CNA Ch.4 L.1- Food and Nutrition

Functions of endocrine system

-Secrete hormones to regulate body processes of growth and development -Regulates body functions

Bread, cereal, rice, and pasta group

6-11 servings a day Includes bread, rolls, biscuits, bagels, grits, oatmeal, rice, noodles, spaghetti, macaroni, and enriched cereals

Aging process of endocrine system

-Less hormone production -Muscle weakness

Related Health problems

-Loss of teeth -Diarrhea -Constipation -Intestinal gas -Impaction

Age processes of the digestive system

-Loss of teeth -Need for calories decrease, but nutritional needs either stay the same or increase -Constipation occurs due to slower peristalsis -Slowed peristalsis causes intestinal gas (flatus) -Saliva production decreases

Functions of digestive system

1. Ingests and prepares food for use by the body 2. Excretes waste

Meat, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts group

2-3 servings a day Beef, eggs, lamb, veal, pork, turkey, chicken, dried beans, dried peas, peanut butter, and soybeans

Milk, Yogurt, and Cheese group

2-3 servings a day Includes whole milk, 2% milk, skim milk, ice cream, cottage cheese, and yogurt

Dehydration

An excessive loss of water from the body tissues

Soft/Pureed/Mechanical Soft Diet

Foods that are easy to chew and digest Ex: tender chopped or ground meat and poultry, well-cooked peeled fruits and vegetables, toast, fish, cottage cheese

Roughage/ Fiber

Indigestible fiver of fruits, veggies, and cereal that act as a stimulus to aid internal peristalsis

Sodium restricted, or no added salt (NAS)

Salt occurs naturally in food so people on this diet must be careful No salt on table/tray

Peristalsis

Wavelike movements through the digestive tract

Regular diet

Well-balanced diet containing all essential nutrients needed for optimal growth and functioning

Residue

What remains of something after a part is removed

Signs of Hypoglycemia

o Headache o Dizziness o Hunger o Weakness, shakiness o Sweating o Disorientation

Signs of Pre-Dehydration

• Drinks less than 6 cups of liquid per day • Has dry mouth, cracked lips, sunken eyes, or dark urine • Needs help drinking • Has trouble swallowing liquids • Frequent vomiting, diarrhea, or fever • Is easily confused or tired • Offer frequent fluids and report signs to charge nurse

How to get a resident to eat more:

• Encourage resident to eat • Honor food likes and dislikes • Offer many kinds of foods and beverages • Help residents who have trouble feeding themselves • Allow enough time to finish eating • Get the resident assistive eating devices • Record meal/snack intake • Provide oral care before and after meals

Signs of Possible Pressure Ulcers

• Incontinence • Needs help moving and turning in bed • Weight loss • Eats less than half of meals/snacks served • Dehydration • Has discolored, torn, or swollen skin over bony areas • Report observations and warning signs to nurse • Check and change linens as soon as they're soiled

Vegetable group

3-5 servings a day Dark green or yellow veggies, leafy green or leafy yellow veggies, asparagus, broccoli, carrots, celery, corn, eggplant, peas, pumpkin, and spinach

Fruit group

2-4 servings a day Apples, oranges, pears, bananas, strawberries, figs, cherries, and prunes

Water:

Body requires 2,000 to 3,000 cc daily The human body is 60% water Fluid intake must match outtake Illness may upset water balance

Adrenal gland

Controls "Fight or flight", above kidneys

Parathyroid gland

Controls calcium and phosphorus

Thyroid gland

Controls metabolism

Pituitary gland

Controls other glands

Ovaries and testes

Develop and maintain sex hormones

What is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a disease in which the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body does not effectively use the insulin secreted

Low fat/ Low Cholesterol

Eliminates animal fats from diet, but allows some types of vegetable fats; used for residents with heart, liver, or gallbladder disease

Nutrient

Food that supplies the body with its necessary elements

Bland diet

Foods that are nonirritating to the digestive tract. No caffeine, alcohol, and selected spices

Carbohydrates

Gives the body a source of immediate energy; also provides the body with roughage (fiber) Broken down by digestive process into simple sugars The most important carbohydrate is glucose If excess carbohydrates are taken in, the body converts them to fat Sources: breads, cereals, pasta, sugar, syrup, fruits, and vegetables

Hyperglycemia

HIGH blood sugar

Hypoglycemia

LOW blood sugar

Renal Diet

Limits intake of protein, salts, and fluids depending on individual condition

Fats

Main function is to be stored as energy for later use Sources: butter, cream, salad oil, whole milk, meat, fish, and nuts

Clear Liquid diet

Minimal residue, consists mainly of dissolved sugar and flavored fluids, NO milk Ex: coffee, tea, clear broth, gelatin, ginger ale, apple juice, grape juice, water, Popsicle, and ice chips

Organs of the Digestive System

Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, large intestines, small intestines, appendix, rectum, and anus

Fiber

Non-nutritive part of plant- the indigestible part Provides bulk to the stool. The softer the stool, the easier it is to pass Sources: whole wheat bran, outside of corn kernel, fruit and vegetable skins, and prunes

Nutritionally complete liquid diets

Oral • Given to resident by mouth to drink • May be supplement or only nutrition the resident takes in • May be commercially prepared (Ensure) or a house mix Tube feedings/Enteral feedings • Given by an NG tube or G tube • Intake and output required • May be supplement or only nutrition the resident takes in

Defecation

Passing of stool

Digestion

Process by which food is broken down

Nutrition

Process of taking in food and producing energy from it

Pancreas

Regulates and utilizes glucose

Full Liquid diet

Strained, semi-liquid food and any liquid Ex: OJ, milk, pudding, plain ice cream, strained cream soups, strained cereals, and yogurt

Protein

The functions of protein are to build and repair tissue, help build blood, form antibodies, and provide energy If excess protein is taken in, the body changes it to fat and stores it as fat Sources: eggs, meat, fish, poultry, dairy products, nuts, and beans

Symtoms of dehydration

o Polydipsia o Dryness of skin and mucous membranes o Constipation o Little or no urination o Fall in BP o Rise in temperature o Loss of tissue elasticity o Dizziness and mental confusion

Signs of hyperglycemia

o Polyuria (frequent urination) o Weight loss o Headache o Polyphagia (constant hunger) o Fatigue o Polydipsia (frequent thirst) o Flushed face o Heavy breathing o Fruity breath

Minerals

• Minerals regulate many body processes and build tissues, especially bones and teeth • Examples: calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and iron • Sources: vary with each mineral

Unintended Weight loss warning signs:

• Needs help to eat or drink • Eats less than half of meals/snacks • Has dentures that don't fit • Has a hard time swallowing or chewing • Experience coughing or choking while eating • Has sadness, crying spells, or withdrawal from others • Is confused, wanders, or paces • Has diabetes, COPD, cancer, HIV, or other chronic diseases

Vitamins

• Vitamins are important for the proper breakdown and use of nutrients and the regulation of body processes • A well-balanced diet contains sufficient amounts of vitamins • Vitamins may be destroyed by overcooking or exposure to air • Vitamins are identified by letters such as A, B-complex, C, D, E, and K • Sources: vary for each vitamin