voluntary response is increased by __________ and decreased by __________. a. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement b. reinforcement; punishment c. brain stimulation; food d. food; brain stimulation e. conditional stimuli; unconditional stimuli

b. reinforcement; punishment

The fact that the intensity of stimulation is related to the rate of neural firing is attributable to the a. absolute refractory period. b. relative refractory period. c. voltage gating in the buttons of the neuron. d. sodium-potassium pump. e. ligand gating in the buttons of the neuron.

b. relative refractory period

Before the 1950s, neuropsychological testing usually employed the a. standardized-test-battery approach. b. single-test approach. c. customized-test-battery approach. d. neurological approach. e. psychophysical approach.

b. single-test approach

There seem to be two different mechanisms of neural migration: glia-mediated migration and a. amoeboid migration. b. somal translocation. c. pioneer migration. d. growth cone translocation. e. neural cresting.

b. somal translocation

In addition to the radial migration of developing neurons, there is considerable __________ migration. a. rapid b. tangential c. intermediate d. circuitous e. axonal

b. tangential

In frogs, salamanders, and other simple vertebrates, retinal ganglion cells project primarily to the a. thalamus. b. tectum. c. tegmentum. d. cerebellum. e. visual cortex.

b. tectum

Fasciculation is a. the wave-like movements made by the tips of growth cones. b. the tendency of developing axons to grow along paths established by preceding axons. c. the main method used by pioneer growth cones to reach their targets. d. a form of synaptogenesis.

b. the tendency of developing axons to grow along paths established by preceding axons

Drugs that do not penetrate the blood brain barrier can be administered to particular neural structures a. by SC injection. b. through a stereotaxically positioned cerebral cannula. c. through an intracerebral microelectrode. d. by IV injection. e. by injection into a carotid artery.

b. through a stereotaxically positioned cerebral cannula

Mice that have had genetic material of another species (e.g., a pathological human gene) inserted into their genome are called a. knockout mice. b. transgenic mice. c. homozygous. d. heterozygous.

b. transgenic mice

During conventional Pavlovian conditioning, the conditional stimulus is repeatedly presented just before the a. conditional response. b. unconditional stimulus. c. other conditional stimulus. d. operant response. e. classical stimulus.

b. unconditional stimulus

The conduction of an action potential along any axon is mediated by the action of a. nodes of Ranvier. b. voltage-activated ion channels. c. ligand-activated ion channels. d. myelin. e. EPSPs.

b. voltage-activated ion channels

Another word for "integration" is a. "firing." b. "all-or-none." c. "summation." d. "release." e. "activation."

c. "summation"

Active conduction is to passive conduction as a. IPSPs are to APs. b. EPSPs are to IPSPs. c. APs are to EPSPs. d. EPSPs are to APs. e. excitation is to inhibition.

c. APs are to EPSPs

Which of the following attributes of oxygenated blood makes functional MRI (fMRI) possible? a. Active areas of the brain take up less oxygenated blood than they need for their energy requirements. b. It can be seen using x-rays. c. Active areas of the brain take up more oxygenated blood than they need for their energy requirements. d. It can be labeled with radioactive fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG).

c. Active areas of the brain take up more oxygenated blood than they need for their energy requirements

According to the theory of Hodgkin and Huxley, a. Na+ ions continuously leak out of a resting neuron. b. Na+ ions are continuously pumped into a resting neuron. c. K+ ions continuously leak out of a resting neuron. d. K+ ions are continuously pumped out of a resting neuron. e. both A and B

c. K+ ions continuously leak out of a resting neuron

Which of the following is synthesized directly from tyrosine? a. dopamine b. epinephrine c. L-dopa d. serotonin e. GABA

c. L-Dopa

Which of the following technique measures changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the brain? a. MRI b. fMRI c. MEG d. EMG e. EEG

c. MEG

Outside the membranes of resting neurons, there are many more a. inhibitory neurotransmitters. b. neurotransmitters. c. Na+ ions. d. K+ ions. e. nuclei.

c. Na+ ions

Which of the following is a method used by cognitive neuroscientists to turn off part of the brain while the effects on cognition and behavior are assessed? a. 2-DG b. ERP c. TMS d. PET e. EEG

c. TMS

Many current neuropsychological assessments begin with the a. sodium amytal test. b. dichotic listening test. c. WAIS. d. Psychiatric Test Inventory (PTI). e. ERP

c. WAIS

The _________ is often administered as part of the initial common neuropsychological test battery. a. P300 b. default mode c. WAIS d. sodium amytal test

c. WAIS

The level of 130/70 mmHg is a. indicative of stress. b. the ratio of diastolic to total systolic blood pressure. c. a healthy human blood pressure. d. indicative of hypertension. e. both A and C

c. a healthy human blood pressure

Atropine is a. an extract of opium. b. a cholinergic agonist. c. a muscarinic antagonist. d. a pupil constrictor. e. a catecholamine.

c. a muscarinic antagonist

Penile erection is a. a muscular response. b. an electromyographic response. c. a plethysmographic response. d. a sphygmomanometric response. e. an aberrant response.

c. a plethysmographic response

The main difference between an average evoked potential (AEP) and a "raw" evoked potential is that a. an AEP is usually unobservable. b. an AEP is an alpha wave. c. a raw evoked potential is often unobservable amidst the random noise of the ongoing EEG signal. d. an AEP is a unit response. e. a raw evoked potential is likely to be larger.

c. a raw evoked potential is often unobservable amidst the random noise of the ongoing EEG signal

The brief period of time immediately after the initiation of an action potential, when it is absolutely impossible to initiate another one in the same neuron, is called the a. threshold of excitation. b. threshold of inhibition. c. absolute refractory period. d. IPSP. e. relative refractory period.

c. absolute refractory period

Axodendritic synapses a. are rare. b. often terminate on the axon hillock. c. always terminate on dendrites. d. sometimes terminate on cell bodies. e. A and C

c. always terminate on dendrites

In immunocytochemistry, the labeled ligand is a. an amino acid. b. a microelectrode. c. an antibody. d. a neurotransmitter. e. a receptor.

c. an antibody

Which of the following is an endocannabinoid neurotransmitter? a. nitric oxide b. aspartate c. anandamide d. THC e. indolamine

c. anandamine

Drugs that degrade vesicles and cause the neurotransmitter molecules to leak into the cytoplasm, where they are destroyed by enzymes, are a. receptor blockers. b. agonists of the neurotransmitter. c. antagonists of the neurotransmitter. d. autoreceptor blockers. e. amino acids

c. antagonists of the nuerotransmitter

Most of the cell death associated with early development of the brain is a. necrotic. b. passive. c. apoptotic. d. both A and B e. both B and C

c. apoptotic

Many effective antischizophrenic drugs a. also are effective against Parkinson's disease. b. are D2 agonists. c. are D2 blockers. d. both A and B e. both A and C

c. are D2 blockers

People with Williams syndrome a. are nonempathetic. b. are withdrawn. c. are sociable. d. score high on IQ tests.

c. are sociable

Contributing to the unequal distribution of ions on either side of a resting neural membrane a. is random ion movement. b. are electrostatic gradients. c. are sodium-potassium pumps. d. both A and B e. both B and C

c. are sodium-potassium pumps

Action potentials originate at the a. terminal buttons. b. synapses. c. axon initial segment, adjacent to the axon hillock. d. nodes of Ranvier. e. nucleus.

c. axon initial segment, adjacent to the axon hillock

In the sodium amytal test, injections are sequentially made into the left and right a. language areas of the cortex. b. speech areas of the cortex. c. carotid arteries. d. auditory cortex. e. motor cortex.

c. carotid arteries

Which of the following are synthesized from tyrosine? a. monoamines b. indolamines c. catecholamines d. amino acids e. both A and B

c. catecholamines

Monoamines are divided into two groups: a. amino acids and peptides. b. peptides and proteins. c. catecholamines and indolamines. d. peptides and polypeptides. e. catecholamines and dopamine.

c. catecholamines and indolamines

Which of the following uses the infusion of a radio-opaque dye into a cerebral artery to visualize the cerebral circulatory system during x-ray photography? a. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) b. positron emission tomography (PET) c. cerebral angiography d. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

c. cerebral angiography

Which method of measuring the extracellular concentration of specific neurochemicals in behaving animals does not require that the animal be euthanized for study? a. 2-deoxyglucose technique b. in situ hybridization c. cerebral dialysis d. kainic-ibotenic chromatography

c. cerebral dialysis

Sperry's experiments on eye-rotation in frogs led to an influential hypothesis that explains how growth cones find their way to their targets: the a. radial glial hypothesis. b. cell-adhesion hypothesis. c. chemoaffinity hypothesis. d. growth cone hypothesis. e. CAM hypothesis.

c. chemoaffinity hypothesis

Cancer patients sometimes develop conditioned taste aversions in response to their a. tumors. b. bad news. c. chemotherapy. d. X-rays. e. ulcers.

c. chemotherapy

Hypertension is a. stress. b. caused by excitement. c. chronic high blood pressure. d. chronic low blood pressure. e. a sphygmomanometer.

c. chronic high blood pressure

Perseveration is the tendency to a. form long-term working memories. b. form permanent short-term memories. c. continue making formerly correct responses that are currently incorrect. d. continue making formerly incorrect responses that are currently correct. e. fasciculate.

c. continue making formerly correct responses that are currently incorrect

A temporary or reversible lesion can be produced by a. excision or cutting. b. aspiration or suction. c. cooling the target brain structure or injecting an anesthetic into it. d. radio-frequency current. e. invasive EEG.

c. cooling the target brain structure or injecting an anesthetic into it

At 24 days after conception, the precursor of the PNS is visible in the developing embryo, just dorsal to the developing spinal cord. This structure, which is illustrated here at the end of the pointer line, is the neural (picture) a. tube. b. plate. c. crest. d. groove. e. stem.

c. crest

During the formation of the neural tube, a few cells break off from the neural tube and form a structure that lies just dorsal to the tube. This structure is the neural a. groove. b. canal. c. crest. d. zone. e. layer.

c. crest

By binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors, this drug produces paralysis and death: a. atropine. b. chlordiazepoxide. c. curare. d. morphine. e. belladonna.

c. curare

There is substantial brain activity when humans sit quietly and let their minds wander—this level of activity has been termed the brain's a. resting mode. b. mind-wandering state. c. default mode. d. solid state

c. default mode

A network of brain structures that tends to be active when a person sits quietly and lets her mind wander has been termed the a. limbic system. b. constituent cognitive processor. c. default mode network. d. cerebral paradigm. e. paired-image subtraction mode.

c. default mode network

A noninvasive test of language lateralization is the a. sodium amytal test. b. repetition priming test. c. dichotic listening test. d. Wisconsin card-sorting test

c. dichotic listening test

Cocaine and amphetamines are a. antischizophrenic drugs. b. used to treat Parkinson's disease. c. dopamine agonists. d. serotonin antagonists. e. dopamine antagonists.

c. dopamine agonists

Typically, intromission precedes a. lordosis. b. mounting. c. ejaculation. d. thigmotaxis.

c. ejaculation

The usual procedure for measuring muscle tension is a. electrooculography. b. electroencephalography. c. electromyography. d. the electrocardiogram.

c. electromyography

Illustrated here is (image of woman with waves) a. electroencephalography. b. magnetoencephalography. c. electrooculography. d. plethysmography. e. electromyography.

c. electrooculography

The most commonly used test of anxiolytic drug effects is the ________ maze. a. Morris water b. radial arm c. elevated plus d. anxiety provoking

c. elevated plus

Growth cones extend and retract finger-like cytoplasmic extensions as if they were feeling their way. These extensions are called a. adhesion digits. b. growth cone adhesion digits. c. filopodia. d. pseudopodia. e. siphons.

c. filopodia

The general effect of synapse rearrangement is to a. increase the number of different target cells innervated by each neuron. b. increase the number of synaptic contacts received by each neuron. c. focus the output of each neuron on fewer postsynaptic cells. d. increase the ratio of axosomatic synapses to axodendritic synapses. e. increase the number of synapses.

c. focus the output of each neuron on fewer postsynaptic cells

The radial arm maze is commonly used to study a. eating. b. motor activity. c. foraging for food. d. Pavlovian conditioning. e. discrimination learning.

c. foraging for food

The __________ created by the current is the main cause of tissue damage produced by a radio-frequency lesion. a. vibration b. current induction c. heat d. ion deposits e. acid

c. heat

The topographic gradient hypothesis was proposed to explain a. the results of Sperry's classic experiments with frogs. b. why some growing axons follow the same circuitous route to reach their target in every member of a species. c. how axonal growth can produce accurate topographic maps in the brain. d. somal translocation.

c. how axonal growth can produce accurate topographic maps in the brain

The pattern of migration of future neocortical neurons is referred to as a. accelerated. b. insidious. c. inside out. d. subventricular. e. ependymal.

c. inside out

Ions pass through the neural membrane via specialized pores called a. gap junctions. b. PSPs. c. ion channels. d. vesicles. e. connexons.

c. ion channels

Cooling can be used to produce a functional or reversible brain lesion because a. the damage that it produces lasts only a few weeks. b. the damage that it produces lasts only a day or two. c. it can temporarily suppress neural activity in a particular area of the brain without damaging the brain. d. it produces lesions that can be reversed with drugs. e. the subjects usually survive.

c. it can temporarily suppress neural activity in a particular area of the brain without damaging the brain

The development of the human brain is unique in that a. there is no early cell death. b. there is no early reorganization. c. it develops so slowly. d. it develops so quickly. e. the PNS develops before the CNS.

c. it develops so slowly

Which of the following lesion methods is used to eliminate conduction in a nerve or tract? a. aspiration b. radio-frequency c. knife cut d. reversible lesion

c. knife cut

Mice that are the products of gene knockout techniques are referred to as a. transgenic mice. b. optogenetic mice. c. knockout mice. d. brainbow mice.

c. knockout mice

Ionotropic receptors are linked to a. ribosomes. b. neurotransmitters. c. ligand-activated ion channels. d. vesicles. e. G proteins.

c. ligand-activated ion channels.

Which of the following is a commonly used measure of the sexual receptivity of female rats? a. postejaculatory interval b. mount frequency c. lordosis quotient d. number of intromissions to ejaculation e. number of ejaculations to intromission

c. lordosis quotient

The ironic case of Professor P. makes the point that a. two brains are better than one. b. Alzheimer's disease can have an early onset. c. many research methods of biopsychology are used in clinical settings. d. brain tumors can be bilateral. e. cortical tumors are usually malignant.

c. many research methods of biopsychology are used in clinical settings

Cerebral dialysis is a method of a. stimulating the brain. b. stimulating the neuroendocrine system. c. measuring changes in the extracellular concentrations of various neurochemicals at particular sites in the brains of active animals. d. 6-OHDA. e. recording AEPs.

c. measuring changes in the extracellular concentrations of various neurochemicals at particular sites in the brains of active animals

Prior to birth, a. the prefrontal cortex is largely developed. b. myelination is virtually complete. c. neurons begin to fire. d. neuron death is negligible.

c. neurons begin to fire

How far do most postsynaptic potentials travel before they die out? a. to the axon hillock b. to the terminal buttons c. no more than a couple of millimeters d. about 50 millimeters e. both B and D

c. no more than a couple millimeters

Conduction of action potentials along an axon is a. instantaneous. b. decremental. c. nondecremental. d. entirely passive. e. always saltatory.

c. nondecremental

Components of AEPs recorded in the first few milliseconds after a stimulus are a. almost always auditory. b. almost always visual. c. not usually influenced by the meaning of the stimulus. d. of special interest to cognitive psychologists. e. almost always influenced by the meaning of the stimulus.

c. not usually influenced by the meaning of the stimulus

Brain damage may produce selective language deficits associated with the sounds, grammar, or meaning of language. In other words, they may disrupt a. syntax, phonology, or semantics, respectively. b. phonology, semantics, or syntax, respectively. c. phonology, syntax, or semantics, respectively. d. semantics, syntax, or phonology, respectively. e. semantics, phonology, or syntax, respectively.

c. phonology, syntax, or semantics, respectively

At 18 days after conception, this structure becomes visible in the developing embryo; it is the neural (picture) a. mesoderm. b. tube. c. plate. d. floor. e. crest.

c. plate

Diamond hypothesized that perseverative errors occur in infants between 7 and 12 months because the ______________ not fully developed during this period. a. primary sensory cortices are b. secondary sensory cortices are c. prefrontal cortex is d. parietal cortex is

c. prefrontal cortex is

The first evidence that new neurons can be created in the brains of adult vertebrates came in the 1980s from the study of a. the hippocampus. b. the olfactory bulbs. c. songbirds. d. hamsters. e. the amygdala.

c. songbirds

Despite general thinning of the cerebral cortex in most cases of Williams syndrome, the thickness of the cortex of the __________ is often typical. a. orbitofrontal fissure b. dorsolateral frontal lobe c. superior temporal gyrus d. posterior parietal lobe e. both A and B

c. superior temporal gyrus

Which gland or glands directly influence the SCL and the SCR? a. gonads b. pituitary gland c. sweat glands d. pancreas e. adrenal glands

c. sweat glands

Neurotransmitters are often stored in a. aluminum foil. b. ribosomes. c. synaptic vesicles. d. nodes of Ranvier. e. the synaptic cleft.

c. synaptic vesicles

If an optic nerve of a mature frog is transected and half of the associated retina is destroyed, a. the axons grow out from the retinal ganglion cells in the remaining half of the retina to their original targets on the optic tectum. b. the destroyed retina regenerates and then axons grow out from the complete retina and innervate the optic tectum in the species-typical fashion. c. the axons grow out from the retinal ganglion cells in the remaining half of the retina to targets systematically distributed over the entire optic tectum. d. half of the optic tectum degenerates. e. both A and D

c. the axons grow out from the retinal ganglion cells in the remaining half of the retina to targets systematically distributed over the entire optic tectum,

Sodium-potassium pumps are a. integrators. b. refractory. c. transporters. d. excitatory. e. inhibitory.

c. transporters

Serotonin is synthesized from a. tyrosine. b. L-dopa. c. tryptophan. d. norepinephrine. e. epinephrine.

c. tryptophan

In vitro, neurons will form synapses a. only with their correct targets. b. only with neurons of the same type. c. with almost any neuron. d. only with glial cells. e. only with the correct glial cells.

c. with almost any neuron

An early warning sign for the possibility of a young child having an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) could include a. an unusual need for visual stimulation. b. failure to have an attachment object by age 18 months. c. a decline in expressed empathy toward other children by age 20 months. d. a decline in eye contact between 2 and 6 months.

d. a decline in eye contact between 2 and 6 months

The one enzyme whose function is to deactivate a specific neurotransmitter once it has been released into the synapse is a. dopamine. b. L-dopa. c. acetylcholine. d. acetylcholinesterase. e. a G protein.

d. aceytlcholinesterase

The colony-intruder paradigm is commonly used to study a. natural environment. b. spatial perception. c. reproduction. d. aggressive and defensive behavior.

d. aggressive and defensive behavior

Botox is a. a deadly poison. b. used to reduce tremors. c. a nicotinic antagonist. d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

In comparison to the cortices of rats that had been reared in enriched environments, the cortices of rats that had been reared by themselves in barren cages a. were thinner. b. had less dendritic development. c. had fewer synapses per neuron. d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

Neurons recycle a. neurotransmitter molecules that have been drawn back into the terminal buttons after being released. b. the breakdown products of neurotransmitter molecules that have been degraded in the synapse by enzymes. c. vesicles that have been integrated into the button membrane during exocytosis. d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

Neuropsychological assessment is useful because it can a. assist diagnosis. b. influence treatment. c. be the basis for effective counseling. d. all of the above e. both A and B

d. all of the above

Nitric oxide a. is a soluble gas neurotransmitter. b. is considered to be an unconventional neurotransmitter. c. participates in retrograde synaptic transmission. d. all of the above e. both A and B

d. all of the above

Tests used in the modern customized-test-battery approach to neuropsychological testing a. are often specifically designed to measure aspects of psychological function that have been spotlighted by modern theories and data. b. often focus on the cognitive strategies employed by the patient, rather than on just how well the patient does. c. often require skilled practitioners for their prescription, administration, and interpretation. d. all of the above e. both A and B

d. all of the above

The brain dysfunction associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) a. tends to be variable. b. sometimes involves the cerebellum. c. sometimes involves the frontal cortex. d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

The human brain grows after birth because of a. synaptogenesis. b. myelination. c. increased dendritic branching. d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

The prefrontal cortex seems to play a role in a. working memory. b. planning and carrying out sequences of action. c. inhibiting responses that are inappropriate in the current situation but not in others. d. all of the above e. both A and B

d. all of the above

The scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) signal reflects the sum of electrical events throughout the head. These events include a. action potentials. b. postsynaptic potentials. c. electrical signals from the skin. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is a commonly used measure of male rat sexual behavior? a. number of mounts required to achieve an intromission b. number of intromissions required to achieve an ejaculation c. duration of the interval between an ejaculation and the reinitiation of mounting d. all of the above e. both A and B

d. all of the above

Which of the following is a neurotoxin? a. kainic acid b. ibotenic acid c. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is a record of a person's heart beat? a. electrocardiogram b. ECG c. EKG d. all of the above e. both A and B

d. all of the above

Which of the following is a route of drug administration? a. intraperitoneal b. intramuscular c. subcutaneous d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is a weakness of the gene knockout technique as a method of biopsychological research? a. Most behavioral traits are influenced by many interacting genes. b. Elimination of one gene often influences the expression of other genes. c. The effects of some gene knockouts are likely to depend on experience. d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

When a small-molecule neurotransmitter molecule binds to an ionotropic receptor, the a. cell fires. b. cell stops firing. c. ligand is deactivated. d. associated ion channel opens or closes. e. EPSP gradually increases.

d. associated ion channel opens or closes.

Evidence suggests that many neurons die during development because a. they are genetically programmed to die. b. of their inability to compete successfully for their target's life-preserving chemicals. c. of failures to regenerate. d. both A and B e. both B and C

d. both A and B

Neurotrophins a. are life-preserving chemicals for neurons. b. are supplied to neurons by their synaptic targets. c. promote neuron death. d. both A and B e. both B and C

d. both A and B

Nondirected synapses a. involve the release of neurotransmitter molecules diffusely into the extracellular fluid. b. include string-of-beads synapses. c. involve the movement of neurotransmitter molecules across gap junctions. d. both A and B e. both B and C

d. both A and B

The brainbow technique a. is an extension of the green fluorescent protein technique. b. is a technique for labeling neurons in an animal different colors so that each can be traced. c. has not yet been applied to neural tissue in multicellular animals. d. both A and B e. both A and C

d. both A and B

Which of the following is a passive force that acts to encourage Na+ ions to enter resting neurons? a. random motion, which tends to move ions down their concentration gradients b. electrostatic pressure, which forces ions down their electrostatic gradients c. sodium-potassium pumps, which distribute Na+ and K+ ions equally d. both A and B e. both A and C

d. both A and B

Which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is true? a. About 50% of savants are diagnosed with ASD. b. Between 10 and 30% of individuals diagnosed with ASD display some savant abilities. c. About 50% of the individuals diagnosed with ASD are savants. d. both A and B e. both A and C

d. both A and B

The reason why radioactive fluorodeoxyglucose is useful for revealing the level of activity of neurons in different parts of the brain is that fluorodeoxyglucose a. is absorbed by neurons in relation to their level of activity. b. is metabolized by neurons in relation to their level of activity. c. is not metabolized by neurons. d. both A and C e. both A and B

d. both A and C

It is now generally acknowledged that adult brains are a. incapable of substantial reorganization. b. capable of many kinds of changes. c. not as plastic as developing brains. d. both B and C e. none of the above

d. both B and C

Na+ ions are continuously forced into neurons by a. their high internal concentration. b. their high external concentration. c. the negative resting potential. d. both B and C e. none of the above

d. both B and C

By inserting an opsin gene into a particular type of neuron, a neuroscientist could use light to a. depolarize the neuron. b. hyperpolarize the neuron. c. selectively destroy the neuron. d. both a and b

d. both a and b

Which of the following are methods by which developing cells migrate? a. somal translocation b. glia-mediated migration c. axonal transmigration d. both a and b

d. both a and b

Which of the following is a technique for locating particular neurotransmitters or receptors in the brain? a. immunocytochemistry b. in situ hybridization c. 2-deoxyglucose technique d. both a and b

d. both a and b

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been used a. for optogenetics. b. to create a brainbow. c. to visualize neurons. d. both b and c

d. both b and c

In cases of Williams syndrome, there is often cortical thinning a. in the superior temporal gyrus. b. in the orbitofrontal cortex. c. at the boundary of the parietal and occipital lobes. d. both b and c

d. both b and c

Which of the following are considered to be a core symptom of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)? a. lack of language development after the second year b. restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities c. a reduced capacity for social interaction and communication d. both b and c

d. both b and c

The reference point for many stereotaxic atlases of the rat brain is a. smegma. b. lambda. c. the intersection between two major tracts. d. bregma. e. both C and D

d. bregma

In rats, boxing (rearing up and pushing with the forepaws) is usually a sign of a. sexual motivation. b. aggression. c. predation. d. defense against conspecific attack. e. a lack of sexual motivation in alpha males.

d. defense against conspecific attack

The neural crest a. is just anterior to the neural tube. b. is the bottom of the neural tube. c. develops into the hindbrain. d. develops into the PNS. e. develops into the spinal cord.

d. develops into the PNS

The most widely used test of short-term memory is the a. token test. b. WAIS. c. sodium amytal test. d. digit span test.

d. digit span test

Savant abilities ________. a. usually are not evident in a person with ASD until mid-adolescence b. are present in about 80 percent of persons diagnosed with ASD c. emerge as a result of many hours of concentrated practice d. do not appear to develop through learning or practice

d. do not appear to develop through learning or practice

In the adult human brain, approximately 700 new neurons are created each day in a. the olfactory bulbs. b. the cingulate gyrus. c. the basal ganglia. d. each hippocampus

d. each hippocampus

The electrical activity between each heartbeat is measured by a(n) a. plethysmograph. b. electroencephalogram. c. electromyograph. d. electrocardiogram.

d. electrocardiogram

A mean difference image ______________ areas of activity that are common to many participants and _____________ areas of activity that are peculiar to a few of them. a. adds; subtracts b. averages; subtracts c. deemphasizes; emphasizes d. emphasizes; deemphasizes

d. emphasizes; deemphasizes

Which of the following is NOT found in neurons that release norepinephrine? a. dopamine b. L-dopa c. norepinephrine d. epinephrine e. tyrosine

d. epinephrine

Early musical training has been found to a. delay the development of perfect pitch. b. shrink the association cortices, particularly the auditory association cortex. c. expand the primary sensory cortices, particularly the visual and auditory primary cortices. d. expand an area of the auditory cortex.

d. expand an area of the auditory cortex

Electrooculography is a technique for monitoring a. penile engorgement. b. cortical activity. c. blood pressure. d. eye movement. e. muscle tension.

d. eye movement

Elbert and colleagues (1995) showed that adult musicians who play stringed instruments that are fingered with the left hand a. are more likely to demonstrate perfect pitch than are players of other instruments. b. have a smaller-than-average hand-representation area in their left somatosensory cortex. c. performed better than non-stringed instrument players on mathematical tasks. d. have an enlarged hand-representation area in their right somatosensory cortex.

d. have an enlarged hand-representation area in their right somatosensory cortex

Salts in solution separate into positively and negatively charged a. membrane potentials. b. EPSPs. c. IPSPs. d. ions. e. crystals.

d. ions.

About how many neuropeptides are currently classified by most experts as neurotransmitters? a. 2 b. 4 c. 9 d. just over 100 e. almost 3,000

d. just over 100

The sodium amytal test and dichotic listening test are tests of a. audition. b. memory. c. intelligence. d. language lateralization. e. language.

d. language lateralization

Parkinson's disease is treated with a. dopamine. b. serotonin. c. acetylcholine. d. norepinephrine. e. L-dopa

d. norepinephrine

The usual procedure for measuring changes in the volume of blood in a particular part of the body is a. electrooculography. b. electroencephalography. c. electromyography. d. plethysmography.

d. plethysmography

Reversible brain lesions, if properly done, a. destroy only those neurons that have been cooled. b. produce a discrete area of permanent damage. c. destroy neurons by freezing them. d. produce no permanent neural damage. e. eliminate all neural activity in the brain for about 3 hours.

d. produce no permanent neural damage

Frogs, unlike mammals, have retinal ganglion cells that are capable of a. degeneration. b. proliferation. c. color vision. d. regeneration. e. aggregation.

d. regeneration

A popular theory proposes that adult hippocampal neurogenesis is important for a. maintaining the olfactory bulb's taste and smell functions. b. serving a role in overall activity level of the person. c. maintaining coordination between the cerebellum and the prefrontal cortex. d. regulating mood and anxiety.

d. regulating mood and anxiety

Widely used tests of implicit memory are the a. dichotic listening tests. b. Wisconsin card sorting tests. c. digit span tests. d. repetition priming tests.

d. repetition priming tests

Which of the following methods would you use to temporarily inactivate the amygdala? a. aspiration b. radio frequency c. knife cut d. reversible lesion

d. reversible lesion

In the case of __________, developing cells in the neural tube migrate by growing an extension from the cell in the direction of the migration. a. glia-mediated migration b. radial translocation c. inside migration d. somal translocation

d. somal translocation

Subcortical electrodes can be accurately implanted using a. cerebral angiography. b. temporal resolution. c. signal averaging. d. stereotaxic surgery.

d. stereotaxic surgery

The method by which the experimental devices are accurately positioned in subcortical structures of human patients and animal subjects is a. autoradiography. b. cryogenesis. c. perfusion. d. stereotaxic surgery. e. aspiration.

d. stereotaxic surgery

New olfactory bulb neurons are created from adult neural stem cells at certain sites in the a. prefrontal cortex. b. striatum. c. hippocampus. d. subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles.

d. subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles

In support of the topographic-gradient hypothesis, it has been shown that a. axons do not grow out from the retinas until the retinas are fully grown, which is why babies have disproportionately large eyes. b. axons do not grow out from the retinas until their target structures (e.g., optic tectums) are fully grown. c. retinas and optic tectums always grow in precise proportion to one another. d. the synaptic connections originally formed by retinal ganglion cells on the optic tectums gradually shift as both the eyes and optic tectums grow at different rates during development. e. both A and B

d. the synaptic connections originally formed by the retinal ganglion cells on the optic tectums gradually shift as both the eyes optic tectums grow at differen rates during development

Action potentials can be conducted a. actively. b. passively. c. orthodromically. d. antidromically. e. all of the above

e. all of the above

EPSPs are a. graded responses. b. postsynaptic responses. c. transmitted decrementally. d. depolarizations. e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Glial cells have been shown to a. release chemical transmitters. b. contain receptors for neurotransmitters. c. conduct signals. d. influence synaptic transmission. e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Second messengers can a. be synthesized in response to activation of metabotropic receptors. b. influence metabolic activities of the cell. c. induce IPSPs or EPSPs. d. bind to DNA to influence protein synthesis. e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Soluble-gas neurotransmitters a. are synthesized in the neural cytoplasm. b. once synthesized, immediately diffuse through the cell membrane into the extracellular fluid and into nearby cells. c. diffuse into target cells through their cell membranes. d. once in other cells, stimulate the synthesis of a second messenger and are immediately broken down. e. all of the above

e. all of the above

A core symptom of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a. the expression of repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. b. the reduced capacity for social interaction and communication. c. tremor at rest. d. all of the above e. both A and B

e. both A and B

Both ibotenic acid and kainic acid a. are neurotoxins. b. destroy neurons whose cell bodies are at the tip of an intracerebral cannula, while leaving axons passing through the region undamaged. c. are selective dopamine agonists. d. are selective dopamine antagonists. e. both A and B

e. both A and B

Bregma is a. the point of intersection between two major skull sutures. b. a common reference point for rat stereotaxic brain surgery. c. a naughty word. d. a type of electrode holder. e. both A and B

e. both A and B

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are more likely to display a. seizures. b. intellectual disabilities. c. empathetic talkativeness. d. all of the above e. both A and B

e. both A and B

In most self-stimulation paradigms, laboratory animals a. press levers or perform other operant responses to obtain reinforcement. b. receive electrical stimulation through implanted electrodes. c. receive punishment for inappropriate self-stimulation. d. all of the above e. both A and B

e. both A and B

Most cognitive neuroscientific research is based on the assumption that a. complex cognitive processes result from the combination of simple constituent cognitive processes. b. each constituent cognitive process is mediated by activity in a particular area of the brain. c. almost all constituent cognitive processes tend to be localized in subcortical structures. d. all of the above e. both A and B

e. both A and B

Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitter's receptors on the postsynaptic membrane without activating them are a. receptor blockers. b. agonists of the neurotransmitter. c. antagonists of the neurotransmitter. d. both A and B e. both A and C

e. both A and C

The postnatal growth of the human brain results from a. synaptogenesis. b. an increase in the number of neurons. c. myelination. d. all of the above e. both A and C

