Cog Psych Exam 4

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. Statements such as "Afraid you will be," show serious problems with

Syntactics

People tend to overestimate

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings

Which of the following is NOT influenced by the meaning? word frequency effect word superiority effect phonemic restoration effect the lexical decision task

word frequency effect

Experts solve problems based on

domain-specific strategies

An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include

An extraneous cough

Which property below makes human language unique? vocalization rule governed creativity highly effective communicating

Creativity

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)

anaphoric inference

Swinney did an experiment in which he presented participants with the sentence, "The man was not surprised to find several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room." He found that immediately after hearing the word "bug", the participants accessed

both the "insect" and the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. They speak very different languages with very different features. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results

contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with _______ brain mechanisms.

different

A general education science class at Dartmouth requires students to design and build a useful product. This task requires primarily

divergent thinking

Experts categorize problems based on

general principles that the problems share

An observational researcher observes chimps in their natural setting, and based upon the evidence, tries to form a general conclusion. This researcher is using mostly what kind of logic?

induction

Most of the coherence in text is created by

inference

Judgments about "warmth" in problem solving are mostly used to determine if a task involves

insight

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) ¬¬¬¬______ state.

intermediate

When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech, we see that the speech signal

is continuous

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between

laboratory and real-world settings

In Belilock and Carr's study of relationship between working memory capacity and problem solving, individuals with high working memory capacity performed best in the _______ condition.

low-pressure

If the questions on the test are considered to be ill-defined, this would mean

many people cannot understand the question

Inductive reasoning involves

observational premises

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators

By using a(n) _______, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically.

opt-out procedure

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

restructuring

Which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason four-card problem?

social-exchange theory

Omission bias involves

tending to do nothing rather than making a decision that could be interpreted as causing harm

Janet is a high schooler from a rural, mostly white community. While watching basketball on tv, she notices that many of the best players are tall, African-Americans. She concludes that blacks are taller than whites. Janet's error is best described as

the availability heuristic

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is

the falsification principle

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support

the interactionist approach to parsing

The conjunction rule states that

the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probabilities of either event occurring alone

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds All birds have wings All cats have wings This syllogism is

valid

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem