Cog Psych Exam 4
Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. Statements such as "Afraid you will be," show serious problems with
Syntactics
People tend to overestimate
what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings
Which of the following is NOT influenced by the meaning? word frequency effect word superiority effect phonemic restoration effect the lexical decision task
word frequency effect
Experts solve problems based on
domain-specific strategies
An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include
An extraneous cough
Which property below makes human language unique? vocalization rule governed creativity highly effective communicating
Creativity
Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?
Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection
Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)
anaphoric inference
Swinney did an experiment in which he presented participants with the sentence, "The man was not surprised to find several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room." He found that immediately after hearing the word "bug", the participants accessed
both the "insect" and the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word
Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people
can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side
A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. They speak very different languages with very different features. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results
contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to
decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word
Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with _______ brain mechanisms.
different
A general education science class at Dartmouth requires students to design and build a useful product. This task requires primarily
divergent thinking
Experts categorize problems based on
general principles that the problems share
An observational researcher observes chimps in their natural setting, and based upon the evidence, tries to form a general conclusion. This researcher is using mostly what kind of logic?
induction
Most of the coherence in text is created by
inference
Judgments about "warmth" in problem solving are mostly used to determine if a task involves
insight
In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) ¬¬¬¬______ state.
intermediate
When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech, we see that the speech signal
is continuous
The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between
laboratory and real-world settings
In Belilock and Carr's study of relationship between working memory capacity and problem solving, individuals with high working memory capacity performed best in the _______ condition.
low-pressure
If the questions on the test are considered to be ill-defined, this would mean
many people cannot understand the question
Inductive reasoning involves
observational premises
Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as
operators
By using a(n) _______, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically.
opt-out procedure
Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving
restructuring
Which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason four-card problem?
social-exchange theory
Omission bias involves
tending to do nothing rather than making a decision that could be interpreted as causing harm
Janet is a high schooler from a rural, mostly white community. While watching basketball on tv, she notices that many of the best players are tall, African-Americans. She concludes that blacks are taller than whites. Janet's error is best described as
the availability heuristic
According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is
the falsification principle
Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support
the interactionist approach to parsing
The conjunction rule states that
the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probabilities of either event occurring alone
Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds All birds have wings All cats have wings This syllogism is
valid
The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine
what information a person is attending to while solving a problem