Cog Psych Midterm #2/Final
The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of chairs, even though no one category may have *all* the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g. most have four legs, but not all) is;
family resemblance
Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?
family resemblance
Sperling's experiment using the delayed partial report task demonstrate that
information in visual sensory memory decays in less than a second
Which of the following is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memory?
Autobiographical memory can involve both episodic and semantic content
Which of these statements best describes Levels of Processing theory?
Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better encoding
--- memories are to experiences as --- memories are to facts
Episodic : semantic
--- is the idea that people will always seek to maximize their personal gain whenever making a decision.
Expected utility theory
Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cortex?
Frontal and temporal
--- identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving.
Gestalt psychologists
Which of the following is an example of the "sentence verification technique"?
Indication whether the following statement is true: "an apple is a fruit" Y/N
Kim and Laura have been studying most of the evening for their psychology exam the following day. Both are tired of studying; Kim decides to go to bed and get some sleep, while Laura decides to watch a movie. Based on this info, who do you think will do better on their psychology exam the next day?
Kim does better because of reactivation
Which of the following is NOT a conclusion based on the cases of Clive Wearing and Henry Molaison?
LTM is unaffected by hippocampus damage
The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as;
analogical transfer
The --- states that the probability of two events occurring together cannot be higher than the probability of either even occurring alone
conjunction rule/fallacy
Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem, the;
initial state
Learning in a connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network;
connection weights
One of the key properties of the --- approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network
connectionist
Imagine you're driving to a friend's new apartment. As you drive you rehearse the address until you arrive. Once there, you start thinking about a nice house-warming gift for your friend. To remember her new address you used a(n) --- process in STM
control
The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of chairs even though no one category member may have *all* the characteristic properties of chairs is known as;
family resemblance
The "fortress problem" involves a castle and marching soldiers, while the "radiation problem" involves a tumor and X-rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different;
surface features
When two people engage in conversation, if one produces a specific grammatical construction and then the other person does the same, it is referred to as;
syntactic priming
The idea that the rules governing grouping words in a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the --- approach to parsing
syntax first
In analogical problem solving, the --- problem is the one the participant is trying to solve, and the --- problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching a solution.
target : source
Jenkins & Russell (1952) presented a list of words such as "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. When test, they recalled the words in a different order. This happened because of the;
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized
The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by;
the distance that must be traveled through the network
--- is an average representation of the members of a category.
A prototype
Consider the sentence "because he always jogs a mile seem like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?
"Because he always jogs a mile..."
In an experiment where participants are briefly flashed (for approximately 50 ms) a sequence of letters and are then told to write them down in the same sequence they were presented, it is most likely that the letter "P" will be misidentified as
"C"
Research seems to indicate that the duration of STM, when rehearsal is prevented, is
15-20 seconds
Which of the following examples best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
Although Emily doesn't often think about her first boyfriend, she can't help but have memories of him when "their song" (the first song they danced to) comes on the radio
--- is a mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language.
A concept
Which of the following is NOT a property/characteristic of the connectionist approach?
Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.
Which of the following statements about the differences between novices and experts when solving a problem is NOT true?
Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field
--- transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted or altered, to a more permanent state in which they are resistant to this.
Consolidation
Given what you have learned about how the phonological loop works, which of the following lists would be the MOST difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?
MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
According to Levels of Processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a list of words?
Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
--- refers to the idea that more evidence (data, or how many examples can be cited) increases the support for a conclusion.
Number of observations
Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?
Parallel distributed processing theory
--- refers to the idea that the participants in a sample will accurately portray the characteristics of the population is drawn from.
Representativeness of observations
--- is the behavioral tendency to avoid ---
Risk aversion : unnecessary risks
Your text discusses the case of Henry Molaison, who underwent brain surgery as a teenager to relieve severe epilepsy. Henry's case has been extremely important for psychology by demonstrating that
STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired
The --- states that the nature of a culture's language can affect the way its people think.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Playing "20 Questions" requires using hierarchical organization strategies. The questions usually start at a general level and get more specific to determine the identity of the object. An example of an initial question would be "Is it an animal?", "Is it a mineral?" These describe which level of categorization?
Superordinate
Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can higher solution of a problem?
Two-string
Working memory (WM) differs from short-term memory in that;
WM both holds and processes information
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?
