CM 3355 Final - Maintenance & Turnarounds

in roofs of atmospheric tanks to measure contents

Gauge Hatches

• medium pressure tanks • Stores higher volatile products • Rounded or dome shaped roof

Hemispheroid or Dome Tanks

above 15 psig

High pressure tanks

these pumps do not depend on discharge Pressure. rotary or reciprocating motion that displaces liquid on each rotation or stroke

Positive Displacement

the fire triangle or ______ consists of Heat + Fuel + Oxygen + Chain Reaction

Tetrahedron

___ ___ and ___ __ __ are engineered to keep fixed bed packing from migrating or fluidizing out of the section.

Bed Limiters and Hold-Down Plates

removes liquid droplets from gas in Compressors

Demister *(think mist)

2 Main types of Compressors

Dynamic and Positive Displacement

can be used in: • Plastic Industries - transfer granular powders and small plastic pellets • Natural gas plants - establish feed gas process pressures • Refinery or chemical plant - compress gases

compressors

in general these transfer or move gases

compressors

_____ heat transfer occurs first in shell and tubes.

conduction

heat transfer through SOLID objects like tubes, baffles, plates, absorb the energy, vibrate and transfer from HOT TO COLD side

conduction

couplings, belts or chains are the _____ of rotary/shaft rotation equipment.

connectors

after the scale granules are delivered to the discharge line with another screw, but this screw is _____-___.

constant-speed

is a continuation of the batch distillation process. • A *series of *stills * are connected to each other to form a battery.

continuos batch

furnaces have a ____ heat transfer section as well as a ____ section. also oxygen control, stack, damper, refractory lining.

convection, radiant

The section in a furnace that contains the burners and open flames is called the ____ which is lined with a refractory layer (___) that reflect heat back into the furnace.

firebox refr.liner = bricks

heavier liquids fall down col in DS until they have enough heat energy to ____ or vaporize

flash

fans mounted BELOW the tubes on an air cooled HE: ___ draft

forced (think have to FORCE air up)

in coking process light products vaporize and flow to a ____ column

fractionation

Fire-tube heaters are ____- fired

indirect

___ pumps • Use venturi effect to transfer liquids • Can lift water from deep wells

jet pumps

two classifications of Fluid flow in heat exchangers:

laminar and turbulent

The charge or flow entering a furnace is often split into two or more flows called ____.

passes

Reciprocating pumps can use these three things for strokes

piston, diaphragm, or plunger

have rings to create a seal (recip PD type pump)

pistons

shell and tube HE's: Tubes can be ____ or ____

plain or finned

synthetic material extracted from chemicals that can be found in any color and molded to any shape or size.

plastic

___ cols stack trays in series

plate

raise temp of raw feedstock before entering Distillation column

preheating system

Force / Area =

pressure

the primary ____ ___ conveys plastic granules from ex. feed tank to the homogenizer and dropped into varying speed screw leading to scale.

primary weigh feeder

DS system composed of a section in the column designed to allow liquids to *boil and roll freely. (Reboiler)

bottom system

a square or rectangular shaped fired heater *best suited for OIL Firing*

box furnace

Boilers use these to provide heat to boiler furnaces. natural Gas or atomized fuel Oil _____s

burners

these inject air and fuel through a distribution system that mixes them into the correct connections so Combustion can occur easily.

burners

what provides the radiant heat source of furnaces? found on floor or lower walls of firebox.

burners

Do heat exchangers provide heating, or cooling to a process?

can be BOTH!

the stack dampers, do they increase or decrease airflow out the stack?

can do both!

_____ impeller vanes have a suction hole/inlet in the center. Open or closed?

closed

furnace = __ __ (include a firebox)

Furnace = Fired heater (w/a Firebox)

what do Hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions do to each other?

Neutralize e/o

fixed couplings can be __ or ___

rigid or flexible

in reaction mixtures (gas or liquid), _____ determines how fast reactant molecules move.

temperature

shells are designed to operate at a specific ____ and ____

temperature and pressure

f

this

plate col = same thing as ___ column

tray

what supports the catalyst in converters?

trays

Factors that affect chemical reactions: (5)

- Heat, Pressure, Time, Concentration of reactants, and Catalysts

Evaporation - __ to__% of heat loss - most critical factor in cooling tower efficiency

80 to 90%

Reduction of strength starts at 650 deg.F and critical in the range of __deg.F to ____ deg.F (carbon steel)

950 - 1000 deg F

the furnace Fuel System has fuel stored in a tank located at _____ _____ ____

a safe distance away

natural draft cooling towers operable by temp differences have ___ towers and they are associated with *power plants*

chimney

2 High-Alloy Steels:

chromium and stainless steel

shells are classified by types of ____ and types of ____

class, flow

_____ regulates air into the burner.

dampers

the bridgewall section accelerates flow of hot comb. gases out of the _____ and into the upper ____ section.

firebox; convection

acids = _____ ions

hydrogen

baffle that protect tubes from direct fluid impact

impingement

(propylene, butylenes, or pentylenes)

olefins

how many fireboxes can a furnace(fired heater) have?

one or two

homogenizer mixes granules with ___ and ___.

peroxide and additives

Tubes, called ____, cause water and steam to flow UP into the upper drum because of ______ differences.

risers; density differences

has a driver, connector and the driven equipment

rotary equipment

these can have single progressive cavities or multiple

screw pumps

the distance from the top of the liquid level to the height of pump at bottom. also this is the pressure required to force liquid into a pump

suction head

packed cols are filled w/packing material to enhance ___-___ contact

vapor-liquid contact

NPSH

(net positive suction head)

A typical *plate distillation system involves several subsystems. • The primary subsystems are the feed, the preheat, the distillation column, the overhead, and the bottom system

A typical plate distillation system involves several subsystems. • The primary subsystems are the feed system, the preheat system, the distillation column, the overhead system, and the bottom system

Plastic ______ method: melted resins poured into a prepared mold

Casting

Methods of heat transfer include what 3:

Conduction, Convection, Radiant

Stores low-vapor pressure stocks

Cone-Roof Tanks

Chromium withstands ___ at high temps

Corrosion

store liquids below -100 deg. F

Cryogenic tanks

a simple engineered direct-fired heater (furnace) type that primary utilizes *Radiant* heat.

Cylindrical furnace

_____ reactions absorb energy as they proceed. *Heat must be added* to form the product.

Endothermic

______ reactions are characterized by a rxn accompanied by the liberation (removal) of heat.

Exothermic

Two types of Gear Pumps: ____: mating gears ____: power and *(I)dler gears

External and Internal external - mating gears internal - power & idler gears

a process for separating two materials in a mixture by introducing a third material that will dissolve one of the first two materials but not the other. 3 types: leaching, washing and L-L

Extraction (E)

Plastic ______ method: solid resins are melted and pushed by a screw thru a shaped die

Extrusion

Plastic making methods include these 4: - Extrusion - __ - ___ - ____

Extrusion Molding Laminating Casting

True or False: Absorption and Fractionation work the same.

FALSE. differently bc no vaporizing to any degree (in abs. ? )

T or F? Most catalysts react with the reactants and generally only good for one use.

False. Most catalysts do NOT react with the reactants, so usually they can be reused several times until they become dirty or ineffective.

what PD rotary compressor is used for hazardous and hot gases, or vapors * uses centrifugal and rotary actions

Liquid Ring

__ __ disperse fluid evenly over the top of the packing.

Liquid distributors

type of PD rotary pump that: • Provide high flow rates • Uses 2 or 3 rotors (power, and idler rotors) • Transfers any fluid regardless of abrasiveness, lubricity, or viscosity

Multiple screw rotary pump

Which has a lower pressure? natural-draft pressure or atmospheric pressure?

Natural-draft! its a negative pressure remember!

reactions that remove hydrogen ions (acid) or hydroxyl ions (base) from a liquid. This is to "___" (equalize) the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

Neutralization

___ and ___ are the primary gases used to transfer the finished polymer/ porous granules to the extruder feed tank on top of extruder - on top of building

Nitrogen and air

most popular design of PD Reciprocating Compressor. double or single acting. - low flow but high pressure

Piston

Heat exchanger type: - Used for high heat and high pressure drop • Consists of a series of plates held by compression bolts. channels btwn plates - pressure drops, cold and hot fluids

Plate-and-Frame heat exchanger

type of PD pumps that: • Transfers small volumes of liquids at relatively high pressures • A piston, plunger, or diaphragm physically pushes the fluid as it moves back and forth inside a cylinder or housing

Reciprocating pumps (PD)

Industrial manufacturers use these reactions to remove dissolved mineral ions from process water.

Replacement reactions

In absorption, when the Lean Oil moving down and Rich Gas moves up making a "Lean Gas" that exits the top of column. In addition, the leftovers from the now partly absorbed oil and gas still going down become a ___ ___ that goes to the bottom of the absorption column. (Lean and Gas have mixed so whats left now?)

Rich Oil

HOT - water tubes Btwn. upper and lower drums

Risers (hot)

Pumps, Compressors, Fans

Rotary Equipment

(so the two forms of Positive displacement equipment (both pumps and comps)) are _____ and __

Rotary and Reciprocating

2 classifications of Positive displacement (PD) pumps:

Rotary and Reciprocating

2 types of Pos. Displacement compressors

Rotary and Reciprocating

Pumps, compressors, Fans, Motors, blowers, turbines, conveyors, feeders.

Rotary equipment

this safety feature in stirred reactors send process releases to the plant's FLARE system

Safety relief system

so the 4 types of PD *Rotary pumps are:

Screw, Gear, Lobe, and Vane

Types of Shell and Tube Baffles include: (3)

Segmental, Impingement, Longitudinal

most common heat exchanger with high flow rates

Shell and Tube

supported by columns and store liquids under high pressure

Spheres and spheroid pressure tanks

Compact concentric design that generates high fluid turbulence in the medium (heat exchanger type)

Spiral heat exchanger

a ___ packing column is uniformly arranged inside a distillation column. It is designed for pressure drops between 0.20 and 0.60 inch water per foot of packing medium.

Stacked packing col

_____ ____: converts kinetic energy to mechanical energy and is used as a driver for pumps, comp., etc. (rotary)

Steam Turbine

Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger designed for large temp differences, what allows this

U-tube bent/curved tubes

pumps transfer water from cooling tower ___ to the ___ __

basin to supply header

the oldest distillation process: raws were mixed and "charged" to sill

batch

The history of distillation process comes from three distinct operations:

batch continuous batch modern fractional distillation

the neck that narrows as it runs between the convection section and the stack. this and convection sect. are made of _____ cement or firebrick.

arch section , castable

Airflow is produced ____, ____, or _____(use of fans)

atmospherically, naturally, or mechanically(use of fans)

Top left of Element cell =

atomic number

top right element cell =

atomic weight

in Air-Cooled heat exchangers: • Air is used to transfer heat ___ ___ the tubes • Fans can be mounted above the tubes (Induced draft) or below the tubes (Forced draft)

away from

In Centrifugal: Thrust bearings ELIMINATE _________ movement.

axial

___ pumps can be mounted horizontal or vertically

axial

dynamic pumps accelerate liquids in a straight line, meaning they are ____ dynamic pumps

axial

in Axial: Thrust bearings prevent ___movement of shaft

axial

• Pumps that push the material in a straight line • Same principle as a boat motor (blades force water to accelerate along a straight line) • Propeller or blade is located inside a piping configuration near an elbow

axial (type of dynamic pump)

Furnaces consist essentially of a ____ of pipes or tubes that run along the sides and roof of the ____. Heat released by the burners is transferred through the tubes and into fluid.

battery; firebox

Plate DS: A 10-psi nitrogen ____ is kept on the unit while the system is down.

blanket

____ boiler consists of a heat source, water-containing drum, water inlet, and steam outlet.

boiler consists of a heat source, water-containing drum, water inlet, and steam outlet.

steam generators that produce steam

boilers

what part of vessels are subject to state inspections?

boilers

___ or __ ___s: used to produce steam • Water is heated to produce steam

boilers or steam generators

separate mixtures by ___ ____ of substances in the mix

boiling points

___ is a type of Integral cover Head design (dome curved shape) of heat exchangers

bonnet

What heat transfer method(s) do shell and tube heat exch. use?

both Conduction and then Convection

there are 3 different stack drafts/pressures including the lower one, the upper middle/narrowing arch/neck section (_____) and the top (_____) section.

bridgewall (middle/sloping-neck-arch), and top (Stack) section

more common tray column used in DS.

bubble-cap

what causes a natural draft furnace to create a negative pressure inside firebox?

buoyancy

cooling tower ____ = amount of water a cooling tower can cool

capacity

combustions gases leave furnaces through stacks at certain heights in order to prevent harmful effects like ___ __ poisoning. The stack's _____ permits the adjustments of these gas drafts that are exiting.

carbon monoxide. Damper

these are added to stimulate reactions and help produce the more desirable product.

catalysts

formation and collapse of gas pockets around the impellers

cavitation

treated wood types of cooling towers can include these 3 or plastic. need to be water resistant. (splash boards or fill)

cedar, cypress, redwood

2 types of Dynamic compressors:

centrifugal and axial

Forced-Draft process heaters *push PREHEATED AIR to the burner for combustion using a ____ blower.

centrifugal blower.

Easier to change impeller vs. piston in these. also cheaper. poor with viscous matrls.

centrifugal pumps

which are More sensitive to density and fluid characteristics, Centrifugal or Reciprocating?

centrifugal. designed for high gas flow rates but low pressure

head designs of HE's include:

channel, bonnet, channel integral

Cabin furnaces are efficient and save money by PREHEATING the _____.

charge

tubes on walls of firebox also called (RADIANT tubes) or ____.

coils

The central piece of equipment in distillation is the ____

column

a rapid chemical reaction that occurs when proper amounts of fuel and oxygen come into contact with an ignition source and release heat and light.

combustion

besides fire tubes, fire tube boilers have what significant comonents?

combustion tube and gas exhaust, burner,

kinetic energy is converted into Pressure in ______

compression

Blowers and Fans are classified as ____. used for low pressure air systems

compressors

Heat exchangers (transferring heat from processes to other process) • A hot fluid transfers heat energy to a cooler fluid through ___ and ___.

conduction and convection

Heat exchangers only transfer heat through ____ and ___ methods

conduction and convection

_______ tubes are in the roof of the furnace and are NOT in contact with burner flames.

convection

air heats with contact of water in cooling towers so this is a ____ transfer method (forced draft at least)

convection

economizer sect. are very similar to ____ sections of fired heaters.

convection

occurs in fluids when warmer molecules move toward cooler molecules that set up currents and heat energy is redistributed (

convection

what is the top section of the furnace called due to how it receives most it's heat?

convection section

a fixed bed reactor is another name for a ______

converter

a vessel that contains a mass of small particles, usually 0.1 to 0.2 inch in diameter, through which the reaction mixture passes. • The mass is usually a packed "bed" of catalyst, which promotes the reaction. or mass could be "column packing."

converter (fixed bed reactor)

Heat exchangers can work together with _____ ____ for effective heat transfer.

cooling towers

___ ___: • used to remove heat from water • Heat is transferred to cooler air • Major portion of heat is stripped from the water by evaporation

cooling towers

Temperature also has an effect on __ __

corrosion rates

Cooling towers use air to cool hot water using a ____ or ____ pattern

countercurrent or crossflow

forced draft cooling towers use a ______ direction (vertically) of airflow since it pushes air up against downward flows

counterflow

Most furnaces are used to___ ____, however, there are reformers/reaction furnaces in which steam and methane are reacted together to get synthesis gas. (carbon monoxide and hydrogen).

crack hydrocarbons

horizontal airflow =

crossflow

__ __ contains hydrocarbons, clay, water, and sulfur.

crude oil

compression ____ volume and moves gas molecules closer together, producing heat from molecular friction. smaller volume = greater pressure.

decreases volume

filtered water is further treated through ______ to remove dissolved impurities.

demineralizers

Sketches that include information for the selection, use, and need for periodic inspection of materials used to make vessels

design sheets

a ______ recip pump uses a flexible sheet to displace fluid

diaphragm

Distillation system (DS) this DS system stores, blends and transports the raw feedstock - tanks, pipes

feed system

separates solid particles from a fluid by passage through a porous medium • Ex. Cartridge, medium (sand, carbon elements, etc)

filters

____ tubes provide more surface area and allow greater heat transfer

finned

A more complicated boiler is the ____-_____ boiler, which resembles a modified shell-and- tube heat exchanger.

fire-tube

the result prod. of hydrocracking takes heavy gas oil molecules and splits them into smaller, lighter molecules called this _____

hydrocrackate

a process that industrial manufactures use to boost gasoline yields.

hydrocracking

base = ____ ions

hydroxyl

Chimney towers are associated with another type of cooling tower called ___

hyperbolic

an _____ works like a spark plug to ignite the flammable mixture of gas and oil burners

igniter

centrifugal pump uses a spinning ____ that propels liq circular then outward to volute

impeller

higher Pressure in GASEOUS reactions force molecules together closer, --> more frequent collisions, thus does what to reaction rate(RR)?

increases, as pressure increases in gases

____ draft cooling towers can circulate airflows horizontally or vertically (crossflow or counterflow)

induced

fans mounted ABOVE the tubes on an air cooled HE: ___ draft

induced

a substance that prevents or hinders the reaction of two or more chemicals. (separate from the catalyst type)

inhibitor

bed limiters attach to ___ __ of column. used on Metal or plastic

inside wall

trays and packing are the _____ of distillation columns

internals

Alkylation Stirred Reactor type where units take two small molecules, ____ and _____ (propylene, butylenes, or pentylenes), and combine them into one large molecule of high-octane liquid called alkylate.

isobutane and olefin

Temperatures in bottom system of the distillation column are controlled by a ____ ____

kettle reboiler

Extraction method that Removes metals from their ores

leaching

In _____ extraction a material is removed from a solid mass by contacting it with a liquid.

leaching

after abs. oils tug out the raw natural gas comps, the gas is brought to the bottom of col while ____ __ is pumped into the top of the col.

lean oil

when a boiler starts up: hot gas flows out of the ____, into the ____ and out of the stack. water temp and pressure increase. = steam

out firebox --> economizer -->stack.

vapor space is called _____ gauge.

outage

DS system used to cool off the hot overhead vapors from distillation

overhead system

Distillation column can be ____ or _____. Both allow lighter components to rise up the column while heavier components drop down depending on their boiling points

packed or plate

low rainfall floating roof

pan

3 types of floating roofs:

pan, pontoon, dbl deck

process fluid passes through multiple heat exchangers at the same time

parallel flow

______ compounds are composed of hydrocarbon molecules

petroleum

crude oil is first processed in a ___ __ and side stream contains light gas oil. Fluid Catalytic Cracking called *(____) units take the gas oil and split it into smaller, more useful molecules.

pipe still; CAT-CRACKING

move in and out of an O-ring or packing to create the seal (recip PD type pump)

plungers

Molecules of synthetic resins (created in plastic Polymerization section) are called ____>

polymers

Finishing stage stores ____ ___ in granule blenders.

polypropylene granules (from poly stage)

most common floating roof

pontoon

these pumps move fluids/liquids by stroke or rotation. 2 types are: - Rotary - Reciprocating

positive displacement pumps

ASME (American Society for Mechanical Engineers) Code, Section VIII governs *vessels* that have _____________

pressures > 15 psig

cooling towers are classified by how they ___ ___ and by the _____ the airflow takes in relation to water flow

produce airflow, direction

Induced draft cooling towers use fans (above) to ___ air up

pull

forced draft cooling towers use fans (below) to ___ air up

push

the two primary means of heat transfer in furnaces are ____ and ____.

radiant and convective

Boilers use a combination of what 3 heat transfer methods to change water to steam?

radiant, conductive, and convective

what 3 heat transfers begin in boilers after burners are lit and the gases begin flow over the tubes and drums

radiant, convective, and conductive

includes discrete pieces of packing that are randomly dumped or poured into a packed column. Packing provides a surface for good vapor-liquid contact, distillation efficiency characteristics, and predictable pressure drop.

random packing

three types of packed distillation columns: random, structured, and stacked

random, structured, and stacked

shell and tube HE's: _____ • Used to add heat to a liquid that was once boiling until the liquid boils again • Associated with operation of a distillation column

re-boilers

simply fireboxes containing an arrangement of tubing through which the reactant stream is passed. • A fuel and air mixture in brick-lined firebox provides the heat for the reaction that occurs in the tubes.

reaction furnace

amount of *contact time reactants have with e/o* in their desired condition. longer = more products

reaction time

vessel used to convert raw materials into useful products through chemical reactions • Raw materials are combined with a catalyst, gases, pressure, and heat to produce a transformation

reactors (stationary)

help control overlap and heat balance in DS.

reboiler

displacing fluids by means of a piston or plunger

reciprocating (positive displacement)

having to separate ____ materials from a mixture is the most frequent issue in chem processes. what are the two ways this can be done?

two; Distillation (most frequently used) and Extraction

what is the only component of the water tube boiler that is only partially full?

upper drum

FLOW is controlled ____stream of the furnace.

upstream

pump loses liquid prime and the impellers rotate in vapor

vapor lock

Packed distillation columns provide a unique approach to ____-___ or ___-__ contact during the distillation process

vapor-liquid or liquid- liquid

PRESSURE in a LIQUID-phase can increase OR decrease reaction rate. Depending on the readiness of reactants to ______.

vaporize

Horizontal Cylindrical Vessels are also called " ___ "

vessels

are designed with the appropriate wall thickness to account for the product material, pressure, and temperature - pressure is designed for normal operating pressures plus an allowance for upsets in the operations

vessels

In ______ Extraction: material stuck to the surface of solids are removed by a liquid dissolvent and flushed away.

washing

drift loss or windage loss leads to __ __

water loss

when heat exchangers and cooling towers work together, they create a _____ ____ ___.

water-cooling system

most common type of large commercial boiler. has upper and lower drum connected by tubes

water-tube

One Btu is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water___ one degree _____.

water; Fahrenheit.

A ____ on the tray maintains a liquid level over the caps. • As heavier condensate builds up, it flows over the weir and out a device called a _____ that then discharges onto the tray under it.

weir; downcomer

the type of packing commonly used in Packed column extraction are called _____ and ____

rings and saddles

• Most widely used Positive Displacement Pump type • Used to move more viscous type of fluids: heavy hydrocarbons, slurries, etc

rotary pump

screw, gear, vane, and lobe are the 4 main types of _____ ___

rotary pumps

compressor type that uses helical rotors and trap (PD typical) gases in central cavity to force into smaller volume

rotary screw

Stainless steel withstands ____ from atmoshperic conditions and corrosion from chemicals. stainless steel and 18%chromium, and 8% ____

rusting - nickel

___ rotary compressor: has spiral vanes

scroll

a cylindrical device that sprays a chemical *wash* onto rising dirty gases to remove chemicals & solid from the process gases, undesired matrls are entrained in steam, fall to bottom. clean gas out the top.

scrubber think scrub - wash - the dirty gas clean of undesirable solids/chemss

baffle that each segment supports half the tubes

segmental

Two ways to connect heat exchangers:

series and parallel

process fluid passes through one exchanger then into another

series flow

Class R = _____ ____

seveRe service

open impellers have the vanes connected to the ___. semi-open vanes are connected to the plate.

shaft

rotary equipment = ____ rotation

shaft

Outside pipe of a double pipe heat exchanger provides the ___.

shell

in cooling towers working with HE's, cooling water is pumped into the ___ side of the Heat exchanger.

shell

In Centrifugal: Radial bearings MINIMIZE ___________ movement

side to side

___ trays are the simplest type of tray. • essentially a metal plate with small holes in it. • The holes range from 1 inch to 1/8 inch in diameter.

sieve tray/plate

The design of a tubular reactor can vary from _____ ___ tube to _____ shell and tube reactors.

simple jacketed tube or multipass

Uses a progressive cavity (void) effect

single screw (rotary PD pump)

the wood or plastic __ of the cooling tower ___ are what direct the airflow and water flow.

slats in the fill fill directs air and water flow

defined as the percentage of fluid that leaks past the internal clearances of a pump over a given time. 100% if discharge valve is ____.

slip closed = 100%

Conduction = heat energy transferred through _____.

solids

are devices that Remove deposits from the tubes and are found in the convection section of process heaters (furnaces)

soot blowers

High concentrations of sulfur in crude oil referred to as __ ___ __

sour feed crude

small (drive) gears = ____

speed

boiler Burner components that distribute fuel gas are called ____

spuds

Elec Motors consist of a stationary magnet called a ______ and a moving conductor called a *rotor*

stator

upper drum is called the ____ drum.

steam

so the Rich Oil goes to the stripping column where ____ then is injected and strips hydrocarbons from the absorptions now rich oil and creates the product. so last step of abs/strip is steam and oil then product.

steam so last step of abs/strip is steam and oil then product.

part of the impeller vane that comes into contact with gas first on compressor

suction vane tip

Hydrodesulfurization is a process used to "sweeten" the mixture by removing the ______.

sulfur

supporting equip for compressors include: - intercooler and aftercare heat exchangers - safety valves - sliencers demisters - dryers

supporting equip for compressors include: - intercooler and aftercare heat exchangers - safety valves - sliencers demisters - dryers

Packed towers use special packing materials to provide more __ __ for maximum contact btwn gases and liquids.

surface area

chemical processing industry mostly uses _____ ____, that is drawn in from lakes, rivers, and oceans, must be treated before it can be used.

surface water

monoxide and hydrogen = _____ gas

synthesis

paint, lubricants, and adhesives are all manufactured using ____ ____ (plastic ingredient)

synthetic resins

Best conditions for heat transfer involve large ___ ____ between products being heated or cooled, high heating or cooling ____ ___, and large cross-sectional ___ of the heat exchanger

temperature differences; flow rates; area

Direct reading calipers measure ___ of vessels. Electronic-sonicdevices measure this particularly on walls.

thickness

Large (drive) gears = greater ____

torque

Compressors ____ ___.

transfer gases

measuring through drilled holes of vessel

trepanning

True or false? When gas is compressed, the temperature of the gas increases

true

Inside pipe of a double pipe heat exchanger provides the ___.

tube

• A tube ___ is a flat plate to which the ends of the tubes are fixed by rolling, welding or both • have drilled holes to allow the tube to access the heads - floating or fixed (welded/bolted)

tube sheets

Head = tube side or ____ end or __ end

tube side = front end, or rear end(return)

This type of reactor is simply a heat exchanger in which a reaction takes place. • It is used for liquid and gaseous reactions. • The raw materials feed usually must be fairly clean or it may plug the tubes.

tubular reactor

planned outages intended to undertake maintenance and inspection activities within the facility that cannot be conducted while units or assets are running

turnaround

____-draft furnaces require ____ ___. one inducer and one below positive/force pressured.

two fans

DS: Product purification is enhanced by the ___-___-__ approach.

still- upon-still

____ reactors have safety systems including pressure relief, quench and safety relief systems.

stirred

the ______ or "mixing/mixed" reactor is a common type that have agitators/mixers mounted on its shell designed to withstand operational pressure, temp, and flow rates.

stirred reactor

when liquid levels of tanks are converted to barrels through gravity flow pumps:

strapping

_______ columns are used with absorption columns to remove liquid hydrocarbons from the absorption oil. *(REVERSES THE ABSORPTION PROCESS)

stripping

the aborption's leftover Rich Oil at the bottom exits by a pump into the midsection of a ____ column.

stripping

provide a framework to support and secure the tubes (incl. the tube bundle) and prevent vibration • Used to direct fluid flow in shell and tube HEs

Baffles

two types of pumps:

Centrifugal and Positive displacement

valves at the bottom of the tank to remove water that accumulates. Also used to drain the tank.

Water Draws

Higher concentration of reactants = _____ reactions

faster

A very popular direct-fired heater located above ground

Cabin Furnace

The term "Fire-tube" denotes that the heat source is from ____ ___ ___.

within the tubes

the fill of cooling towers are made ___ or ___ "slats".

wood or plastic

sized to contain any stirred reactor release.

Pressure relief

TARPG =

Turnaround Process & Governance

when is it better to use Extraction instead of Distillation to separate two chemicals? (Reasons for Extraction) LIst 4:

- Boiling points too close together - Heat sensitive cmcls degrade or compose at high heats of Distillation - Easier and more Economical if only tiny amt of one separable mtrl. - Inexpensive solvents available

Furnaces are classified by features like: ____ Type Number of _____ Number of _____ ____ occupied by combustion gases _____ (structure)

- Draft type - # fireboxes - # passes - Volume - Shape

3 basic designs of compressors: - ______ (radial flow) or ___ (straight line flow) - ____ ___ (rotary or recip) - ______ (ejectors)

- Dynamic - PD - Thermal (ejectors)

6 categories plastics can be: - ___ and ____ (clothing,textiles) - ____ (lenses, crystals) - ___ (jewelry, toys, marbles, wall covering) - ____ (w/stand heat/chems, tires, wash mach.) - ___ (helmets, dinnerware, cameras) - ___ (flexible toys, squeeze bottles, cushions)

- Fibers and Fabrics - Transparent - Decorative - Resistant - Hard - Soft

Two types of Positive Displacement pumps:

- Rotary - Reciprocating

Medical uses a lot of plastic: ex. - Join bones, (scree, rivets, plates) - surgical thread made of ___ ___ - Syringes would be a ____ plastic

- synthetic resins thread - transparent syringe

how many barrels are filled per ft. of liquid level in tanks?

1,700

Absorption in a nutshell: THINK. absorption is gay just like ONE DIRECTION and absorption only exchanges in one direction V to L (gay so theyre probably e/o's VaLentine's - V, then L (vapor to liquid)

Absorption in a nutshell: ONE DIRECTION

an ______type catalyst is a *solid that attracts and holds reactant* molecules so more collisions can occur.

Adsorption

reduced fouling and corrosion, cheaper to maintain, and low operating costs as compared to other heat exchangers

Air-Cooled

Catalysts are classified as: (4) - Adsorption, ___, ___, _____

Asorption, Intermediate, Inhibitor, or Poisoned

wind velocity activates the heat transfer process of tower

Atmospheric cooling towers

Which type of Dynamic Compressor uses a rotating shaft with blades to push gas over stationary blades (stators) attached to the casingic energy is released in the form of pressure

Axial

the sloping section of the upper furnace that connects the Radiant section to the Convection section.

Bridgewall section

heat value is measured in what?

Btu / Cubic ft.

So BOILER process: ___ lit ~ ___ __ over tubes/drums ~ ___ ___ _ ~ gas flow ___ ___ ~ into ____ ~ and out the _____ = steam production.

Burner lit ~ Gas flow ~ Boiler start up ~ flow Out Firebox ~ into Economizer ~ out Stack = as Steam

In general, dynamic equipment consists of what two classifications:

Centrifugal and Axial centrif = radial axial = straight line

so, Dynamic compressors consists of what two classifications: both change the velocity of the gas and convert energy to pressure

Centrifugal(radial-single or multi-stage) and axial

In this type of reaction, oxygen reacts with another material so rapidly that fire is created. ex. Furnace

Combustion reaction

• Uses a hydraulically pulsed _____ that moves or flexes to displace gases • Good for explosive and toxic gases

Diaphragm

the two furnace classifications based on VOLUME are _____-"fired" or ___ "fired".

Direct or Indirect fired

a pipe inside a pipe design heat exchanger. uses convective currents mixing w/in each pipe, but two streams never touch each other.

Double Pipe

Warm - water tubes Connecting upper and lower drums

Downcomer (warm)

Combustion reactions are ______ reactions that require fuel, oxygen, and heat.

EXOTHERMIC

passes are referred to by their direction: ____, ____, ___, or ___ pass.

East, west, north, or south pass

section w/a series of headers and tubes located between the firebox and the stack of boilers.

Economizer section

This type of exchanger produces the highest heat transfer efficiency

Floating head, multi pass

these double pipe heat exchangers (dbl pipe or multi pipe modes) have excellent capacity for thermal expansion.

Hairpin

The Tube Side called the ____ where process fluid enters then runs parallel in tubes. (shell and tube HE)

Head

- hot fluid transfers energy in the form of heat to a cooler fluid without physical contact between the two fluids • Can also do the opposite (provide cooling to a process) • Components - shell, tube bundle, water box / head

Heat Exchangers (stationary)

centrifugal flow compressors designed for ____ flow and ___ pressures.

High flow, low pressure

add greater amounts of the elements (contains 10% of alloy metals)

High-Alloy Steel

_____ has the lowest fuel heat value (274 Btu/foot3);

Hydrogen

any *catalyst* substance that SLOWS a rxn

Inhibitor-type catalyst

cat. added to rxn to form an intermediate product by attaching to the reactant and *slowing it down* so collisions can occur.

Intermediate catalyst

In ___ extraction, all 3 materials are liquids, and separation occurs by allowing them to layer out by weight or density.

Liquid - Liquid (LLE)

Shell and tube HE designed to produce a *two-phase, *vapor-liquid mixture that can be returned to a *distillation column • *Removable tube bundle that uses steam or a high- temperature process medium to boil the fluid • A large *vapor cavity above the heated process medium allows *vapors to concentrate

Kettle Re-boilers

These types of Re-boilers are used to restore heat balance in the column by adding additional heat for the separation process.

Kettle Re-boilers

type of rebiller where: Process involves product entering the shell side and coming into contact with the tube bundle. The tubes have steam or hot fluids flowing through them. During contact, a portion of the liquid is vaporized (flashed off) and sent back to the column. The un-vaporized portion is recirculated through the system.

Kettle Re-boilers

Plastic plants have these 4 sections: ____ (quality) ____ (provide elec, mech, and machine supports for final 2 sections) ____ (combine chemicals into resins, their molecules) ____ (modify granules w/extrusion and final prep, or compounded w/peroxide)

Lab, Mechanical, Polymerizatinional, Finishing

streamline low rate of flow moving in parallel fashion (heat exch flow)

Laminar (think paraleLLLLLL) - L for Laminar and Low rates LLLow

Plastic ______ method: sheets of paper or metal coated w/melted resins

Laminating

The Lean oil moves down the column, absorbing elements from the rich Gas that is simultaneously moving up, robbing certain hydrocarbons from the raw rich Gas, then finally exits column as a **_____ ____. ** (Think about it, the two basically mix and make this.)

Lean Gas

Lean oil moves ____ the column, while rich Gas moves ____ the column. Lean oil + rich Gas = Lean Gas

Lean oil down, Rich gas rises UP

term for removal of heat

Liberation

o - 2.5 psig

Low pressure tanks

- increases the strength of metal at higher temperatures when small amounts of chromium, molybdenum; for lower temperatures - add ____.

Low-Alloy Steel: lower - add nickel

promotes ductility and weldability

Low-Carbon Steel

Plastic ______ method: melted resin squeezed into mold

MOlding

a method used by technicians to determine the exact amount of reactants needed to produce the specified products when two or more substances are combined in a chemical process.

Material Balancing

Extraction column classifications include Packed, Tray and ____ columns

Mechanical

_______ E columns use a *rotating shaft* with PADDLEWHEELS or other types of mixers for extraction.

Mechanical

which has a higher heat value: Hydrogen or Methane?

Methane

Vessel materials include ___, ___ or __

NIckel, copper, and aluminum

E _____ columns are the simplest and most common type of E column. describe its shell that is filled with small objects: ___.

Packed; hollow shell

Packing support plates come in the following designs: - flat sieve, gas-injection, grid, cone, corrugated supports

Packing support plates come in the following designs: flat sieve plates gas-injection support plates grid supports cone supports corrugated supports

____ catalyst is one that no longer functions or is used up.

Poisoned

in Finishing stage, polymers are produced in two forms: - _______ (small particles similar to detergent powder) - _____ (thin round, or flat or disc like, like a BB)

Polymers: - Granules - Pellets

____ plants produce plastics that range from packaging film to automotive items • Composed of four major sections: Laboratory - quality Mechanical - Polymerization Finishing

Polypropylene

___ ___ main types of Compressor that traps the gas and forces it into a smaller volume

Positive Displacement Comp.

Stores volatile liquids • 3 types: drums, spheres, and spheroids

Pressure Storage Tanks

stirred reactor safety feature designed to stop the reaction process. (think reactors are combusting what could it need)

Quench system

in Axial: Radial bearings support the shaft and prevent ____ movement

Radial!

a vessel in which a controlled chemical reaction takes place. - stirred tank, converter or fixed bed, fluidized, tubular, furnaces*.

Reactor

which PD compressor classification delvers higher pressures (0 - 30,000 pig vs 100-130)

Reciprocating

this pos. displacement pump displaces fluids by means of piston or plunger

Reciprocating pos. disp. pump

types of tubes attached to both drums and flow through firebox and back to upper drum.

Stream-generating tubes

___ packing columns has specific geometric shapes, like a mesh. It works best in a columns requiring high liquid loadings.

Structured packing

The distillation process includes a feed system, a preheat system, the distillation column, the overhead system, and the bottom system.

The distillation process includes a feed system, a preheat system, the distillation column, the overhead system, and the bottom system.just read it

True or False: In distillation, All raw materials entering a tower are converted into products.

True

True or false: Fired heaters use conduction heat transfer.

True. yes, conductions not a primary heat transfer form but heat does have to pass through walls to fluid

TEMA (__ __ __ __) classifies heat exchangers: into Class B, C, or R

Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association

random movement or mixing of fluids at higher flow rates, caused by restrictions/bends (heat exch flow)

Turbulent

___ trays have simple, movable plates. - more efficient, wider range flow rates than sieve tray. horizontal flow on trays for good mixing

Valve tray

In Absorption product exchange takes place in only ONE DIRECTION: ____ phase to ____ phase.

Vapor - to - Liquid

___ centrifugal pumps: • More compact • Winterize better • Lower installation cost

Vertical

2 types of soot blowers:

Wall blowers and Finned tube blowers

Forced-draft furnaces use a ____ to (push-"force") and they can reduce ___ ___.

fan, reduce fuel requirements

3 principals of electric motor rotary equipment:

a. Current creates mag field b. opposite poles attract, likes repel c. curent direction determines mag poles

this is way too much info why gerrad whyyyyy

a;sdlkfjlksdjf

A typical gas ______ is a plate or packed distillation column that provides contact between raw Natural Gas and an absorption Medium.

absorber

removing components from a Gas Stream by contacting it with a Gas or Liquid (absorbs a gas) (gas/vapor becomes a liquid)

absorption (absorption columns)

_____ due to mechanical means or turbulent flow may affect concentration. in general good mixing or good ^____^ --> efficient rxn.

agitation

___ ____ create a swirling effect as air enters the furnace

air ducts

slats on side of towers to direct airflow

air intake louvers

a superior antiknock product that is used in blending unleaded gasoline. (and the high-octane liquid from alkylation.)

alkylate

Cabin, cylindrical, box, A-frame furnaces are ____-fired furnaces bc the gas volume fills the interior.

direct

volute -

discharge area

last part of impeller to contact gas on compressor

discharge vane

involves boiling liquids till it vaporizes and then (re)condensing the vapors, substance separation from mixture by boiling pts.

distillation

built on the principle that light and heavy molecules have different boiling points.

distillation columns

____ ___ is designed to separate the components in a mixture.

distillation system

composed of a feed preheater, distillation tower (column), overhead condenser, accumulator, and reboiler • Distillation columns or towers utilize trays and packing (internals) • Towers separate chemical mixtures by the boiling points of the substances in the mixture.

distillation sytems (stationary)

with a pump schematic such as a ___ ___-___, process is not shut down

double pump-arrangement

in water-tube boilers water flows from Upper to Lower drum through ______ when fire box is heated

downcomers

prevent water from being blown out of tower

drift eliminators

pumps, compressors and fans are what kind of equipment? ____ (rotary)

driven

motors and turbines = ___ of rotary equipment

drivers

strips moisture from gas for dry air service in compressors

dryer

apply a dye to the surface area to discover cracks or imperfections

dye pentrant inspections

The ____ and ____ system removes pellet water from the pellets and classifies them according to the size.

dyer and classifier

____ ___ accelerate gas and converts kinetic energy to pressure

dynamic compressors

Pressure moves the liquid through the piping and equipment system. They operate at high speeds and generate large flow rates. axial or centrifugal

dynamic pumps

_____ pumps can also accelerate liquids in in circles, meaning they are centrifugal

dynamic pumps

preheats water as it enters to increase boiler efficiency

economizer secton

Cooling towers with HE's: Heat energy is removed through _____

evaporation

induced draft cooling towers use heat transfer through _____ and is more efficient than forced draft

evaporation

liquids and solids usually aren't compressible except under ___ __

extreme pressures

True or false? Heat exchangers can use conduction, convection or radiant heat transfer methods.

false, they do not use radiant

True or false? Compressed gases will change their original shape when released

false; compressed gases will resume original shape

is a process used by industrial manufactures to squeeze every last useful molecule out of heavy residues. • Residue from other processes flows into a specially designed, high-temperature fluidized bed reactor. • remaining material is sent to a burner for further processing (coke).

fluid coking

a ____ bed reactor uses countercurrent flow to suspend solids and segregate particles over time as heavier comps fall to bottom.

fluidized

convection transfers heat energy through ____

fluids

another name for a fired heater

furnace

another name for the water-tube boiler fireboxes / (or fired heater)

furnace

transfer heat generated by the combustion of natural gas, ethane, propane, or fuel oil.

furnace / fired heater

Ultimately these heat up raw materials so products can be produced such as gasoline, oil, kerosene, chemicals, plastics, and rubber.

furnaces

______ use combustion to provide heat.

furnaces

Used in crude processing, cracking, olefins production, and chemical processing.

furnaces (fired heaters)

used to heat up raw materials so products are produced (ie. Gasoline, oil, kerosene, plastic, rubber) • Basic components - metal shell surrounding a firebox (lined with refractory), convection section, and a stack

furnaces or fired heaters (stationary)

reaction mixture can be a ____ or ____

gas or liquid

what two things are compressible?

gases and vapors

heat exchangers: Class B = __________ ____

general purpose

flow rate is measured in _____

gpm

vessel visuals are done through:

hammer testing

The faster the reaction, the more ____ that is generated/needed.

heat

states that the heat that goes into a distillation column must be equal to the heat that goes out of it.

heat balance

• Pipe Coil • Double pipe • Shell and tube • Reboiler • Plate and frame • Air cooled • Spiral Types of what:

heat exchangers

cooling towers are

heat transfer devices

the different amounts of heat energy released from different fuels. Fuel ___ ____

heat value

AXIAL flow compressors designed for ____ flow and ___ pressures.

high flow, AND high pressure. (gas turbines)

__-___ plates rest on top of packing and primarily used on carbon and ceramic pkg

hold-down plates

weigh feeder sends granules to the _____, where it mixes using a spiral auger.

homogenizer

The stirred reactor is designed to mix two or more components into a _____ mixture. These components blend together and create a prod.

homogenous

Plate Distillation systems: - Preheat system uses two___shell and tube heat exchangers to heat the feed product. overhead system includes control loops

horizontal

____ centrifugal pumps are most common and typically have only one single suction inlet

horizontal

atmospheric cooling towers let wind blow in _____ so air moves in crossflow direction. needs a proper air velocity.

horizontally

both fired heater systems and economizer sections save energy by using the ___ __ ___ before they're lost out the stack.

hot flue gases

baffle that split or divide the flow

longitudinal

The smallest or lightest components in a tower have the _____ boiling points.

lowest (they will boil easier, earlier thus a lower temp)

Induced and Forced draft cooling towers produce airflow _____

mechanically

The purpose of the extruder is to ___ the granule mixture, quickly ____ it, and pelletizer's knives cut it into small ____ that are easier to handle (product of extruder)

melt, quench, cut pellets

Hardness Testers - determine the hardness of ____

metals

natural gas, or _____ , has one of biggest heat values of 909 Btu/foot

methane

Class C = ___ ___

moderate service

latest distillation: uses a series of *trays* or packing inside a tower. • A continuous feed is heated and fed to the distillation column. • Hot vapors rise in the column while liquids drop down the tower. • A series of steps involving vaporization and condensation take place inside the column.

modern fractional

____ dikes have a _____ and a pit in addtn to the dike that also use sloping*

modern; firewall

determines how a chemical reacts during separation.

molecular weight

closed impellers (vanes between 2 plates) are the ____ ___ and have a suction eye (inlet)

most common

Pumps do what?

move liquids

lower drum is known as the _____ drum

mud

temperature differences inside and outside the tower change the density of the air of these tower's type of airflow

natural draft

what type of cooling tower might be used for power plant operations?

natural draft

In a ___-___ furnace, BUOYANCY forces induce draft as the hot air rises through stack and creates a *negative pressure inside the firebox.

natural-draft

Slop tanks store _____ product

off-spec

The absorption ____ gently tugs on the pentanes, butanes, etc. out of the vapor. (^natural gas components)

oil