Cluster20B Readings for Final Exam

The People, Respondent, v. George W. Hall, Appellant, 1854

- Case ruled no non-white person can testify against a white person (1854) - Judge called Chinese an inferior race - Idea that Chinese are second class citizens just like Blacks and Natives

Flora Belle Jan Longs for Unconventionality and Freedom, 1924

-Because she is Chinese, she cannot join a sorority in college - experiences racism there -self-determination: Belle discusses breaking conventional Chinese customs/lifestyle -she pursued her own form of freedom through her writing, shows agency through her writing

Connie Tirona Recalls Growing Up Filipino American (1930s and 1940s), 1995

-Being the only person of color at school, she learns to respond to racism (ex: kids don't sit with her at lunch b/c she brings Filipino food --> forces her to assimilate) -immigration: her parents immigrated to NorCal, worked hard to enjoy a simple life in Filipino community there, but still faced racism/discrimination

Liu, Michael, Kim Geron and Tracy Lai. 2008. "Swelling Rhythm: The 1960s Era and Conditions for Change" and "The Birth of the Movement: Stepping Toward New Values and Community."

-(First Reading) Focuses on the Asian American Movement and the exploitation of Asian Americans for cheap labor -1960s-1970s: civil rights, labor, anti-warfare (counter culturalism), changes in political power opened up for more activism and radical reform -As more Asian Americans assimilated to American culture, there came an increase in the socialization of AAM. -The opposal of U.S. Imperialism in their own ancestral Asian countries and their own fight against their oppressive governments and BLM influenced Asian Americans back in the U.S. -AAM began with the students, community youth, veteran community, and labor organizers. *Pushed for education, civil rights, and anti-war and imperialism. Challenged oriental views. -(Second Reading) AAM is not as widely known because there's an assumption that Asians don't organize (orientalism), other movements are "more important", and to erase political power and marginal -AAM influenced by other social movements in United States and internationally. Difference between old and new generation AAM. Fought for self-governance (autonomy) in Hawai'i, just like American Indians wanted Alcatraz. -AAM had internal conflict and hard to organize legal work and unionize. -AAM, like other social movements, have an example of intersectionality and it shows the struggle of women rights amidst the fight for racial rights.

Deloria, Vine. 1970. This Country Was a Lot Better When the Indians Were Running It. Alvin Josephy, Joane Nagel and Troy Johnson (editors), Red Power: The American Indi- ans Fight for Freedom. University of Nebraska Press: Lin- coln, 1999, 28-52. (CR)

-American Indians stood in solidarity on Alcatraz attempting to establish a sovereign state where Indian culture could be taught -federal policy "Termination" was introduced to end tribal treaty rights/ assimilate Indians to American culture -article writes about the peril of the doctrine of discovery

Alpert, Emily. 2013. Interracial Couples Increasingly Com- mon, Though Many Aren't Marrying and Many Asian Americans Are as Segregated by Neighborhood as Latinos. Los Angeles Times 8/31/2013. (CR)

-Anti-miscegenation laws caused racist attitudes in elders, but are now diminishing/less common -more mixed-raced couples now

Norman Asing, To His Excellency Governor Bigler, 1852

-Article explains how at the time, Asian people were first welcomed as an expendable source for labor. Then they were exploited because the government placed a restriction on Chinese immigration.

Uyematsu, Amy, 1969. "The Emergence of Yellow Power in America." Gidra (October). (CR)

-Article says Filipinos believe they are inferior to Whites and other orientals but superior to Mexicans and Blacks. -Asian Americans have assumed white identities, that is the values and the attitudes of the majority of Americans. -The "black power" movement caused many Asian Americans to question themselves and as a result, led to the "yellow power" movement.

Keyes, Cheryl L. 2002. The Development of the Rap Music Tradition. Pages 39-66 in Rap Music and Street Consciousness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

-Black musicians gave the underprivileged a voice -funk and disco were the catalysts in the development of rap -Black voice of oppression represented through music

Turner, James. 1969. "Black Students and Their Changing Perspective." Ebony 24(August): 135-140. (CR)

-Black students played a huge role in the black power movement, especially by fighting for Black Studies because they know that being in control of their education will provide them with power. Students are not getting degrees to escape black communities, but to embrace. They are paving the way for the liberation movement by fighting for their rights in schools. - SF State and UC Berkeley (first to have ethnic studies)

Podcast: Red and Black DNA, Blood, Kinship and Organizing, The HenceForward

-Black white binary cannot accommodate indigenous for native racialization -Red and black are different in terms of whiteness and upholding white state

Jerry Kang, 2001-2002. "Thinking Through Internment: 12/7 and 9/11," Amerasia Journal 27(3)/28(1): 42-50

-Border policies backfired because they rapidly increased Latin American population in the United States. Immigrants feared going back to their home country because of the difficulty to come back, therefore more decided to settle in the U.S.

Deer, Sarah. 2015. "At the Mercy of the State: Linking Rape to Federal Indian Law." Pages 31-43 in The Beginning and End of Rape. University of Minnesota Press.

-Colonialism and sexual violence and inextricably linked -Tribal sovereignty: tribes should have the ability to protect their citizens from abuse but often are not able to -Jurisdictions create a gray area that makes it difficult to prosecute those who commit sexual violence against Native women, used to take power away from tribal authorities -Major Crimes Act (MCA) imposed federal criminal justice system on tribal authorities → forces rape survivors to navigate federal system if they want to report -Oliphant v Suquamish: tribal courts cannot prosecute non-Indians -Poverty also affects tribal communities ability to respond to rape charges → no resources to prosecute these cases effectively

Razack, Sherene. 2012. "We didn't kill them, we didn't cut their head off": Abu Ghraib Revisited. Chapter 10 (217-245) in Daniel Martinez HoSang, Oneka LaBennett and Laura Pulido (Editors), Racial Formation in the Twenty-First Century. University of California Press. (CR)

-Idea of torture vs. harassment -ANTI MUSLIM RACISM - refusal of Bush administration to take responsibility -torture is a practice about claiming the bodies of the colonized

Angel Island Poetry, 1910.

-Immigration station on Angel Island in the Bay. Potential immigrants, most from China were detained there in dehumanizing condition. -some Chinese carved powerful poems into the barracks walls, vowing revenge for the personal and national humiliation they faced.

Gary Okihiro, "West and East," Chapter 1 in Common Ground: Reimagining American History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), pp.3-27

-Orientalism: the representation of Asia as passive, superstitious, culturally static, and feminine as opposed to the West which was portrayed as active, rational, culturally dynamic, and masculine. -idea of the West as the Nation's frontier.

Vincent, Rickey. 2008. "James Brown: Icon of Black Power." In Tony Bolden (editor), The Funk Era and Beyond: New Perspectives on Black Popular Culture. NY: Palgrave, 51-72. (CR)

-James Brown was the Godfather of Soul, most prominent popular entertainer to openly promote and celebrate black pride. He started a celebration of black identity though his song "Say it Loud," contributing to the Black Power Movement and Third World Revolution.

Douglas Massey. 2009. Racial Formation in Theory and Practice. Race and Social Problems 1: 12-26.

-Mexicans move from working class to the lowest class -reveals housing discrimination -politicians began using Mexicans and the idea of the illegal immigrant to advance political goals

Deer, Sarah. 2015."Introduction: Sovereignty of the Soul."Pages ix-xxiv in The Beginning and End of Rape. University of Minnesota Press. (CR)

-Native women experience the highest per capita rate of rape -calling sexual assault of women an epidemic puts blame on the victim -Allows society to absolve blame (biological problem/short-term) -Depoliticizes rape -Rape is a fundamental result of colonialism -Native women experience the trauma of rape through generations (intergenerational trauma: so many generations of women have been abused over the years but haven't spoken out because women were perceived subordinate and knew they wouldn't be believed)

Ortiz, Ana Teresa and Laura Biggs. 2003. The Culture of Poverty, Crack Babies, and Welfare Cheats: The Making of the 'Healthy White Baby Crisis.' Social Text 76: 39-57. (CR)

-Oscar Lewis falsely claims that poverty was learned and that children who grew up in poverty were damaged beyond recovery -In the 1980s there were false claims that crack babies were inferior/damaged, then politicians used these claims to end welfare programs -led to the demonization of poor children as a biologically inferior class -definition of the culture of poverty: the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children

Bain,Bryonn and Tongo Eisen-Martin. 2017. Lyrics Matter: Why Hip Hop and Spoken Word Work in Prisons and Public Schools. California English 22(4):20-22

-Over 2 million people are incarcerated 30% mentally ill- more than mental health institutions -Women and immigrants are most likely to be incarcerated -When crime rates are down, juvenile prison rates go up 7-8 million people in jail, prison, on parole and probation -Blacks are incarcerated at more than 5 times the rate of whites

Escobar, Edward. 1993. The Dialectics of Repression: The Los Angeles Police Department and the Chicano Movement

-Police show racism towards Chicano activists by using excessive violence towards them -Shifting of Mexicans not wanting to identify as a minority/with the Black struggle to now identifying -main goals of movement: maintain pride in Mexican cultural identity, foster a political movement for Chicanos to empower themselves, end discriminatory practices that restricted Chicano lives

U.S. News and World Report. 1966. "Success Story of One Minority in the U.S." December 26, 73-78. (CR)

-article is about Chinese Americans -model minority creates a distortion of homogenous group of Asian Americans -article does not recognize the gap between affluent and impoverished Asians -Low crime rates, strict discipline of children, willing to work long hours for little pay -Low dependency on the government, few Chinese sought for welfare handouts. Clan and family loyalties.