e. both A and C

Sodium-potassium pumps maintain the resting membrane potential by transporting a. Na+ ions into neurons. b. K+ ions into neurons. c. Na+ ions out of neurons. d. both A and B e. both B and C

e. both B and C

The disruptive effects of total visual deprivation of the left eye on subsequent vision through the left eye are greater when the a. right eye is deprived at the same time. b. deprivation occurs early in life. c. right eye is not deprived at the same time. d. both A and B e. both B and C

e. both B and C

The signals in the first few milliseconds of the average auditory evoked potential a. always originate next to the scalp electrode. b. are far-field potentials. c. originate in the sensory nuclei of the brain stem. d. all of the above e. both B and C

e. both B and C

Which of the following are considered to be small-molecule neurotransmitters? a. neuropeptide transmitters b. monoamine neurotransmitters c. amino acid neurotransmitters d. both A and B e. both B and C

e. both B and C

Vesicles travel from the cell body to the buttons a. on action potentials. b. along microtubules. c. at a rate of about 40 centimeters per second. d. at a rate of about 40 centimeters per day. e. both B and D

e. both B and D

Many neurons contain and release two neurotransmitters. This situation is called a. covalence. b. ionotropism. c. cohabitation. d. metabotropism. e. coexistence.

e. coexistence

In humans, the major function of the new neurons created in the adult hippocampus by neurogenesis is a. to improve long-term memory. b. to improve episodic memory. c. to improve implicit memory. d. to improve short-term memory. e. currently unknown.

e. currently unknown

Dopamine is not an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease because a. dopaminergic neurons are restricted to the PNS. b. Parkinson's disease is a cholinergic dysfunction. c. Parkinson's disease is a noradrenergic dysfunction. d. d'Orta is the treatment of choice. e. dopamine does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier.

e. dopamine does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier

Adrenergic neurons release a. serotonin. b. norepinephrine. c. dopamine. d. acetylcholine. e. epinephrine.

e. epinephrine

Transgenic mice always possess a. more chromosomes than normal. b. genes of the other sex. c. the behavioral characteristics of the other sex. d. fewer chromosomes than normal. e. genes of another species.

e. genes of another species

Evidence suggests that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) a. has no genetic basis. b. is caused by a single dominant gene. c. is caused by a single recessive gene. d. is caused by two abnormal genes. e. is caused by the interactions of many genes, with each other and the environment.

e. is caused by the interactions of many genes, with each other and the environment.

In a classic study of the effects of adult experience on the human brain, the area of right somatosensory cortex receiving input from the left hand was found to be bigger in a. African drummers. b. tennis players. c. piano players. d. accordionists. e. musicians who fingered stringed instruments with the left hand.

e. musicians who fingered stringed instruments with the left hand

Functional MRI requires the injection of radioactive a. water. b. glucose. c. fluorodeoxyglucose. d. oxygen. e. none of the above

e. none of the above

This apparatus is a. an elevated plus maze. b. a Hebb-Williams maze. c. a wheel maze. d. a Morris maze. e. none of the above

e. none of the above (radial arm maze)

During an action potential, the change in membrane potential associated with the influx of sodium ions triggers the a. opening of sodium channels. b. closing of chloride channels. c. opening of chloride channels. d. closing of potassium channels. e. opening of potassium channels.

e. opening of potassium channels

A developing cell that is totipotent a. is capable of developing into any type of cell in the organism. b. is totally committed to one cell type for life. c. cannot divide. d. is totally developed and will not differentiate. e. is entirely potent in excitation or inhibition.

A. is capable of developing into any type of cell in the organism

Neuropeptides are synthesized in the cell body on a. ribosomes. b. the Golgi complex. c. vesicles. d. mitochondria. e. microtubules.

A. ribosomes

The case of Genie emphasizes the role of a. the brain in behavior. b. experience in human neural and psychological development. c. the brain in language. d. language in learning. e. neuroplasticity in development.

B. Experience in human neural and psychological development

The neural plate is a patch of a. multipolar neurons. b. ectodermal tissue. c. mesoderm. d. endodermal tissue. e. growth cones.

B. ectodermal tissue

The neural plate develops directly into the a. neural tube. b. neural groove. c. brain. d. CNS. e. PNS

B. neural groove

In electrooculography, how many electrodes are typically used to monitor the movements of one eye? a. 4 b. 8 c. 3 d. 1 e. 6

a. 4

The number of new neurons added to the adult human hippocampus has been estimated to be about ___________ per day per hippocampus. a. 700 b. 900 c. 1000 d. 2000

a. 700

Most radial arm mazes have a. 8 or more arms radiating out from a central starting area. b. 8 or more arms radiating out from a central goal area. c. 8 arms that continuously revolve. d. no goal areas. e. no starting area.

a. 8 or more arms radiating out from a central starting area.

Which of the following are amino acid neurotransmitters? a. GABA b. epinephrine c. dopamine d. serotonin

a. GABA