Master Psychology Set (GRE+MCAT)

Mnemonic: Sympathetic

"fight or flight" (OMG he's looking at me)

pragmatics (language)

"practical" rules of using language the meaning of words and grammar used semantically, except within context (inferred meanings); taking turns speaking -->idioms "he could eat a horse"=hungry

Mnemonic:Parasympathetic

"rest and digest"(IDC...)

cortisol

"stress hormone"; regulated/modulates changes that occur in body in response to stress (blood sugar levels; metabolism; immune response; etc.) higher and prolonged levels (e.g. w/ chronic stress)=negative effects

Visual cortex

(AKA striate cortex) (occipital lobe) has to do with sensation or perception of visual information

Cerebral Cortex

(Forebrain) Complex perceptual , cognitive, and behavioral processes

Reticular formation

(Hindbrain) Arousal and alertness

Medulla oblongata

(Hindbrain) Vital functioning such as breathing, digestion

Cerebellum

(Hindbrain)Refined motor movements

Inferior and superior colliculi

(Midbrain) Sensorimotor reflexes

Parasympathetic Nervous System

(NS )the branch of the ANS to conserve energy; Resting and sleeping states, reducing heart rate and constricting bronchi; Managing digestion by increasing peristalsis and exocrine secretions

Sympathetic Nervous System

(NS) activated by stress; School stress, life and death decisions, rage/fear reactions; Increases heart rate; Redistributes blood to muscles of locomotion; Increases blood glucose concentration; Relaxes the bronchi; Decreases digestion and peristalsis; Dilates eyes to maximize light intake; Releases Epinephrine into the bloodstream

Big 5 traits of personality

(OCEAN) Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion- tolerance for social interaction and stimulation Agreeableness Neuroticism - measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations

Basal ganglia

(forebrain) Movement

Rooting reflex

(in babies) the automatic turning of the head in the direction of a stimulus that touches the cheek

Osmoreceptors

(in hypothalamus) may trigger the release of antidiuretic hormone to increase water reabsorption as a part of fluid balance

Sir Charles Sherrington (1857-1952)

(person) inferred existence of synapses. He thought the synaptic transmission was an electrical process FALSE. It's actually chemical!

Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894)

(person) measured speed of a nerve impulse

Franz Gall (1758-1828)

(person) phrenology: if a particular trait was well-developed, the part of the brain responsible for it would expand. This expansion would cause a bulge in the skull, so one should be able to measure psychological attributes by measuring the skull. ( FALSE)

Pierre Flourens (1794-1867)

(person) the brain had specific parts for specific functions and that the removal of one part weakens the whole brain.

PET

(positron emission topography) scans glucose metabolism of radioactive tracer to measure activity in various brain regions

Primary motor cortex

(prefrontal lobe) initiates voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses down the spinal cord toward the muscles; projection area of the brain

Prefrontal cortex

(prefrontal lobe) manages executive function by supervising and directing the operations of other brain regions; supervises processes associated with perception, memory, emotion impulse control and long-term planning; a lesion here may cause a person to be more impulsive, less in control of behavior, or depressed.

Broca's Area

(prefrontal lobe) very important for speech production; usually found in the dominant hemisphere (left for most people)

Cognitive theory criticisms

(similar to behavioralist)-addresses how person thinks, rather than why original problem developed-->removing symptoms might not cure the problem

Wernicke's area

(temporal lobe) associated with language reception and comprehension

Auditory cortex

(temporal lobe) the primary site of the most sound processing including speech, music, and other sound information

Pearson r correlation coefficient

-1 to 1; graph's correlation coefficient -between people and between other tests Low=bad, high=good reliability (x-axis=first test scored, y-axis=second test scored, should be r=1 if scored same)

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

-550 true/false/not sure questions -high validity because constructed with highly discriminatory items -3 validity scales (questions assessing lying, carelessness, faking) -more related to DSM-V than CPI -compares responses to responses of those with known mental disorders (multiple mental personality inventory-->disorders)

APA publications

-American Psychologist (official journal) -Psychological Bulletin (papers) -Psychological Abstracts (index, summary of every literature in psych) -PsychINFO (database/online format of Psychological Abstracts)

parenting styles

-Authoritarian-strict; children withdrawn/unhappy -permissive-allowed whatever; children happy but no self-control or self-reliance -authoritative-firm/fair; children self-reliant, self confident, happy

Why Multi-axial system eliminated in DSM-V?