Irons, Peter. 1990. JD Shelley v. Louis Kraemer: "The Contract of Restrictions" and "I Ain't Moving Nowhere!" In Courage of Their Convictions: Sixteen Americans Who Fought Their Way to the Supreme Court. NY: Penguin, 65- 79

-Restrictive racial covenants prohibited blacks from living in exclusive white areas. Through the help of the NAACP, the Shelleys eventually won the case. -racial covenants were used to maintain residential segregation, deprived minorities access to decent housing -culture of poverty: this limits blacks socioeconomic class, perpetuates cycle of poverty

Paul Finkleman, "Making a Covenant with Death: Slavery and the Constitutional Convention."

-Rhetoric within the Constitution that disguises the language of slavery/ultimately protected the institution -3/5 rule

Theoharis, Jeanne. 2009. 'A Life History of Being Rebellious': The Radicalism of Rosa Parks.

-Rosa Parks was a radical activist but she is rarely portrayed that way. In the mainstream, she has been cast as a soft-spoken. In reality, she had a long career of political activism. -relates to intersectionality: overlapping systems of discrimination - Parks being romanticized as the "mother of the Civil Rights Movement" -She was a political organizer for the NAACP

Kaplan, Karen. 2005. Ancestry in a Drop of Blood. LA Times

-Rules for membership for various Native American tribes vary in terms of how much Native American "blood" a person must have to justify them as a true Native American. -"to define someone by blood quantum is the very definition of racism"

Simpson, Leanne. 2014. "Land as Pedagogy: Nishnaabeg Intelligence and rebellious transformation." Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education, Society 3(3). (CR)

-Simpson discusses the importance of Nishnaabeg knowledge and how the U.S educational system is influenced by the logics of settler colonialism and western education's attempt to coerce people into assimilation. -example of environmental racism, settler colonialism, Terra Nullius

Ondaatje, Michael. 2004. Counterfeit Heroes or Colourblind Visionaries: The Black Conservative Challenge to Affirmative Action in Modern America. Australasian Journal of American Studies 23(2): 31-50.

-contemporary Black conversatives have few links with Black social and political customs and institutions -negative perceptions of the government's attempts to help Black people

Brenda Stevenson, "Slavery and Anti-Slavery in Antebellum America," Chapter 4 in What is Slavery

-Stevenson argues how the status of Black women as slaves has affected their gendered images. -Black female slaves were called "mammy" and "jezebel"

K-Sue Park, The ACLU Needs to Rethink Free Speech. New York Times Aug. 17 2017

-The author criticizes ACLU's defense of White Supremacy through their protection of the First Amendment; the ACLU believes in free speech, but does not filter out hate speech -law supports racism: values First Amendment rights for hateful, right-wing racists (white supremacists) -counterprotestors of racist movements are less protected by the ACLU

Smedley, Audrey and Brian D. Smedley. 2012. Changing Perspectives on Human Variation in Science. Pg 289-306 in Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview

-The emergence of new scientific positions on race that conflicted with older views. Soon, scientists began to see race as more of social construction separate from science. -Race is a social construction based on phenotype

Voyles, Traci. 2015. "Monsters and Mountains: Competing Geographies of Uranium," Wastelanding: Legacies of Ura- nium Mining in Navajo Country. University of Minnesota Press. (CR)

-There are multiple atomic bomb testings/uranium mining in the zone between Navajo Country and the Uranium Industry -Radioactive waste contamination -example of environmental racism/erasure of Native land

Anderson, Terry. 2005. The Strange Career of Affirmative Action. South Central Review 22 (2): 110-129

-Traces how the original intent of the affirmative action program has changed over the four decades since it was announced by President Kennedy -Results of affirmative action include a rise in minority middle class, female professionals

Razack, Sherene. 2018. A Site We Cannot Bear: The Racial/Spacial Politics of Banning the Muslim Women's Niquab. CJWL/RFD 30: 167-187. (CR)

-depicts Anti-Muslim racism, bans on the Niqab express a command to Muslim women to yield to racial/sexual superiority and assimilate -there are legal cases to ban the Niqab, forcing to assimilate -example of intersectionality

Douglas S. Massey. 2013. American's Immigration Policy Fiasco: Learning from Past Mistakes. Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 142(3): 5-15

-U.S policies intended to stop Latin American immigration to the US failed and were counterproductive by accelerating the rate of both undocumented and documented migrants from Mexico/Central America --result: Latino population grew -In 2001, authorities have been given the power to deport immigrants w/out evidence & imprisonment w/out documents --> creates good/bad immigrant binary

Simmons, Kristin. 2007. "Settler Atmospherics." Cultural Anthropology (website 11.20.2017). https://culanth.org/fieldsights/1221-settler-atmospherics

-Violence became the new culture of holy Indigenous lands -#NoDAPL struggle shows settler colonial project of Indigenous elimination -solidarity: unites the Black Lives Matter and Chicano Movement with the Native American victimization -idea of erasure: Native Americans as ghostly traces to be pushed aside

Lomawaima, K. Tsianina. "Domesticity in the federal Indian schools: The power of authority over mind and body." American Ethnologist 20.2 (1993)

-White women were seen as fragile and unable to endure hard work, so Native American women were trained the same to assimilate them into western female norms -explains how boarding schools caused a loss of tribal identification by forbidding Native language, religion, and cultural practices -the Boarding school education system molded youth minds in a heteronormative way

Harris, Cheryl I. 1993. Whiteness as Property. Harvard Law Review: 1707-1791

-Whiteness evolved into a form of property that persists -Whiteness causes social benefits in both public and private sphere -some legislation, in the past, has legitimized these benefits ie: Plessy V. Ferguson's "separate but equal" doctrine

Lipsitz, George. 1995. The Possessive Investment in Whiteness. American Quarterly

-Whiteness: an unmarked category/advantage producing unfair gains for whites -systemic racism through discriminatory housing/education policies (Federal Housing Act policies segregated housing, discriminatory housing market) -New Deal: excluded farm workers/domestics from benefits

Chief Oren Lyons. 2005. "Preamble." In Basic Call to Consciousness. Native Voices: Summertown, TN, 13-25. (CR)

-discusses creation of Terra Nullius -discusses injustices of Doctrine of Discovery brought up at Geneva Conference, not much has been done since the conference

Tomás Almaguer, "They Can Be Hired in Masses; They Can Be Managed and Controlled Like Unthinking Slaves," Chapter 6 in Racial Faultlines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), pp.153-82

-discusses how People v. Hall ruled that Chinese immigrants shared the "second-class" social status with African Americans and Native Americans, making them ineligible for citizenship. -Chinese women were seen as hypersexual and readily available to white men/seen as prostitutes in the eyes of white men. -1965 Immigration & Nationality Act (Hart-Cellar Act) helped to end racial discriminatory practices

Roxanne Dunbar Ortiz. 2014. Introduction: This Land. Pp. 1-14 in An Indigenous People's History.

-discusses the desire of native communities for others to hear their stories/acknowledge their existence because they were so often erased. -exemplifies settler colonialism and how colonizers aimed to destroy Native American existence

Jacqueline Jones, "Freed Women?: The Civil War and Reconstruction."

-discusses the sexualization of African American women at the time and stereotypes

Garcia, Anna. 1998. Development of Chicana Feminist Discourse, 1970-1980. Gender and Society 3(2): 217-238. (CR)

-example of intersectionality, struggle is both nationalist and feminist, a social protest movement to end sexual oppression -article talks about the redefined idea of a Chicana (strong, long-suffering, enduring) -Chicana feminists offer multidimensional social inequality (intersecting and complementary nature of race & sexism)

Charnas, Dan. 2010. Side A: Uptown and Side B: Downton. Pages 3-61 in The Big Payback: A History of the Business of Hip Hop. NY: New American Library

-how black producers and artists navigated a majority white world, how they tried to bring in their culture and reclaim their art that had been lost

Petersen, William. 1966. "Success Story, Japanese-American Style." New York Times Magazine (January 9): 20-21, 33, 36, 38, 40-41, 43. (CR)

-idea of the model minority myth arose through Asian education focus -article goes over how Japanese Americans have been successful (lower crime rates/higher level of education/many go into business jobs that make more money) -this creates a myth that if one minority can act like this it would be easy for every minority, very problematic idea

Center for Leadership on Urban Solutions. An Open letter to Our Friends on the Question of Language

-transition: prisoners should be referred to as people, change the terminology

Zhou, Min. 2003."Are Asian Americans Becoming 'White?'" Contexts 3: 29-36. (CR)

-whites blame other minoirities disadvantages like poverty on themselves using Asian Americans as an example that they are a minority but have overcome poverty -no matter what success they have "Americans of Asian ancestry still have to constantly prove that they truly are loyal Americans" -model minority ignores challenges Asians face when climbing the social ladder -MENTIONS 1965 IMMIGRATION ACT

Quiz: Name 3 effects of the 1965 Immigration Act (Hart-Cellar Act)?

1) more immigrants from other regions, few immigrants from Europe 2) more diversity in socioeconomic status 3) continued immigration from Mexico

Overview of how second generation Asian Americans before WWII differed from their parents

1-Legally protected from public policies that discriminated against their parents 2-2nd gen had no serious cultural or linguistic handicap BUT, still experienced racial prejudice

Mohawk, John. 2005. "Introduction." In Basic Call to Consciousness. Native Voices: Summertown, TN, 9-12. (CR)

American Indian Movement (AIM) - main goals are to defend sovereignty and advance Indian rights causes -Trail of Broken Treaties: protest by American Indians

Tiya Miles. The South Doesn't Own Slavery. New York Times Sept. 11 2017

Confederate monument removal sparked violence and outrage

Estes, Nick. 2016. Fighting for Our Lives: #NoDAPL in Historical Context. The Red Nation

Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) is an example of Settler Colonialism/Terra Nullius, connects to environmental racism -The Louisiana Purchase

Snelgrove, Corey, Rita Kaur Dhamoon,Jeff Corntassel. 2014. Unsettling Settler Colonialism: The Discourse and Politics of Settlers, and Solidarity with Indigenous Nations. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society 3(2): 1-32. (CR)

Essay is divided into sections: settler colonialism, settlers, and solidarity - each author supports Indigenous resurgence, meaning restoring and regenerating Indigenous nationhood

Ogbar, Jeffrey. 2007. "Real Nigg*s": Race, Ethnicity, and the Construction of Authenticity in Hip-Hop. Pages 37-71 in Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap. Lawrence: Univ. of Kansas Press.

Hip hop pulls qualities from black oppositional culture which is the system of beliefs and practices that operates counter to the dominant culture/ideologies

Brenda Stevenson, "Slavery Across Time and Place Before the Atlantic Slave Trade," Chapter 1 in What is Slavery

Idea that there's always been slavery, but racial aspect was new. Unifying characteristic of slavery is resistance across time and place.

California Foreign Miners Tax, April 13, 1850

Tax enacted requiring "non-natives" who worked in the gold rush mines to pay monthly fees (targeted Mexicans and Chinese) because they saw them as economic competitors

Lee Williams and Lee Williams II, Chapter 4, The Tulsa Riot and Chapter 5, The Chicago Riot in Anatomy of Four Race Riots

Speaks of race riots against blacks in the 1900s which emphasize American nationalism and white supremacy

Lee, Jennifer and Frank D. Bean. 2004. Intermarriage and Multiracial Identification: The Asian American Experience and Implications for Changing Color Lines. In Jennifer Lee and Min Zhou (Editors), Asian American Youth: Culture, Identity and Ethnicity. NY: Routledge, 51-63.

Supreme Court ruling of Loving v Commonwealth→ overturned state laws prohibiting interracial marriage and sex, decreasing social distance between whites and nonwhites, declining racial prejudice, and changing racial boundaries

Bashi Treitler, Vilna. 2017. Social Agency and White Supremacy in Immigration Studies. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 1(1): 153-165

Treitler discusses the faults within assimilation theory when examining immigration in the U.S. as it supports a white supremacy understanding of society and creates the idea of a racially white mainstream. He suggests the use of racialization theory to understand the patterns and workings of immigration. Racialization theory considers systematic racial inequalities and a focus on racial justice.

Kauanui, J. Kehaulani. 2017. "Indigenous Hawaiian Sexuality and the Politics of Nationalist Decolonization." Pages 45- 68 in Joanne Barker (Ed.), Critically Sovereign: Indigenous Gender, Sexuality. Durham: Duke University Press.

True Aloha - Hawaiian group formed to advocate inclusivity of all sex indentities Na Mamo - group in Hawaii that pushed for the rights of Kanaka Maoli (Native Hawaiians) Westerners came to Hawaii, introduced Christianity/sexual discrimination