Working units
The example of a brief episode of retrograde amnesia, such as when a football player is hit particularly hard and can't recall the last play, reflects;
a failure of memory consolidation
When the first part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end clarifies which meaning is correct, we say the sentence is an example of;
a garden-path sentence
The word-length effect means it is more difficult to remember
a list of long words than a list of short words
Amber lives between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. Usually she takes the street to the south to work each morning, but it's now closed for repairs, but is now taking the street to the north instead. Once the closed street is reopened, if she continues taking the street to the north even though it's a little longer, it would be an example of;
a mental set
In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether;
a presented stimulus is a word
A heuristic is;
a quick 'rule of thumb' to make decisions quickly and efficiently, sometimes at the cost of accuracy
In Sperling's study of iconic memory, compared to the whole report task, the partial report task involves
a smaller response set
Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category?
a sparrow
When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds a box of 20 year old photos from her wedding. As she sorts through the pictures she can't help but feel a sense of joy and cries gently. Seeing those photos of her wedding day has activated her;
amygdala
An algorithm is;
an exhaustive search through all possible decisions to arrive at the best possible decision
An experiment studying the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include;
an extraneous cough
The prototype approach to categorization state that a standard representation of a category is based on;
an idealized or abstract model that includes all the most common features of the category
A study had participants listen to a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording made it difficult for participants to understand, but looking at picture made it easier. The results of this study illustrate the importance of -- in forming long-term memories
an organizational context during learning
Former boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacation with the statement "At our ranch in Texas, there are lots of ponds and we take the kids out to fish. And then of course, we grill them." A reader understands that Foreman is referring to grilling the fish, rather than the children, because of a(n) --- inference
anaphoric
A memory research participant is given a list of words to memorize. One week later she is tested on the list. If one of the words was "Pear", which of the following words, which actually didn't occur on the memorized list, would most likely be incorrectly recalled?
apple
An experimental task with the instructions "Read the following word list while repeating 'the' out-loud, look away, and then write down the words from the list" would most likely be studying;
articulatory suppression
According to Levels of Processing theory, deep processing produces better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in good memory when the individual encodes --- and is tested ---
auditorially : auditorially
Carrie answers the phone with "Hello?" The response "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed the response "Hi, Carrie" using an
auditory code in LTM
The --- is mistakenly assuming the cause of an event because of frequency or exposure to the event, rather than the actual frequency of all instances of that event.
availability heuristic
Explicit memory is to ---, as implicit memory is to ---.
awareness : unawareness
Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of --- in which an error signal is transmitted from the property units
back propagation
According to Rosch, the --- level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level that reflects people's everyday experience
basic
The learning mechanism proposed by Hebb is associated with;
both changes at the synapse, and long-term potentiation
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for --- of a list
both the first and last words
Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrated that for the best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created;
by the person whose memory will be tested
How is cognitive economy represented in the following example: "the property --- is stored at the --- node."
can fly : bird
Consider the following sentences: "the sidewalk was covered with ice." and "Ramona fell down". The inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n);
causal inference
The given-new contract is a method for creating;
comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation
Two different definitions of --- offered by the text include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual", and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas".
concepts
Which of the following is true of the semantic network approach?
concepts are represented by patterns of activation in the network
Decisions based on --- are usually going to be correct, but there's always the chance they could be mistaken.
inductive reasoning
Peterson & Peterson found their participants could remember the three letter strings (like QEX and RDZ) with 80% accuracy after 3 seconds, but only about 12% accuracy after 18 seconds. They concluded this performance decrease was due to ---, but Keppel & Underwood later showed it was due to ---
decay : interference
When studying the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds;
decreases the recency effect
Not all the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack scales, yet are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the --- approach to categorization
definitional
Not all the members of everyday categories have the same set of features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack scales yet are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the --- approach to categorization
definitional
Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of the experiment was to
demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems
Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a juice company. Sales of their calcium enhanced OJ were poor, and the product was canceled. Her factory still had three cases of the produce, and she was told she could have them. With the cartons, she made several bird feeders and seedling planters, and a fort for her four year old son. This use of the cartons represents;
divergent thinking
The definitional approach to categorization;
doesn't work well for most natural objects like plants and animals
Our brief sensory memory for sound is called --- memory
echoic
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
elaborative is more effective than maintenance
To say "a labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog", you would be using the --- approach to categorization
exemplar
Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus;
facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely after.
Experts categorize problems based on;
general principles the problems share
When we look at an acoustigram of conversational speech, we see the speech signal;
has no breaks and is continous
Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, to create sentences, which can then be components of larger structures. This demonstrates the --- property of language
hierarchical
The dramatic case of Clive Wearing clearly illustrates that --- is crucial for formation of explicit memories, and that the --- is important for the formation of implicit memories
hippocampus : basal ganglia
Chomsky proposed;
humans are genetically predisposed to acquire and use language
According to your text, imagery enhances memory because;
imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered
Work with brain injured patients such as Clive and Henry reveals that --- memory does not depend of conscious awareness.
implicit and procedural
A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, analyzing the discussions, she identifies particular problem solving techniques. This is an example of --- research
in-vivo problem solving
The primary function of "chunking" is to
increase capacity of STM
Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of;
increased transmission efficiency between the neurons
Your text describes an Italian woman who after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily happenings. Her memory deficit reflects
intact episodic memory, but defective semantic memory
In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) --- state
intermediate
Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who use sign language, they;
invent their own sign language
According to Endel Tulving, the defining property of episodic memory is that it
involves mental time travel
According to the typicality effect;
items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group
The --- states that as the size of the sample increases, it will become steadily more representative of the population it's drawn from.
law of large numbers
Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up. The process of looking up unfamiliar words to learn their meaning will increase Ron's
lexicon
Based on the behavior of HM who had his hippocampus removed to cure epilepsy, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in;
long-term memory acquisition
The solution to the "candle problem" involves realizing that the;
match box can be used as a shelf.
A property of control processes in the modal model of attention of memory is that they
may differ from one task to another
According to subsequent research on George Miller's proposal about the capacity of STM is 7 (plus or minus 2)
meaningful units
Jack is a psychology grad student preparing for his dissertation. Faced with an extensive list of research articles to consider, he excludes many from consideration because they don't consider findings he and his advisor published together in previous papers, and as such, aren't up to date on the most current theories on the topic; those of Jack and advisor. This exclusion of info is an example of the;
myside bias
Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the;
neurotransmitters
Glick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves following three steps;
noticing, mapping, and applying
Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n);
novel object
It's easier to do two mental tasks at the same time if;
one is handled by the sketchpad, and the other by the phonological loop
Actions that take the problem from one state to another are called;
operators
Which of the following is MOST CLOSELY modeled on the way the nervous system operates?
parallel distributed processing theory
According to the situation model of text processing;
people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events
Chandra has frontal lobe trauma. She is being tested on a problem solving task to assess the nature of her deficits. She is choosing a red object out of others of different color. However, when the doctor asks her to now pick out the blue object, she continues to pick our the red object, even after the doctor tells her she's made an incorrect choice. Chandra is displaying evidence of;
perserveration
Jill's friends tell her they think she has a very good memory, so one day she decides to test herself on it. At work each day her supervisor givers her a to-do list, but instead of checking them off the list, she decides to memorize the list. On Monday she is able to memorize 90% of the tasks. On Tuesday her recall drops to 80%. By Friday it has dropped to 30%. This drop in her memory performance is most likely due to
proactive interference
Lucy is helping Kendra get used to her new racing bicycle. She explains that the shifters and brake levers are integrated, and that different actions with the levers either shift the gears, or activate the brakes. These skills that Lucy has acquired from her own experience with cycling are an example of --- memory.
procedural
One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments against Skinner's explanation of language learning is that children;
produce sentences they've never heard before
The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over again is most likely to;
produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce long-term memories
Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different identification task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as red and green, than when presented with "poor" examples such as fuchsia or teal. The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the --- approach to categorization
prototype
Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same/different ask when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green". The result of this experiment was interpreted as evidence supporting the --- approach to categorization.
prototype
The primacy effect is attributed to;
recall of info stored in LTM
Experimental evidence suggesting the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data showing that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of --- memories
recent and remote episodic
These multiple choice questions are examples of a --- test.
recognition memory
Suppose you have been studying for your Japanese vocabulary test for several hours are making many mistakes. You switch to study for your biology mid-term and do much better. You are experiencing;
release from proactive interference
A person with a brain injury resulting in impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty;
remembering having aces the final in her Cognitive Psychology class
Retrograde amnesia is typically less severe for --- memories.
remote
The Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving a process that involves;
reorganization or restructuring
In the classic Bill Murray move "Groundhog Day", his character Phil Connors grow increasingly frustrated as he experiences the same day over and over again. With each "new" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of
repetition priming
The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as;
repetition priming
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your textbook?
replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory
The Gestaltist's "circle problem" in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate;
representation and restructuring
Coherence refers to the;
representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part.
The --- is assuming something belongs in a particular group because it shares features with that group, but is actually a member of a different group.
representative heuristic
Lamar is attending a company function at his new workplace. His supervisor introduces him to his new coworkers in small groups over the course of the event, introducing each of the coworkers by first name. At the end of the event, Lamar realizes he can only remember the names of the people in the last group of people he met. This is an example of
retroactive interference
Newell and Simon's early work on problem solving was based on the idea that it is a processing involving;
search
Info in sensory memory remains there before decaying for;
seconds or a fraction of a second
The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well learned, it may prevent us from;
seeing more efficient solutions
Jeanne loves to dance, and has done ballet for many years. She's now learning Salsa; although the steps are very different from what she's familiar with, she's developed a strategy of linking the new steps she's learning with her previous experiences in ballet and her own love of dancing. This is a --- encoding strategy
self-reference
Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of --- memory
semantic
The predominant type of coding in LTM is;
semantic
The statement "The Beatles broke up in the early 1970s" is an example of what kind of memory?
semantic
Which of the following is NOT an example of implicit memory?
semantic memory
The --- model includes associations between concepts and the the property of spreading activation.
semantic network
A researcher had participants read each of the following sentences and measured the time reach each one. Sentence 1: the lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Sentence 2: the dog ran past the house into the yard. The participants' RT were longer for --- because of the --- effect
sentence 1 : word frequency
Failures of the modal model to explain some kinds of memory behaviors, such as rehearsal, challenged the model's conceptualization of
short term memory
The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true
simply because we've been exposed to them before
The word frequency effect refers to the fact we respond more;
slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words
Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the --- problem
source
Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of --- into their model
spreading activation
The Standard Model of Consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is;
strongly active when memories are first formed and consolidated, but less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated
If we conducted an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups., Suppose we compare botanists to those with no specialized knowledge of plants. If we asked each group to name as specifically as possible, five different plants seen on campus, we'd predict the expert group would label plants on the --- level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the --- level.
subordinate : basic
Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This revealed that when we experience events;
the knowledge making up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory
Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on;
the meaning dominance of each definition of the word
The base rate is;
the relative frequency at which an event/person occurs in the population
Syntax is;
the rules for combining words into sentences
Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is --- the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird"
the same as
Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because;
the solution is immediately obvious
Wickens' "fruit, mean, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because
the stimulus category remained the same
Insight refers to;
the sudden realization of a problem's solution
Imagine that you're walking to class, starting at the Psychology department, and form a mental picture of the route you take to the lecture hall from the department office. Your ability to perform this mental feat relies upon;
the visuospatial sketch pad
Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that;
the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of solving
According to Baddeley & Hitch's model of working memory, which of the following tasks would LEAST affect a person's driving performance on an unfamiliar winding road?
thinking about the definition of an unusual word they just learned
Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called;
transfer-appropriate processing
Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with US and Itzai participants. Given the results, we known that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, US participants would answer --- and Itzai participants would answer
tree : oak
Which of the following is the best example of a basic level category?
truck
When the beam from a flashlight is moved quickly around on a wall in a dark room, it can appear as if there's a trail of light on the wall, even though the beam is at a given spot for only a fraction of a second. This experience occurs because of
visual persistence
The best description of think aloud protocols is that they are used to determine;
what info a person is attending to while solving a problem
Recent research on memory, based largely on classical conditioning of a fear response in rats, indicates that;
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed
Confirmation bias is;
where we favor info confirming our position, and discount evidence contradicting it
Assume a psycholinguist conducts an experiment with two groups from highly different social and cultural backgrounds. She asked participants in both groups to describe some color tiles and in both cases each group of people could only report as many colors as their primary language had. Such results;
would support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis