CMS306m final

judging the speaker and audience (rawls)

"The veil of ignorance" → an imaginary sheild that the speaker creates for their audience which buffers against their biases. By creating this, it allows the audience to hear that speaker for what they are really saying, and see beyond parts of their identity (or argument) that they might have biases toward Not only is this a good tool to remove your audience's biases, but it can also reveal your own oversights Essentially, you are filtering out biases of the audience. By using this veil, the audience is forced to consider the implications of the action, etc. from the perspectives of various other people. you need to filter our your own biases

number 2 of topics

#2. Pick a topic that is not too personal You should consider the appropriateness of your presentation in relation to both the audience and the speaking situation Select a topic that is classroom appropriate and be sure to disclose only the information that is fitting for the situation Honestly, don't talk about something that will make you emotional or you're too emotionally invested in

two types of images (copy righted and public domain)

-must pay a fee to use the copyrighted thing. public domain is when the copy right has expired or it was produced by an entity such as the government that encourages free use.

informative presentations

-primary goals is to give new info about a topic -adueince members are passive -thesis says 'i intended to inform your understanding -more time spent on the explanation:history and background -transitions and previews emphasize information, now that we covered that, lets talk about this - conclusions reiterates value of info chronological - time or order of events, describe a particular process. that occurs in definite time order , spatial and topical outlines

persuasive presentation

-purpose is to change audiences stance on a fact or to help them retain it -audience has more active recipients since you're calling them to aciton -thesis says I am to convince you to change your stance on this -more time spent on justification and refutation: the important of changing or keeping a stance -transitions are like this: if that doesn't convince you, maybe this will -conclusion reiterates value of change. 7 organization styles: spatial, topical, familiarity/acceptance, elimination, problem/solution, Monroe's motivated sequence, and refutation

definition statements

A definition is a statement or a group of statements that establishes the meaning of a term or phrase by clarifying the main ideas, objects, or characteristics the term refers to You can also give synonyms or the denotative meaning (standard, literal, dictionary definition) or the connotative meaning (suggestive, or emotionally charged definition) Then defining something don't be overly simplistic or vague but also don't use overly technical language because the audience may get confused Etymological Definition (subtype) This type shows how a term's meaning has developed through time, which can help you interpret if the term is used correctly as well as differentiate it from other terms that have a similar meaning There are 3 common ways to define a term etymologically: by analyzing its root (prefix and suffix), by exploring how its usage differs within various languages, historical periods, etc, and finally by comparing its parts and origins to those of similar terms. A good example is in the book page 393 Categorical Definition (subtype) This type explains how a term is either similar or different from other members of its class or subclass More simply, it associates it with similar terms or it distinguishes a term from other terms in which it differs Example on 393 - Oppositional Definition (subtype) Defines a term by what its not Actual meaning is not directly stated Commonly used when a term is difficult to explain so you describe it by what its not. Example on page 393

transitions

A signpost literally is like one word (or two for "in conclusion"). The internal preview is a small look at what is coming up. In your regular preview you lay out your main points. In internal previews, you just talk about what is coming up. For example, "Let's dive into the deep end and talk about different types of pools" would be an internal preview to a point about pool types. An internal preview can also contain a signpost. For example, "Next, I am going to talk about what to wear to your next interview" the word next is the signpost in an internal preview.

descriptive edvidence

A statement or series of statements that creates a vivid picture of your main subjects characteristics and qualities Describe its main properties so your audience can gain a clearer understanding of its main attributes One way to create a good description is to combine it with an explanations of its main functions Ex: describing a tennis racket explain the design and how each of the parts can enhance a player's control You can also combine a description with an analogy Pictoral description What you normally give when you want to describe something Creates a mental picture of your subject Try to get your audience to visualize understand and experience the object you are describing Use graphic language (emotive terms) to bring out the look, feel, taste, sound and smell of the subject as well as emotional terms to evoke certain feelings Objective description Offers facts relating to your subject Factual evidence Depicts your subjects main qualities or portray the different characteristics of its main subtypes Provides an impartial and unbiased description of the facts relating to your subject

State three criteria for effective written workplace communication.

Ability to identify your ideas Ability to organize your ideas Ability to present your ideas

explanatory evidence

An explanation is a statement or group of statements that addresses how or why something occurs Explanatory evidence can clarify your subject by analyzing such things as its historical evolution, its main components and their functions or its primary cause and effects An explanation should not be just stating your point but should offer an analysis of its main characteristics or component parts You should always focus on the main issue Comparison (subtype) A comparative explanation identifies similarities and differences between two ideas or objects Ex: general comparison between how caucasians and african americans view race relations differently in the U.S Other types of comparisons include metaphors, similes, analogies, etc Division (subtype) An explanation by division is breaking down a subject and analyzing its various parts or types Explain how each part functions individually then in combination so that the whole can be understood more fully Interpretation Moves beyond simple assertions of facts and offers an analysis of the important issues and themes relating to a subject Don't just state what the main elements are, but tell your audience what they mean and represent or signify Ex: dont just say what the symbol of the Tao represents, but explain how its use of color circles and other design elements exemplifies what it represents. You should give a series of explanations, examples, and arguments, that advance your interpretation

analogy

Analogy to support claim An analogy is a comparison made between two objects or ideas so that your audience's previous knowledge of the one provides a basis for understanding the other Lead your audience to infer that one idea or object is similar to the other An analogy can also be an argument when its intent is to prove two things are similar, but when making this argument make sure the two things have more similarities than differences to refute other people's arguments Literal analogy (subtype) Comparison of two or more objects or ideas having overtly similar characteristics Make sure the two objects you are comparing have equal stature Ex: comparing two cities such as Dallas and Austin Figurative analogy (subtype) Compares two or more ideas or objects having overtly similar characteristics but also share similar qualities or act in similar ways A figurative analogy is more metaphorical than logical but it is usually considered weaker Ex: comparing an election to a horse race

persuasion

Aristotle describes rhetoric as → "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion" In other words, rhetoric works to advance our understanding of how human beings use language to influence one another. The reason it is an important part of civic life is because we all call on persuasion to deal with our communities, job or family members

articulation and enuciati

Articulation → saying each syllable of each word clearly and distinctly Enunciation → your individual style of stressing or placing emphasis on words or phrases in order to clarify or emphasize meaning An example might be putting extra emphasis on your thesis phrase to make sure your audience remembers it.

relationship with the audiencej (buber)

Attitude of speaker towards the audience You should deliver your speech as if you were involved in a conversation with the audience, not a conversation direction at the masses Create an "I-Thou" (speaking with/dialogic) relationship instead of an "I-It" (speaking at) This ethical approach keeps the audience's best interests in mind

pitfalls

Blinded by the light- Don't stand where the light of the projector blinds you. No face in sight- Never turn around and read off your slides because it disconnects you from your audience. Is there just a head?- Don't hide behind a podium or computer keyboard and move around in order to connect with your audience. This is not the version of PowerPoint I use on my computer- Get comfortable with the keyboard and know how to start your presentation. But I don't know how to use a Mac (or PC)- Know whether you will have a Mac or PC available to you. What did they say?- Do not have too many visual aids or slides, so that you only spend a few seconds on each one. That's a lot of text!- Don't write too much.

effective introduction and conclusion

CAPTURE THEIR ATTENTION with -startling stamenet or statistic - in conclusion , refer back to the startling statement. -ask a question (rhetorical) -can be risky -use a quote- can be used in both introduction and refer back to in conclusion - tell a story - and refer back to it in your conlcsion. ESTABLISH CREDIBILITy - can be through personal experience and research.- give evidence and oral citations HAVE A STRONG THESIS - once sentence statement. governs what gets included and excluded. restate in your conclusion. Initial preview- directly follows thesis. review them in the conclusion

EXPS

CLAIMS Americans watch to much damn TV Americans are not exercising enough Americans are not getting enough of the fine arts anymore > (PREACH)< EVIDENCE: On average, Americans watch 4 hours of TV a day warrants: The average hours watched per person around the world is only 1 hour per day Watching television for 4 hours a day takes away from time to exercise Watching Tv for 4 hours a day kill the desire to see fine arts

messaged focus

Creates a rift between himself and the audience → makes a stiff and uninviting speech You over prepare on substance, but barely aware of audience, concentrates more on the content and is lost w/out a written script If you're too focused on the message you fail to recognize the audience's reaction to your presentation -youre talking at the audience and abiding by rigid rules instead of to them. Am I following my script exactly as practiced? Did I say the year for my source? Did I say the correct statistic? Am I using professional language?

Define surveillance and multicommunicating

Define surveillance and multicommunicating and explain how they impact your reputation in the workplace. Word surveillance comes from old french word for "watch" and "above." Employers are increasingly monitoring employees to ensure their productivity and identify online behaviors that may pose a risk to the company's reputation Being found in engaging in other non work related activities during work hours where you're getting paid to work can severely damage your reputation Multicommunicating refers to "communication practices involving technology where people conduct multiple, nearly simultaneous conversations" Example is like when you're texting during lecture when you're supposed to be taking notes You may have a legit reason to be texting but keep in mind that others around you don't know why you're texting but only see you communication a lack of focus and disrespect to the presenter leading the meeting or lecture that you're in. It matters what you're communicating to those in the room with you This can have a significant impact on your professional reputation if you don't use technology right in the workplace. This can lead to questions on your professionalism, which impacts your career prospects in the organization

What are the different ways to structure impromptu speeches

Division by Classification This subdivides the major topic into separate categories (or classes) of thought as they relate to the major subject You can think of classification as a method of grouping and taxonomy EX: the broad subject is candy but you can group the candy by color, brand, or size. The three classes or groups, can be discussed as individual concepts related to the broader subject. Division by Unification Separate functions of the speech operate as one organic entity This type is most effective for persuasive speeches in defense of a claim or as an answer to a question Each reason should independently support the central claim, and each area is directly related to the rationale for the argument Division by Cause-Effect-Solution This depends upon strong thesis statement which identifies a problem suggested by the broader topic or illuminated by the quotation The purpose of this is to show why the problem occurs (or why we struggle to make it so), what the potential effects are, and some ways that you can change your thinking or control yourselves to create a better world.

number of 5 topics

Don't pick a speech or topic about something trivial Great informative topics are those that ask the speaker and the audience to do more than simply stay awake Say something that will interest, intrigue and provoke thought

attitudes

Easiest to influence Can be thought of as learned depositions, manners, or feelings toward something Likes and dislikes

epistemology

Epistemology is how we know what we know, how we differentiate belief from opinion Many communication scholars believe that the way we come to know things is through language Its place in argumentation is it functions to resolve conflict and as a means to create knowledge about the world around us People taking opposing positions (dialectic tension) i will discover new ways to think about the world and how we know it by engaging in the process of argumentation

evidence

Evidence → data collected in support of claimq

Use examples as evidence

Examples as evidence This illustrates a particular instance of your subject and can make the subject more clear and vivid Gives your speech a strong emotional appeal Allows the audience to visualize your subject more vividly Make sure the example is current and relevant, yet also typical so your audience can relate to it Factual example (subtype) Illustrates a real person, object or event Confirms the existence of something Hypothetical example (subtype) Creates an imaginary situation that allows your audience to visualize what might happen under similar circumstances Best to use this when a factual example is not available and you want your audience to focus on general characteristics Always identify the example as hypothetical if you're doing one Case study (subtype) Factual example that illustrates a subject in such a characteristic manner that it is worthy of detailed analysis - example looking at what happen during a court case and how the outcome of this case will affect all other rulings. Narrative (subtype) Is a story that illustrates a point through the depiction of stories various parts It can be a real personal story, or a fictitious story They can represent an abstract value, exemplify a common cultural belief, or describe someone's personal experiences Does not provide analytical analysis or necessarily lead to a generalization A narrative must have structure → beginning middle and end A narrative must be coherent → parts must fit together logically A narrative must also be consistent with other stories that your audience has heard and their personal experiences Personal narrative → story about an actual experience someone had that is related to your subject or point, facts that took place Report → story documenting an event or series of events such as a newspaper article An anecdote → is a short story, amusing observation, or an engaging comment that relates to your subject or point. It can represent a larger value, principle or ideal, than the point you are making

categories of speeches

Extemporaneous You can research your topic in advance, prepare notes, practice your speech so that you can deliver it with limited reliance upon those notes Impromptu Speech is delivered with very little preparation, has little notes Manuscript Speech that is recited exactly as it's written because each word of the speech has been carefully crafted (PR) Speech is read directly from written text Memory ( Speaker is well prepared and rehearsed. Speech is given from memory and you tailor it to specific people

Refutation outline

FACTS VALUE AND POLICY - good to use when dealing with controversial issues where ppl disagree - list of the objections nd rebuttal them. -effective for arguing against a policy.

What are the methods for developing speeches in an impromptu format? `

First formulate your thesis or a central idea Introduce and conclude → these can make or break your presentation Support → you need to support your claims, stories, narratives, opinions, descriptions, explanations, are all good ways to support your claims Organize → have a basic framework, knowing this can save you time to focus on the topic instead of the structure Audience knowledge → asses the level of knowledge your audience may already possess on the topic. Dealing with subjects (Method 1) Easiest to do Establish a central claim or argument about the subject you're given Remember to analyze your audience when establishing your central claim about the subject Dealing with objects (Method 2) You might be asked to speak about an object In almost every instance, an object implies a subject which can be used to establish the thesis EX: a playing card, queen of hearts → subjects that come to mind are: gambling, luck, chance, playtime etc. one you chose a subject you can develop your thesis Dealing with quotations (Method 3) Most common exercise of impromptu speaking When dealing with a quotation, ask yourself: what does the quotation mean? Pinpoint the definitive meaning or relationship suggested by the quotation. The meaning should be clear to you and your audience.

beliefs

Harder to influence than attitudes but easier to influence than values This involves our convictions as to what is true and false Beliefs provide a measure for us to determine if something is real or probable studying history will not get me a job

fallacies `

Hasty generalization This occurs when the conclusion is based on far too little evidence "Have enough instances been examined?" Genetic fallacy Rests on an origin, historical tradition, or sacred practice "we've always done it this way; therefore this is the best way" Appeal to ignorance "You can't prove it wont work" Incomplete knowledge also does not mean a claim is or is not true Appeal to popular opinion (bandwagon) "Everyone is going or everyone is doing it" Has little proof/probative value for justifying an action If audience members are receptive to popular opinion then using that as a form of evidence will make a major difference in whether your idea is accepted → can be effective, but should still be avoided since it is a fallacy Appeal to authority Citing someone who is popular but not an expert as the basis for accepting a claim is an appropriate use of appeal to authority Sequential fallacy "After this; therefore, because of this" Based on the sequence of events in time Often other circumstances that produce effect/conclusion Timing alone is not sufficient for drawing conclusions Just because A happened before B does not mean that A caused B. Begging the question Circular reasoning Occurs in the form of a complex question Nothing new is said Ambiguity A word that may have more than one meaning or a phrase that may be misleading Using a term without clarifying its specific meaning can result in confusion or inaccurate claims Ex: dog for sale, eats anything and is fond of children Persuasive definition Value terms and other abstract concepts are open to special or skewed definitions that are unique to the person or group offering them Self serving argument Ex: Real men don't wear cologne. Name-calling Sometimes referred to as ad hominem Involves attacking the person rather than the argument May attack special interests, personal characteristics,

Define professionalism and classify what it means to display professionalism in the classroom and in the workplace.

In the classroom it means being punctual to class, using technology appropriately during class time, completing assignments on time In the workplace it's your willingness to come in early and work late, willingness to take on increasing levels of responsibility, do your ideas generate revenue, what your appearance is like and how your presence is. Your appearance and behavior, not only at work but also after work. Behaviors and skills that contribute to professionalism: competency, accountability, self-regulation, professional image. Competency Possessing knowledge, or being qualified Mix knowledge and skills and experience that differentiates you from your peers Your credibility Has good communication skills → dealing with conflict, giving solutions, listening, giving/receiving feedback etc. Accountability Taking care of your responsibilities, being responsible to others, owning up basically Self-regulation Show respect to yourself and others no matter the situation, stay calm under pressure. How you deal with and react in crisis situations Professional image Appearance counts, your professional image is the set of qualities and characteristics that communicate your degree of competence, character and warmth. Every workplace has norms for what is considered "professional attire".

gestures

Incorporating gestures into your movements as you speak will also help your audience feel engaged in your presentation Gestures can help add clarity or emphasis to your spoken words Can also help enhance a listener's ability to understand your content When surrounded by a small audience use small gestures, but the bigger your audience is, the bigger your movements need to be in order to capture and hold their attention.

Present your info as a part of an argument rather than just facts

Instead of just using facts and examples, it's more effective to support your points by connecting your claim with evidence and a warrant. This is good for informative speeches Three components of an argument are needed: claim, evidence and the warrant to connect the two and put everything in context.

extemporaneous speaking

Internalize your ideas so that you are comfortable with the concepts and familiar with the information Practice your speech in a similar setting to the one where the actual presentation will take place

Explain why it is important to be aware of organizational communication norms.

It's important to start observing those around you. You need to adapt to the unspoken communication norms in the organization so you can avoid doing something unprofessional. It is important to build relationships with a wide range of people across the organization.

objects visual ai

Make sure it's relevant to your speech Objects can be inanimate or animate Make sure you can execute it well, because it can effectively capture your audience's attention and it also is a good way to engage them; however, an object so interesting can distract your audience from your message. So an object can become a liability It may be a relevant object and the audience may be focused, but they won't be focused on your speech Display the visual aid only when you are discussing it because then curiosity can distract the audience and impede their ability to listen objects can ate as well, but only present them when discussing them or at the beginning if its food, wait for them to finish, and then continue

statistical evidence

Measurement or set of measurements that explains or describes a subject or its main properties A statistic can be an average ratio, percentage, correlation or any other form of quantitative information Three highly effective ways to present statistics → 1. Showing the rate at which an entity changes over time 2. Representing an entity aggregate total and then dividing it per capita or individual rate and 3. Comparing statistical data on 2 entities that are literally or figuratively alike Statistics have disadvantages → can make you seem really cold and impersonal Descriptive statistics Present a picture of your subject representing it in quantitative terms Provides various measurements that illustrates the subjects significant qualities, this can be done through aggregate amounts, ratios, percentages and averages Inferential statistics Provides support that leads to a claim that goes beyond the evidence collected Most common type is soft inference which is like a survey or a poll that asks questions about a subject and then draws conclusions with reference to that Second type is scientific inference which entails more scientific methods of analyzing data 1st method is a correlative study which measures the relationship between two variables to tell how they are related and the direction of their relationship (if you did good on the SAT you'll prob do good on the ACT 2nd method is an experimental method which studies the effect of a variable on one group in comparison to the normal reactions in the control group (a test of one controlled group compared to another i.e. medicine)

values

Most difficult to influence They represent people's concept of what is right or worthwhile You use values to determine if something is fundamentally good or bad snowboarding is a way of life

narrative evidence

Narrative evidence → stories that people tell about their own or others experiences Benefit? Your speech can be emotional Pathos can draw in your audience and make it real for them Connect with the topic in personal way Drawbacks? This type only refers to isolated incidents. Just because it happened to one person is not the case for all other people

fisher's narrative thoery

Narrative is a symbolic action, words and or deeds that have a sequence of meaning for those who interpret them A persuasive narrative appeals strategically to an audience's sense of coherence (degree in which the story holds together) and fidelity (degree to which the story matches your own beliefs and experiences)

filler words/ tag questions/ disclaimers

Not using filler words You can take pauses Don't add tag questions they hurt your credibility. makes you sound like you're not aware of your facts. Example of a tag question: "It is hot in here, isn't it?" Instead, say "It is hot in here." - disclaimers hurt your credibility, sort of like apologizing for work

objective evidence

Objective evidence → refers to numbers, statistics, and ratios that experts in the field have discovered This one is known as logos, it helps paint a global picture of your topic There's a specific type of objective evidence ands that's "expert's testimony" which is defined as a claim statement made by an expert in his/her field This evidence helps readers understand the logic of the topic and how the evidence supports the bigger picture Drawbacks? Can often be dry and hard to grasp THEY ARE BOTH BEST TO USE.

familiarly/acceptance

PERSUASIVE (FACT,POLICY, TOPIC_ most effective for questions that have to do with value, worth and morality. establishes criteria familiar to audience EXP: why george bush is the greatest president of all time. - what qualities or traits make him great? are the audience familiar with these qualities and criteria? and is the criteria ethics - you got to make sure the criteria aligns right -because judging george bush being elequoent speaker would discredit this. - the audience has to agree on what makes a president great.

Elimination outline

Persuasive (FACT) and policy -convince your audience of a SINGLE SOLUTION when a problem is widely agreed upon. first main point talks about what is needed to be a part of the solutiin second main point eliminates the other options third main point talks about the main soulton

Dr. Billy Earnest's five powerpoint rules

Pick a Good Template Provides consistent and professional look and feel and aesthetic Limit the Number of words Use Sans Serif Fonts for Better Legibility Handle Graphic Elements Professionally Extreme motion can disorient audience Use moving effects sparingly to avoid distracting people from your message Try to find subtle and not overly obvious effects, like a simple transition between slides such as a "wipe" used every time = consistency and subtlety! Choose High Contrast Color Combinations Light colors on dark backgrounds, and dark colors on light backgrounds (obvious) Be aware colors might change from computer to projection

descriptive statistics

Quantitative representations of measurements or properties such as averages, ratios, percentages, sizes, frequency, etc.

six persuasive principles

Reciprocation When people do something for us we feel obligated to do something in return for them We are socially conditioned to want to reciprocate Commitment and consistency We have a desire to keep our word and promises We act in accordance to our word Once you have some form of commitment from your audience it is easier to receive additional support later on (Ex: If your audience publicly commits to something--like not texting and driving-- they are more likely to stick to it) People who have already committed time and effort are more likely to commit even more because they feel like they don't want to waste what they have put in so far Social proof When we are uncertain of what to do in a situation we have a tendency to follow the lead of others Kind of like bandwagon → if you see a lot of other people doing it it might be a good idea for you to do it too Liking We are more likely to say yes to the people we like People more likely to be persuaded by you if they like you already One way to implement this is to show people that you like them because people like those who like them Real ****ing simple haha Authority We respect those in authority We see them as knowledgeable and successful people who are experts in a particular subject matter Sometimes we attribute authority to people who do not actually have the knowledge or expertise of authority simply because they have characteristics that we associate with authority Your professional experience adds to your authority If you don't have a strong personal experience with your topic then you can make up for it by doing extensive research Scarcity People show a greater desire for something if they know its limited "Get it while it lasts" Motivates us to either do the action before it's too late or to purchase something before it's too late.

cite your sources

SITE YOUR MUTHA SOURCES Report the author, evidence to your audience, the source and the year it was published Explain why the individual or group is credible and related to the topic of your speech Give credit where credit is due you can just say the authors name after introducing everything the first time. -without citing you risk your credibility and plagarism.

managing the unexepected

Say someone interrupts you during your speech, or answers your question with TMI: make sure you have effective transitions and it's okay to interrupt someone as long as it's respectful and still validates their opinion as you continue on. -if they are ranting - just politely interrupt them and validate their opinion and say you'd like to talk about it more after you give your speech because you don't want them taking away from your time. -get adapted to noisy environments so you don't get distracted easily Say there is something distracting you like outside, a loud noise in the hallway, people laughing: if you know you're distracted easily try taking preventive measures by removing the possibility of external noises to the best of your abilities -try concentrating on the individuals in the audience instead of the noise. Visual aide - is just an aid not a cr=utch Another unexpected situation is when your technology messes up: prepare for unseen situations where your computer might freeze, or not work at all. Continue your presentation without your slides. -memorize your speech good enough just in case this happens.

What are the key elements to consider for delivery in impromptu presentations?

Some key elements to think about when delivering your speech is to respond to stress when it arises, learn to relax your muscles and be aware or pace and fluency If you start to stress out you may start breathing irregularly and take pauses in the middle of clauses for a breath or even gasping for air at the end of a sentence. This can cause awkwardness in your speech. To alleviate this you can do breathing exercises and make sure to have good upright posture, because slouching can decrease your ability to take complete breaths. Speech anxiety can also appear when your muscles are tense. Relaxation is the key for this. Try to get more relaxed right before the speech. Pace and fluency is a bit more difficult to master. Pace is the rate of speech and fluency is how smooth the speech is. Sometimes when we are distracted we lose our focus from the speech and this can result in disfluencies (happens because of external and internal noise: i.e. person loses focuse on the construction of language, or the oral part overtakes the mental development of the idea.) along with having a mental block To avoid mental blocks, allow your thought process to operate just ahead of the oral delivery.

facial expression

Some type of animation in the face helps interest the audience and makes you seem more engaging

escribe the professional attire tips for interviews and everyday business attire.

Stake out location before you go to the interview → observe how other employees are dressed. Have back up clothes at work → tie in your pocket, jacket in your car, be prepared for anything Dress a little better than your colleagues → dress for the job you want not the job you have, always be one step above. Dress to be invited → if your boss needs someone to join them in an important meeting, your attire should give your boss confidence in inviting you to come along Don't let your clothes distract from your qualifications → some things like, tight pants, statement necklace can take attention away from you and even distract others.

postureduchenne smiles

Stand up straight, don't slouch. Good posture communicates that you care about your material and that you are taking the presentation seriously It makes you look like you're comfortable about what you're saying - take hands out of pocket in formal presentation -open up your body postures

testimony as evidence

Testimony is an indirect quotation by someone who is either and authority on your subject, a witness whose personal experience provides insight on your subject or who is considered a trusted source of social wisdom Testimonial statements that show the other person's understanding of a subject is similar to your own can build your credibility Authoritative testimony (subtype) A statement or a group of statements given by a credible authority or expert Best time to use this is when you're explaining a causal relationship Use authoritative testimony when you find an authority who, on other related issues, takes an opposing view but agrees with you on the issue at hand Lay testimony (subtype) States the opinion, expresses feelings or recalls the experience of someone who had just some personal involvement with or sentiments about a subject How a person has been positively or negatively affected by the experience Strong emotional appeal However this person is not necessarily to be considered an expert in the subject Nominal testimony (subtype) Is a general statement made by a well-known person that can be related to your subject The person providing the testimony may have no expert knowledge of your subject or any direct experience with it Instead this testimony relies on the "good name" of the person

number 3 of topics

The essential goal of an informative communication/speech is to represent reality Your presentation should include information that is relevant to your audience's needs Pick a topic that will engage the audience but at the same time pick a topic that intrigues you as well One way to show your interest and engage the audience is to state your "reason to listen" in the introduction It is important to tie your audiences needs to the content q

Vocal behavior(vocalics

This is the pitch, rate, volume, articulation and enunciation of your speech The pitch is how high or low your voice goes, make sure to raise and lower your voice from time to time so you show energy and enthusiasm and less monotone Volume is how loud you speak, basically just talk loud enough so people can hear you Rate is how fast you speak, we may need to learn how to slow down our speaking and learning to take pauses use your diaphragm. take some breaths. don't speak too soft and audience may think your timid. too loud and you might come off aggressive. practice good posture

inferential statistics

Those that you use to make claims about other groups or populations, such as collecting a survey and generalizing the conclusions that you draw from their data may apply to others in a sample group for something different

use action and words to persuade (quintilian)

Using actions and words to persuade A persuasive presentation is ethical if two things are met The speech was appropriate for the occasion The speaker lives the actions he or she advocates A "good" speech is impossible without a speaker living a "good" life Speech not only needs to be honest and appropriate but your daily actions must reflect the key tenants of your message

warrant

Warrant → supplied as the connection between the claim and evidence

What are the ways in which you can prepare for impromptu speeches?

Well there's no strict way to prepare, because this preparation is an ongoing process. Every book you read, movie you watch, historical anecdote you memorize all helps you prepare and becomes potential support material for your speech→ This is called "reading deliberately" One way to prepare you is to read deliberately. When you read stories or poems, think about what they say about people. Prepare yourself by generating examples or supports to help illustrate your ideas. Supports can be drawn from: art, literature, philosophy, music, science, history, even personal stories. Be sure to incorporate the ideas you know very well into your speech

picking a topic for informative speech

What are the five aspects to consider when choosing a topic? #1. Pick a topic that is not over your listener's' head Keep your audience in mind when creating a message Make sure the information will be presented at an appropriate level for your audience When choosing your topic, be sure to pick a topic that everybody understands EX: if you're going to give an informational speech about basketball by discussing the rules of the game, you can't mention jargon words like "traveling" without explaining to the audience what that means

number 4 of topics

You could do a portion of an idea so you can make the time frame EX: instead of doing the whole civil war you could do a battle or a portion of the civil war Pick a topic that is rich enough to warrant its selection but narrow enough to allow an in-depth examination of the subject Learn how to let go Prioritize the most important information and don't include every single detail -if passionate about a topic, just take a Q and A at the end.

serif fonts

angled and horizontal hooks (times new roman and garamond) -good for papers

motivational relevant evidence

answers the so what ? for the audience. -what type of evidence will this audience demands?what motivates them to accept - what evidence will generate the best respons

designn for high contrass

be aware of the different hues on projectors. test your presentation on the actual equipment to make sure it transfers well. -minimize the numbor of colors use to make sure they look good across all devices. and be sure to print them out to make sure its legible

objective and narrative evidence

both are best to use in conjunction with each other in informative speech

numerical clarifiers

chart or graph. use to present numerical data. -charts are figures that graphically illustrate relationships while graphs are visual representation of stats. -the graph more clearly illustrates your accomplishments

chronologcal

chronological - time or order of events, describe a particular process. that occurs in definite time order

when using clips

do not use hyperlinks be aware of 30 second ads

visual representation

drawings, maps , diagrams, blue print, photograph, useful when you have to show where something is geographically located. Diagrams show labels to things. -make sure they are clearly relevant and they display exactly what you're talking about and nothing else. - do not use visuals aids that are complicated or too small to see. -you can use verbal " if you look the on right of the map..." or nonverbal (simple are gesture. -practice if you're going to fumble around with a laser pointer - only show them when you are talking about them.

the elaboration of likelihood model of persuasion

effective speakers should adjust their message based upon the level on involvement. two routes involved. central route - audience members are deeply involved in a topic, so the speakers needs details and well constructed to persuade - these audience members are analyzing the message intently - charts using stats should be used peripheral route- focus on how the message is packaged. establish your credibility on the subject, be likable and use compelling visual aides.

eye contact

make brief eye contact with one person and then move on to the next. makes you seem more persuasive

present evidence strategically

eport the source before the evidence if the source is highly credible or report it after the evidence if its not highly credible -

motivation

exerting influence on the human psyche because it has needs and desires. tap into these by motivating them

specific purpose

focuses on small aspect of your topic. -make sure its narrow enough so you can accomplish it.

Maslow's Hierarchy of needs

four basic human needs//deficieny needs - self serving -physiological (breathing food water - safety and security (employment, property, health, family - love and belonging - friendship, intimacy self esteem - confidence, achievement, respect for other unique individuals self actualization - involve beings focus or driven by a cause beyond one's self . it's a need that cannot be satisfied. people are motivated to act because they need to fill this need. once a need has been fulfilled, another one needs to be.

when using the projector

make sure the colors transfer well - allow it to warm up

Visual technology

handouts - advantage for the audience to take something away. free your audience from taking notes, can be a back up if technology fails, good for the audience to keep up disadvantage - can be distracting, not necessary if presentation is short audience may jump ahead, or even leave because they feel ike they have all the info can be distracting -handouts should be handed out when discussing the topic and don't hand them out while speakng

audience focus

have a conversation with the audience. Tend to use delivery as a tool to help shake your interaction and involve your audience Having a conversation with your audience Makes your audiences feel like they are apart of your speech -the audience are a collaborator with the message. Is this information useful to my audience? How can I make this interesting to my audience? What nonverbal cues are my audiences sending me and how can I adapt according to their needs?

cognitive dissonance

inconsistency between your values beliefs attitudes and actions. when people have inconsistent attitudes and actions, they will change one of them to establish consistency

Why it's Important to use evidence

increases credibility, gives listeners novel and interesting ideas that they can believe, and keeps audience members engaged.

forms of reasoning

inductive reasoning - reasoning from example Process of examining a series of known occurrences and drawing a general conclusion Uses multiple instances in inferring a conclusion Ex: universities and colleges in Utah ban alcohol from campus therefore most universities and colleges in the U.S. ban alcohol from campus. Reasoning from generalization or axiom Applying a generalization or basic truism to a specific situation is a form of deductive reasoning Produces a conclusion that is true only if the premises are true Ex: All men are mortal. Joe is a man. Therefore Joe is mortal Reasoning from signs This pattern uses an observable mark, symptom, as proof of the existence of a certain state of affairs Using a symptom or other observable event as proof a state of affairs Signs are not causes Parallel cases are comparing similar events or things and drawing conclusions based upon that comparison Asserting that because two items share similar characteristics, they will share results "What happened there can happen here" - the bigger the two variables different in size the least plausible thou causal reasoning Reasoninging from a causal relation Assumes that one event influences or controls other events Every effect has a cause

difference between informative and persuasive speaking

infomative can be persuasive -adjust ideas to people persuasive -adjust people to ideas.

spatial

informative/persuasive (FACT) -arranges info by geographic location or direction

topical

informative/persuasve (FAC, VALUE, POLICY) -breaks main topics down into subtopics. (you should think about how you order your speech topics because of the primacy/rececny effect =put stronger points at beginning and end

Formal outline

is detailed and written in in complete sentences, but cannot be used for the presentation. no nonverbal cues

outlining

is important so you can keep tract what you can add or subtract. it includes transitions which a word for word or non verbal cue that indicates movement to the next idea. or internal summaries are often combined (summary of what was just said)

self focused

mistake - to focus on delivery as an end in itself-that it will take cafe of itself Focuses on delivery as an end in itself Energy is devoted to un-engaging aspects of your speech Instead of creating a relationship with the audience by focusing on their needs you tend to concentrate on what you're doing You forget about the audience - you fail to observe the audiences feedback -youre too focus on how your words sound, how your slides look and if you're making enough eye contact. How do my words sound? How do my slides look? Am I making enough eye contact? How do I look? >(fab as always)< Am I projecting enough enthusiasm?

prerelman's technique

more practical choose the best possible argument that will gain traction by emphasizing certain elements and de emphasizing others rosie o donnel exp He came up with several techniques to get the audiences agreement One technique is association This makes an argument by example Using examples as a means to create generalizations Especially helpful when proving that a problem exists or is significance Ex: News reporters showing one crime story after another--one can make a generalization that crime is rampant in America, though this is not true. Another one is dislocation Occurs when two incompatible ideas are compared to one another and then separated

space

move around the room -remove barriers.

use subtle effective animation

nothing flashy, to create a solid impression -moving effects used sparingly -if using slide transitions -use the one wipe because its subtile and use it consistently -use a mouse click for on slide animation (bullet points appearing nd don't use automation because that depends ons secondss. -problems are over clicking -add sound only if its appropriate to your goals such as getting your message acrossed, and be aware of volume and quality

design text for readbility

pay attention to where the eyes go first when using the visual aid slide. make sure there is enough space in the slide so eyes can focus on the main points. -heading capiltization in main titles only ( first letter is capitalized in every important word of the heading - use sentence capitalization for ( only the fist letter of the first word in main points, plus proper names - no capitalization in sub points

argumentation defined

persuasion is the outcome of argumentation argumentation is the structure of the reasoning

problem cause solutions

persuasive (FACT AND POLICY - not important to have balance points because this implies that you need to focus on explaining each part of the speech. - you don't need to explain to audience why not getting enough sleep is bad -you need to explain the the cause more than the problem - explain that insomnia is created by late night TV watching

ADVICE FOR VISUAL AID

poorly used aids result in effectiveness being dropped by fifty percent create aids after you outline what you are going to say that will aid your presentation -create your outline early enough so you have time to work on your visual aid- so you don't insult your audience with an after though and ruin your credibility -finally consider the purpose of the visual aid-is it there to support or complement what the words are saying? they should aid understanding

delivery outline

put in verbal cues - helps you learn to speak extemporaneously, rather than memorizing. -brief and consists of few words -helps remember your key points and important phrases.

developing your purpose

questions of fact- centers on the reality of the given topic -concern whether something is true or false. questions of value - rightness, morality, worth (ethical issues) questions of policy - call to action

dual coding

reinforces the presentation: visual aid works together with the speech to encode the message. -infomation and aid need to be related

rule 1 : don't overlap your mainpoints

repition of material

using stats for evidence

represented numerically. everyday we are bombarded with sources claiming some statitistics to be true while others are false. We got to be critical when hearing this. the larger the sample size the more effective statistics

explanatory speaking

represents reality by expanding or deepening the audience's understanding of a phenomenon, issue, or topic bee and honey making speech would focus on the actual process of honey making..

informatory speakring (ESSENTIAL GOAL IS TO REPRESENT REALITY IN ALL INFORMATIVE SPEECH)

represents reality by increasing the audience's awareness of a certain phenomenon, issue, or topic. Assumes the audience has some working knowledge of the topic, so goal is to merely enhance. bee and honey making speech would focus on the benefits of honey

facial feedback hypothesis

smiles are quickly and easily reciprocated. our facial expressions create the emotions we feel.

Monroes motivated sequence

speaker wants to persuade audience to take immediate action. (VALUE AND POLICY -brings attention to a specific need and then provides course of action to solve the need. - attention use attention getter device - Need- convince audience that there's a vital need to address for a particular problem. needs to help audience realize that there needs to be a change. you got to take consideration the personal interests of the audience -satifaction- propose clear and feasible solution. provide example and testionys -visualiation- urge the audience to visualize two separatee scenes- a world with implementation of solution and a world with the consequences without it - ACTION - call your audience to respond immediately. call to action should be personal.

claim

statement of opinion or fact that is the heart of the argument

compelling visuals aids

stimulate retention of information. -use aids to explain concepts with graphs and enhance your credibility

aristotles enthmeme

syllogism is a from of rhetorical discourse in which certain premised are produced and concluded .An enthymeme is a partial syllogism A syllogism is a form of rhetorical discourse in which certain premises have been made and a conclusionary premise follows An enthymeme is an everyday occurrence in which listeners "fill in" the argument for the speaker--the implied premise is missing So for an example of syllogism its All living things move → premise Rocks do not move → implied premise Therefore all rocks are not living things→ conclusionary premise In an enthymeme however, the implied premise (rocks don't move) is missing and requires the audience to fill that in or deduce from the speaker to get to the conclusionary premise The speaker may give the primary premise leaving it up to the audience to assume or provide the missing knowledge in order to reach a conclusion Person A assumes person B will fill in the enthymeme the same way the speaker did If enthymemes are not interpreted in the same manner by speaker and audience, there can be a misunderstanding that can lead to disagreements

rule 2: create points with a similar scope

the focus of your main points should be equally broad or narrow. you don't want to give a speech on things to do in austin and your main points are ACL, UT FOOTbALl, SXSW. ALL THESE ARE EQUALLY TOOOOOO BROAD> - you need balance but short

general purpose of your speech

to persuade or to inform

smiling

too much smiling is creepy AF. genuine smiles are people are more likely to listen and interact

sans serif fonts

uniforms strokes -clearer to see for powerpoint

speech voice

unnatural forced voice

rational relevant evidence

use evidence that is logically relevant

sensory evidence is

used in a small scale in a presentation > visual aid

Fair use

using image once in a presentation for a class assignment falls under this category. the problem begins when you use a copy righted image in a more public setting and are making money from the presentation.

stephen toulmin' argument

warrant is like the implied premise that we have to fill in The claim → short summary of the argument, it's a statement the advocate wishes the audience to believe The grounds → evidence that functions as the foundation and support for the claim The warrant → you need this final piece, it helps create the inferential leap from the claim to grounds. The warrant is like the implied premise The warrant is like the part where you must fill in the information that links the claim to the grounds Much of the time the warrant is the most contestable part of the argument, the speaker may engage in the process of invention and make links that may or may not be true

Delivery on informative speeches

your delivery style should be chosen depending on your audience.