CNA Ch.4 L.1- Food and Nutrition
Functions of endocrine system
-Secrete hormones to regulate body processes of growth and development -Regulates body functions
Bread, cereal, rice, and pasta group
6-11 servings a day Includes bread, rolls, biscuits, bagels, grits, oatmeal, rice, noodles, spaghetti, macaroni, and enriched cereals
Aging process of endocrine system
-Less hormone production -Muscle weakness
Related Health problems
-Loss of teeth -Diarrhea -Constipation -Intestinal gas -Impaction
Age processes of the digestive system
-Loss of teeth -Need for calories decrease, but nutritional needs either stay the same or increase -Constipation occurs due to slower peristalsis -Slowed peristalsis causes intestinal gas (flatus) -Saliva production decreases
Functions of digestive system
1. Ingests and prepares food for use by the body 2. Excretes waste
Meat, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts group
2-3 servings a day Beef, eggs, lamb, veal, pork, turkey, chicken, dried beans, dried peas, peanut butter, and soybeans
Milk, Yogurt, and Cheese group
2-3 servings a day Includes whole milk, 2% milk, skim milk, ice cream, cottage cheese, and yogurt
Dehydration
An excessive loss of water from the body tissues
Soft/Pureed/Mechanical Soft Diet
Foods that are easy to chew and digest Ex: tender chopped or ground meat and poultry, well-cooked peeled fruits and vegetables, toast, fish, cottage cheese
Roughage/ Fiber
Indigestible fiver of fruits, veggies, and cereal that act as a stimulus to aid internal peristalsis
Sodium restricted, or no added salt (NAS)
Salt occurs naturally in food so people on this diet must be careful No salt on table/tray
Peristalsis
Wavelike movements through the digestive tract
Regular diet
Well-balanced diet containing all essential nutrients needed for optimal growth and functioning
Residue
What remains of something after a part is removed
Signs of Hypoglycemia
o Headache o Dizziness o Hunger o Weakness, shakiness o Sweating o Disorientation
Signs of Pre-Dehydration
• Drinks less than 6 cups of liquid per day • Has dry mouth, cracked lips, sunken eyes, or dark urine • Needs help drinking • Has trouble swallowing liquids • Frequent vomiting, diarrhea, or fever • Is easily confused or tired • Offer frequent fluids and report signs to charge nurse
How to get a resident to eat more:
• Encourage resident to eat • Honor food likes and dislikes • Offer many kinds of foods and beverages • Help residents who have trouble feeding themselves • Allow enough time to finish eating • Get the resident assistive eating devices • Record meal/snack intake • Provide oral care before and after meals
Signs of Possible Pressure Ulcers
• Incontinence • Needs help moving and turning in bed • Weight loss • Eats less than half of meals/snacks served • Dehydration • Has discolored, torn, or swollen skin over bony areas • Report observations and warning signs to nurse • Check and change linens as soon as they're soiled
Vegetable group
3-5 servings a day Dark green or yellow veggies, leafy green or leafy yellow veggies, asparagus, broccoli, carrots, celery, corn, eggplant, peas, pumpkin, and spinach
Fruit group
2-4 servings a day Apples, oranges, pears, bananas, strawberries, figs, cherries, and prunes
Water:
Body requires 2,000 to 3,000 cc daily The human body is 60% water Fluid intake must match outtake Illness may upset water balance
Adrenal gland
Controls "Fight or flight", above kidneys
Parathyroid gland
Controls calcium and phosphorus
Thyroid gland
Controls metabolism
Pituitary gland
Controls other glands
Ovaries and testes
Develop and maintain sex hormones
What is Diabetes?
Diabetes is a disease in which the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body does not effectively use the insulin secreted
Low fat/ Low Cholesterol
Eliminates animal fats from diet, but allows some types of vegetable fats; used for residents with heart, liver, or gallbladder disease
Nutrient
Food that supplies the body with its necessary elements
Bland diet
Foods that are nonirritating to the digestive tract. No caffeine, alcohol, and selected spices
Carbohydrates
Gives the body a source of immediate energy; also provides the body with roughage (fiber) Broken down by digestive process into simple sugars The most important carbohydrate is glucose If excess carbohydrates are taken in, the body converts them to fat Sources: breads, cereals, pasta, sugar, syrup, fruits, and vegetables
Hyperglycemia
HIGH blood sugar
Hypoglycemia
LOW blood sugar
Renal Diet
Limits intake of protein, salts, and fluids depending on individual condition
Fats
Main function is to be stored as energy for later use Sources: butter, cream, salad oil, whole milk, meat, fish, and nuts
Clear Liquid diet
Minimal residue, consists mainly of dissolved sugar and flavored fluids, NO milk Ex: coffee, tea, clear broth, gelatin, ginger ale, apple juice, grape juice, water, Popsicle, and ice chips
Organs of the Digestive System
Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, gallbladder, large intestines, small intestines, appendix, rectum, and anus
Fiber
Non-nutritive part of plant- the indigestible part Provides bulk to the stool. The softer the stool, the easier it is to pass Sources: whole wheat bran, outside of corn kernel, fruit and vegetable skins, and prunes
Nutritionally complete liquid diets
Oral • Given to resident by mouth to drink • May be supplement or only nutrition the resident takes in • May be commercially prepared (Ensure) or a house mix Tube feedings/Enteral feedings • Given by an NG tube or G tube • Intake and output required • May be supplement or only nutrition the resident takes in
Defecation
Passing of stool
Digestion
Process by which food is broken down
Nutrition
Process of taking in food and producing energy from it
Pancreas
Regulates and utilizes glucose
Full Liquid diet
Strained, semi-liquid food and any liquid Ex: OJ, milk, pudding, plain ice cream, strained cream soups, strained cereals, and yogurt
Protein
The functions of protein are to build and repair tissue, help build blood, form antibodies, and provide energy If excess protein is taken in, the body changes it to fat and stores it as fat Sources: eggs, meat, fish, poultry, dairy products, nuts, and beans
Symtoms of dehydration
o Polydipsia o Dryness of skin and mucous membranes o Constipation o Little or no urination o Fall in BP o Rise in temperature o Loss of tissue elasticity o Dizziness and mental confusion
Signs of hyperglycemia
o Polyuria (frequent urination) o Weight loss o Headache o Polyphagia (constant hunger) o Fatigue o Polydipsia (frequent thirst) o Flushed face o Heavy breathing o Fruity breath
Minerals
• Minerals regulate many body processes and build tissues, especially bones and teeth • Examples: calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and iron • Sources: vary with each mineral
Unintended Weight loss warning signs:
• Needs help to eat or drink • Eats less than half of meals/snacks • Has dentures that don't fit • Has a hard time swallowing or chewing • Experience coughing or choking while eating • Has sadness, crying spells, or withdrawal from others • Is confused, wanders, or paces • Has diabetes, COPD, cancer, HIV, or other chronic diseases
Vitamins
• Vitamins are important for the proper breakdown and use of nutrients and the regulation of body processes • A well-balanced diet contains sufficient amounts of vitamins • Vitamins may be destroyed by overcooking or exposure to air • Vitamins are identified by letters such as A, B-complex, C, D, E, and K • Sources: vary for each vitamin