"Removes artificial distinctions" between medical and mental disorders

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibition (SSRIs)

Antidepressant-acts only on serotonin; most frequently prescribed; few side effects

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Antidepressant-dangerous/one of last resorts; inhibits monoamine enzymes irreversibly (cell must make new enzymes) -->enzymes that oxidize/remove neurotransmitters

(DSM-V) Chapter- Neurodevelopmental disorders

Appearance during childhood Intellectual disability-statistically low IQ; difficulties in life skills

role playing (behavioral counterconditioning)

-allows client to practice new behaviors/responses

Attracted to people who:

-are near us (we get to know them) -are physically attractive -have attitudes similar to our own -like us back (reciprocity)

navigation techniques

-atmospheric pressure (birds) -infrasound-low freq sound of coast (birds) -magnetic sense (birds, bees) -sun compass (birds, bees) -star compass (bees) -polarized light-when sun blocked by clouds (bees)

hindbrain structures

-begins where spinal cord ends medulla, pons, cerebellum, and the base of the reticular formation (connects brain to spine)

Sex-typed behavior

-behavior stereotypical to gender -low during prepubescence; high in young adulthood; lower again after

(DSM-V) Chapter- Paraphilic disorders

-condition in which a person's sexual arousal and gratification depend on fantasizing about and engaging in sexual behavior that is atypical and extreme -pedophilia and exhibitionist disorders=illegal -other disorders can cause personal distress, for which someone might seek treatment

ANOVA (analysis of variance)

-differences among MEANS of continuous (numerical) variables -more flexible than t-tests-->can analyze differences among MORE THAN 2 groups (even if diff sample sizes)

prolactin

-hormone-helps females produce milk -also metabolism, regulation of the immune system, and pancreatic development (stuff for milk to be good) (promotes lactation)

G. Kelly

-personal constructs determine personality and behavior -based personality theory on the notion of "individual as scientist"

social facilitation

-presence of others help or hurt performance -->presence helps with easy tasks; hurts complex tasks (being surrounded by social facilitates better or worse task)

Homeostasis

-regulation of internal environment -controlled by negative feedback loop ex: thermostat

self-awareness vs self-consciousness

-self-awareness is a state -self-consciousness is a trait

Piaget's stages

-sensorimotor (0-2yrs) -preoperational (2-7yrs) -concrete operational (7-12yrs) -formal operational (12+yrs) (ages-->0-2-7-12-) (formal=last; formal=classiest, best)

modeling (behavioral counterconditioning)

-social learning principles (exposes client to more adaptive behaviors/people's reactions; hope to cause imitation)

demand characteristic research problem

-subjects act in ways they think experiment wants/expects (act in a way that you think experimenter demands)

Neonate (newborn) reflexes

-sucking-object near mouth -head turning-stroke cheek -Moro reflex-throwing arms/legs because of loud noise -Babinski reflex-fanning toes when touching bottom of feet -Palmar reflex-hand grasping when object in hand (Mor-OH-->loud noise; babin-SKI-->skis on feet; PALM-ar-->palms grasp

trait v state

-traits=relatively enduring characteristics -states=temporary feelings/characteristics (e.g. tired)

natural language mediators

-using sound, patterns, meanings of words already known to assist learning new info (e.g. 30 days past September, April June....)

Sir F. Galton

-wealthy Englishmen, traveled, studied for fun; random contributions -first to use statistics in psych -created correlation coefficient -wrote Hereditary Genius -promoted eugenics-selective human breeding to strengthen species

Major depressive disorder

1+ major depressive episode

Kohlberg's Moral Development

1. No punishment 2. Yes reward 3. Social Approval 4. Follow law 5. Follow law (if logical) 6. Ethical principles

sleep cycle length; how many cycles per night?

1.5 hrs; 4-6 cycles every night

Mean IQ of US (and SD)

100; standard deviation of 15 or 16

identity vs. role confusion

12-20; physiological revolution; favorable outcome is fidelity, unique and integrated person; unfavorable outcome is confusion about one's identity

Adolescence

13-19ys; begins with puberty; adrenal and pituitary glands secrete hormones (androgen for boys; estrogen for girls) causing second sex characteristics

Dorothy Dix

19th century American advocate of asylum reform

figure-ground pattern

2 different figures based on which shade you look at (vase/faces)

linear perspective (depth cue)

2 parallel lines converge in distance

H. Eysenck

2 personality-type dimensions: introversion-extraversion and stable-unstable (neuroticism) -->formed a cross w/ 4 quadrants: phlegmatic, melancholic, choleric, sanguine (I-SEnCT-->intersect. 4 quadrants)

Choroidal vessels and Retinal vessels

2 sets of blood vessels that supply nutrients to the eye

Stage we spend most of end of night?

2+REM

intimacy vs. isolation

20-40; favorable outcome is love, ability to have intimate relationship with others, committing oneself to another person and one's goals

What are the 3 stages of a physiological response to stressors?

3 stages, Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion

Stage we spend most of beginning of night?

3+4

Standard normal distributions

34 : 14 : 2 : 0.26 (normal distrib curve: 0.26%, 2%, 13%, 34%, 34%, 13%, 2%, 0.26%)

ventricles

4 cavities in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid insulating brain from shock

generatively vs. stagnation

40-65; resolution includes capable of being a productive, caring, and contributing member of society

Likert Scale

5-7 point scale of strongly agree, neither, strongly disagree with a particular statement (Like-how much you like the statement)

Self Determination Theory

A need based theory which emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. These three needs must be met in order to develop healthy relationship with oneself and others. Autonomy- need to do things independently Competence- need to excel at difficult tasks Relatedness= need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships.

Patient H.M.

A patient whose hippocampus and temporal lobes were removed surgically to control epilepsy caused severe anterograde amnesia (can't form new memories)

dual-code hypothesis

A. Paivio Visual and verbal information are processed differently and along distinct channels in the human mind, creating separate representations for information processed in each channel (with word "dog"; can either picture dog, think of the word "dog", or both)

social comparison theory

-Festinger -Evaluate own actions by comparing to others--> we constantly make self and other evaluations across a variety of domains

J. Locke

British philosopher who suggested that infants had no predetermined tendencies, that they were blank slates (tabula rasa) to be written on by experience

Thurstone Scale

Checkmark items you agree with (each item has a numerical value indicating how favorable or unfavorable it is judged to be) (check through scale)

archetypes

Analytical/Jung universal concepts passed down since beginning of man; allows us to organize experiences w/ consistent themes (shown through cross-cultural similarity in symbols, myths, etc.) PERSONA SHADOW ANIMA ANIMUS

anima

Analytical/Jung-archetype -female elements that a man possesses; complements own maleness (female animal in man) (ma=mom, female)

animus

Analytical/Jung-archetype -male elements a female possesses; complements own femaleness (male animal in woman)

shadow

Analytical/Jung-archetype -person's dark side, often projected onto others (symbolized by devils and evil spirits)

persona

Analytical/Jung-archetype -person's outer mask/mediator to external world (symbolized by cultures via masks)

psyche

Analytical/Jung-conscious part of the unconscious

(DSM-V) Anorexia nervosa

Feeding and eating disorder Person does not maintain healthy body weight, has a distorted body image leading to belief that they are overweight when actually abnormally thin one of few disorders that can lead to death

Mnemonic: Functions of the Hypothalamus—the Four Fs:

Feeding, Fighting, Flighting, (sexual) Functioning

Genital stage

Freud's fifth and final stage; begins in puberty, lasts til adulthood; if previous stages have been successfully resolved, person will enter normal heterosexual relationships

oral stage

Freud's first stage (0-1); gratification from putting things in the mouth; libidinal energy centered around the mouth

Latency stage

Freud's fourth stage; happens when libido is sublimated; lasts until puberty

anal stage

Freud's second stage (1-3); libido is centered on the anus and gratification is gained through elimination and retention of waste materials

Frued vs. Jung vs. Alder

Frued- assumption is that person is motivated by unborn instincts Jung- person's conduct is governed by inborn archetypes Alder: assumes people are motivated by striving for superiority

Optic nerve

Ganglion cells group together to form the

Garcia effect

Garcia-preparedness humans can become sick from a food one time and never eat the food again (immediate classical conditioning/ one trial learning; taste aversion learning) (Garcia="gutsick" effect)

a group unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography

Gemeinschaft (community)

a group unified by mutual self interests in achieving a goal

Gesellschaft (society)

Existential Theory

Greatest struggles are of being vs non-being and meaningfulness vs. nonmeaningfulness -"Will to meaning" -response to perceived meaninglessness=neurosis/neurotic anxiety (not normal anxiety)

Hormones affecting gender biology

H-Y antigen (causes fetus to be male; lack of=female); androgens (e.g. testosterone) in males; estrogens in females

What are the seven universally recognized emotions?

Happiness, Fear, Surprise, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Contempt

social isolation (rhesus monkeys)

Harlow-isolated monkeys hampered social development; when finally brought with other monkeys, males lacked normal sexual functioning, females lacked maternal behaviors

contact comfort (rhesus monkeys)

Harlow-monkeys attached to comforting/cloth mother rather than feeding mother; stayed with cloth monkey, ran to it when feared; only went to wire one with food to feed, then left

learning to learn (rhesus monkeys)

Harlow-monkeys better at learning tasks as acquired different learning experiences; monkeys could eventually learn after one trial

D. Rosenhan

He did an experiment where he and 7 other "sane" people got admitted and labeled "mentally ill" Being labeled this makes people interpret any action of yours as ill

Balance theory

Heider- people change feelings/actions to be consistent to maintain homeostasis (HideR--hidden reason-why behavior?)

place-resonance theory

Helmholtz-different parts of basilar membrane responds to different frequencies/sounds (place-resonance=places on the basil membrane resonate diff frequencies)

prestige

High standing; respect earned by accomplishments

When emotion is experienced, how is the brain activated?

Hippocampus- explicit memory-context of emotion will be stored here. Remembering when and why you were happy Amygdala- implicit memory- automatic, remembering of physiological response will be done here. The actual feeling of an emotion.

basic anxiety

Honey; vulnerability and helplessness caused by inadequate parenting

incongruence

Client-Centered/Rogers -feelings/experiences are inconsistent w/ self-image

actualizing tendency

Client-Centered/Rogers -tendency towards self-fulfillment/towards becoming actualized in what one is, potentially (become congruent with ideal self)

Beck Depression Therapy

Cognitive measures number of depressive symptoms a person has to help expose/restructure maladaptive thoughts -short term therapy; focus on tangible evidence of client's logic (what client says/does) -PURE SIMPLE COGNITIVE FIX-figure out depressive thoughts, fix them

(DSM-V) Chapter- Neurocognitive disorders

Cognitive outcomes of these disorders blur boundaries among psychiatry, neurology, and neuropsychology, both in assessment and treatment DSM recognizes that other disorders (e.g. schiz) produce profound distortions of cognition, but disorders in this category (e.g. Alzheimer's) are primarily distinguished by cognitive correlates

dichotomous thinking

Cognitive-maladaptive cognition -black and white thinking (If I don't do well on GRE, I have no future) (no details, 2 colors/parts-black and white. one cause, one effect)

arbitrary inference

Cognitive-maladaptive cognition -drawing conclusions w/out solid evidence (he's stupid for liking golf) (arbitrary reason to draw conclusion)

Mnemonic: Rods and Cones

Cones are for Color vision. Rods function best in "roduced" light.

Weber's Law

Constant ratio between the change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a just-noticeable difference and the magnitude of the original stimulus

R. Rescorla and Wagner

Contiguity vs contingency and blocking effect

What characterizes the resistance phase of stress?

Continous rates of hormones which allows nervous system to attack the stressor

Kohlberg Phase 2

Conventional morality 3. Conformity 4. Law and Order

Transduction

Conversion of physical, electromagnetic,auditory, and other info from our internal and external environment to eletrical signals in the nervous system

genetic compatibility

Creation of mate pairs that, when combined, have complementary genetics

nAch

D. McClelland: need for achievement-goals to feel successful

social action

Defined by Max Weber as actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of a performing because others are around

Parvocellular cells

Detects shape with high spatial and low temporal resolution

L. Festinger

Developed cognitive dissonance theory; also developed social comparison theory (mentalities fester; socially compare those "fast in gym"--fest in ger)

sensory bias

Development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population preexisting bias in one of the senses (eg. females may be bias towards more complex songs)

DSM-V.....what does DSM stand for?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

depressive vs dysthymic disorders

Differences: levels of severity, duration, and persistence dysthymia: less severe symptoms -diagnosed after 2 years (symptoms on more days than not) depression: more severe symptoms -diagnosed after 2 weeks (5-9 symptoms throughout) (depressive=worse; dysthymic=lighter)

(DSM-V) Chapter- Sexual dysfunction

Disruptions in individual's ability to perform or enjoy sexual behaviors

(DSM-V) Dissociative identity disorder (formally multiple personality disorder)

Dissociative disorder psychologists believe this is impossible for multiple personalities to coexist within the same person without the person's conscious awareness

3 layers of Meninges

Dura Mater; Arachnoid mater; Pia mater

equipotentiality principle

Early theory (proven wrong through biological preparedness) -any CS can be paired with any CR; or any response with any reinforcer

Personality disorders

Ego-syntonic, long lasting, inflexible, maladaptive patterns of behavior that can cause (at least 2+ ) impaired functioning in cognition, emotions, interpersonal behavior and communication, and/or impulse control Organized into 3 Clusters A, B, and C

Laws of proximity

Elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

Rational-Emotive theory (RET)/REBT (rational emotive behavior theory)

Ellis-HUMANISTIC-includes elements of cognitive, behavioral, emotion theory; psychological tension is created when Active event occurs (A) and a client applies certain Beliefs about the event (B), and this leads to Consequence of emotional disruption (C) (fix poor cognition (I MUST do __; I didn't so I suck) (RET: ABC-->D-->E) Rational Ellis's humanistic theory; combines all

Rational-Emotive theory therapy

Ellis-highly directive-therapist leads client to Dispute (D) the previously applied irrational beliefs (dispute cognition-only part you could easily change)

Prenatal midbrain

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Metencephalon& Myelencephalon divide from prenatal _____

Catecholamines or monoamines or biogenic amines

Neurotransmitters that all play a role in the experience of emotions; the 3 are epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine

(DSM-V) Chapter- Dissociative disorders

New to DSM-V: dissociative fugue is now a specifier of dissociative amnesia rather than a separate diagnosis

passive downward comparison VS active downward comparison

Passive downward comparison -person compares self to worse off person (no interaction with person) -->e.g. cancer patients motivated by looking at those with worse cancer Active downward comparison -person harms or demeans other, creating a situation where he can make a downward comparison.

Reinforcements (positive and negative)

Positive=add good; negative=take away something bad reinforcement=want to make a behavior occur

Kohlberg Phase 3

Post Conventional Morality 5. Social contract 6. Universal human ethics

IQ correlates most positively with

IQ of biological parents and socio-eco status of parents

Patient protection under businesses (no gov't involvement)

If no government involvement/funding, there are no gov't regulations not necessarily any protection for patient data, ethical guidelines, etc.

top-down processing

Recognition of an object by memories and expectations. Faster but prone to more mistakes

Habituation

Repeated exposure to the same stimulus can cause a decrease in response (ex: 1st year medical students seeing a cadaver)

Merkel cells

Respond to deep pressure and texture

Pacinian corpuscles

Respond to deep pressure and vibration

Hair cells

Respond to movement of fluid in the inner ear structures (hearing, rotational acceleration)

olfactory receptors

Respond to volatile compounds (smell)

Client-Centered Theory

Rogers-people have actualizing tendency; people who lack congruence between real self and conscious self-concept develop psychological tension -humanistic theory -(C-C=CONGRUENCE)

(D) language related sounds; (N) Music

Role of Dominant/Nondominant Hemisphere in Auditory system

Bem Sex Role Inventory

S. Bem-analyzes how well you fit into your gender role by analyzing personality as masculine, feminine, androgynous, or undifferentiated -androgenous have higher self esteem, lower anxiety, more adaptability than masculine and feminine (S.ex Bem) Bum sex.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs (motivation)

SESSP bottom up-my needs, social needs, my feelings, self actualiz

Thorndike puzzle box vs. Skinner Box

Skinner box=improved; repeated lever pressing Thorndike puzzle box=could only escape once then experiment over

S. Asch

Studies conformity by asking subjects to compare the lengths of lines Ashland-->Asch's lines (conformity)

(DSM-V) gambling disorder

Substance-related and addictive disorder Added in recognition of similarities between people who have addictions to substances and people who are unable to stop gambling

A. Eagly

Suggested that gender differences in conformity were not due to gender, per se, but to differing social roles [not biological, but prejudice/social] (Eagle-american freedom for women)

Dopamine Hypothesis (DSM-V)

This hypothesis helps to explain the cause behind Schizophrenia and its accompanying symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, and agitations: - oversensitivity/too much dopamine

Diathesis-Stress Model (DSM-V)

This model states that Schizophrenia occurs due to a physiological predisposition paired with an external stressor

law of effect

Thorndike precursor of operant conditioning; people react through cause and effect people do what rewards them, stops what doesn't successful behaviors more likely to be repeated (cats puzzle box-had to figure out how to escape) (Explains BEHAVIOR-early behavioral approach, so Thorndike)

What is the ventromedial prefrontal cortex?

Thought to play a substantial role in decision making and controlling emotional responses from the amygdala. Links decision making and emotion.

structuralist theory

Titchner-perception is sum total of sensory input (the world is understood through the bottom-up theory-->specific sense of one item leads to generalizing idea of sense to that item) mind=most basic parts, like elements of periodic table; only observable pieces can be used to measure; unobservable conscious have no place in society [learned under Wundt, makes sense-first school would be like chemistry, observable, less theory, etc.] (we build our own structure through senses structure=concrete; no abstract)

latent learning

Tolman Challenged behaviorism- learning which is not apparent in the learner's behavior at the time of learning, but which manifests later when a suitable motivation and circumstances appear (e.g. remembering a maze you're not paying attention to)

cognitive map

Tolman mental image of area through important/relevant cues latently learned related to latent learning

Gestalt Theory

Top-Down approach Encourages people to stand apart for beliefs from specific experiences of the past. Should fully experience the present abnormal behavior derived from disturbances of awareness (Stop thinking SPEFIC EXPERIENCES (down); start thinking GENERAL present (top)); disturbed awareness=disturbed awareness of overall general present situation (top)

noise trials

Trails in which signal is not presented

Threshold

The minimum amount of a stimulus that renders a difference in perception

What side of the prefrontal cortex is associated with negative emotions?

The right

What is the primary role of the temporal lobe in emotion?

The temporal lob gives us the ability to distinguish and interpret other's facial expressions

differential association theory

Theory made by functionalist theorist who argue that deviance is necessary for social order, because it shows a clear social norm and acceptable boundary

social cognitive theory

Theory that posits that people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others. According to this idea, behavior is not learned by trial and error but develops through direct observation and replication of the actions of others.

learning theory

Theory that states that attitudes are developed through different forms of learning. Direct contacts with the object can influence attitude

Bandura's triadic reciprocal causation

Theory that states the three factors of social cognitive theory have direct influence on one anther. The three factors are behavior, personal and environment factors

apparent size

know distance based on how big we know the object should be

implicit memory

knowing something without being aware you know it

Self-esteem

knowing you are worthwile; being in touch with actual strengths

Antisocial personality disorder

lack of regard for rights of others, pattern of violating those rights ~ Dx includes hx of violation of rights of others (fights, dishonesty, illegal activities and lack of remorse) from 15+ y.o. ~ Typified by aggression against both people and animals, destruction of property, serious violations of rules and laws (affects males more) cluster b

social interactionist theory of language development

language acquisition is driven by a child's desire to communicate and behave in a social manner. allows for the role of brain development.

aphasia

language disorder

Edward Tolman

latent learning/cognitive map Expectancy-value theory (people motivated by goals they expect they can meet) (tolls in road=important parts of a map)

3 subdivisions of hypothalamus

lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, and anterior hypothalamus

Noam Chomsky

leader with language: transformational grammar, language acquisition device (Chomsky-champ of language; chomp=movement of mouth like speaking)

language development 12-18 mos

learn one word a month

secondary reinforcements

learned reinforcements

crystallized intelligence

learned skills and knowledge. peaks in middle adulthood

Latent learning

learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once the reward is introduced (rats carried through a maze and then incentivized with food vs rats trained in maze with standard operant conditioning)

spacing effect

learning/memorization is better when items studied a few times spaced over a long time span rather than repeatedly studied in a short span of time

Broca's area

left frontal lobe (dominany lobe); functions-producing speech, writing, language processing and comprehension (frontal part of brain-B before W; Wernicke in temporal)

Wernicke's area

left temporal lobe (dominant lobe); functions-comprehend speed sounds; receptive language/language comprehension center (located further back in brain than Broca's area---ABC order)

algorithm

lengthiest way to solve problem-try every possible solution until right one made

LGBT

lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered Q- queer/questioning I-intersex A-asexual

hypomanic episode

less extreme than manic episodes; not strong enough to cause serious delusions or psychosis

psychoanalysis therapy goal

lessen unconscious pressure on individual by making as much of unconscious material as possible conscious (psychoanalysis=ALL ABOUT UNCONSCIOUS)-make it all conscious

Pons

lies above the medulla and contains sensory and motor pathways between the cortex and the medulla

Lens

lies right behind the iris and helps control the refraction of the incoming light

eros

life instincts; promote quest for survival

Suspensory ligaments

ligaments contracted by the ciliary muscle to change the shape of the lens

multiple intelligences

linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, body-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal

cingulate gyrus

links behavioral outcomes to motivation (links emotions and decisions) (e.g. a certain action induced a positive emotional response, which results in learning)

Operant Conditioning

links voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors ; reinforcement vs punishment

emotional support

listening to, affirming, and empathizing with someone's feelings

Temporal lobe

lobe functions in sound processing, language comprehension, memory processing, emotion and language

Parietal Lobe

lobe located near the rear of the frontal lobe

Mirror Neurons

located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex; fire both when an individual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action; related to empathy because some fire when we experience an emotion and when we observe another experiencing the same emotion

broca's area

located in the left hemisphere, frontal lobe, inferior frontal gyrus. controls the motor function of speech via connections to the motor cortex

Adrenal Glands

located on top of the kidneys; divided into 2 parts

ethnic enclaves

locations with a high concentration of one specific ethnic or national group

Stereocilia

long tufts on the top surface of hair cells

Implicit (nondeclarative or procedural) memory

long-term memory that consists of our skills and conditioned responses

Explicit (declarative) memory

long-term memory that consists of those memories that require conscious recall

anhedonia

loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable

amplitude of soundwave

loudness

What level of arousal are best for highly cognitive tasks

lower levels of arousal

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

made up of nerve tissue and fibers outside the brain and spinal cord; connects CNS to rest of body; can be divided in to somatic and autonomic

morphemes

made up of phonemes; smallest units of meaning in language; words/parts of words with meaning (boy, -ing)

hypothalamus

maintains homeostasis (via ANS-heart rate, temp, thirst, hunger, etc.) links endocrine and nervous system via pituitary gland produces releasing and inhibiting hormones to pituitary gland (start and stop production of other hormones in body)

law and order

maintains the social order in the highest regard

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

major depressive disorder with seasonal onset (usually cold, dark, winter months) correlated to abnormal metabolism of melatonin and diminished levels of serotonin, both caused by reduced sunlight exposure and treatment often includes bight light therapy

anima archetype

man's inner woman

Bipolar I disorder

manic episodes with or without any depressive episodes

Neuropsychology in Research setting:

map brain areas to specific behavior

Adjustment disorders

marked by emotional and behavioral symptoms that occur when person is unable to cope with identifiable specific stressor symptoms occur within 3 months of onset of stressor and cause distress that is excessive (from what would typically be expected from the stressor), and significant impairment to social, occupational, and personal functioning

the status by which an individual is primarily identified as

master status

artifact

material items that culture makes, possesses and values.

what statistical measurement is affected most by outliers?

mean

Psychoticism

measure of nonconformity or social deviance

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

measure sensory and motor development of infants -only used to identifies retards (children/pregnant mom drinking Bayley's) (poor predictors of later intelligence)

F-scale/F-ration

measurement of Fascism or authoritarian personality

latency/reaction time

measures cognitive processing speed; declines with age

Context effects

memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place

working memory

memory needed to perform task at that moment

Short-term memory

memory that fades quickly; when we do pay attention to some of the information that we are exposed too; limited in capacity (7 plus or minus 2 rule)

long term semantic memory network

mind=giant web of related words; more specific as web goes out pictures connected slower because must be put into words before associations can be made

absolute threshold

minimal amount of a stimuli needed for detection 50% of the time

differential threshold/just noticeable difference

minimal difference that must occur between 2 stimuli in order to be perceived as having 2 diff intensities

mainstreaming

mixing mental disabled students with normal intelligence ones (can result in lower self-esteem)

method of loci

mnemonic device used in ancient Greek and Roman times -items mentally associated with specific physical locations

demographic transition

model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization.

intersectionality

more than one means of social stratification affects you, may lead to discrimination and oppression ex: African American lesbian female

bound morphemes

morphemes such as -ing; dependent on another word

glutamate

most abundant excitatory transmitter in nervous system (starts nerve impulses) important for learning/memory (gl--mate-->glad mate=>excited) opposite of GABA

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

most common intelligence test-adults -three deviation IQs: verbal, performance, & full-scale

hippocampus

most important function=memory-transferring STM into LTM located in temporal lobe (college CAMPUS is where you study for long term memory)

pluralistic ignorance

most people in a group disagree w/ something but think everyone else in group agrees with it (because don't know what others think)

echolocation

most sophisticated type of perception; bats and dolphins use

Auditory Pathways

most sound information passes through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brainstem then to the MGN which goes to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe for processing

Intrinsic motivation

motivation that comes from within oneself, driven by an interest in a task or pure enjoyment. A studnet who takes interest in the subject matter at hand is an example of an internal interest

exploratory drive/reinforcement

motivation to try something new/explore environment

Needs

motivators of human behavior, how we allocate our energy to best satisfy these needs. Motivation thus determines which behavior we are most likely to pursue to satisfy certain needs

frontal lobe

motor function, problem solving, spontaneity, memory, language, initiation, judgment, IMPULSE CONTROL, social/sexual behavior Houses Broca's area and prefrontal cortex

Gross motor skills

motor skills that incorporate movement from large muscle groups and whole body motion (ex: sitting, crawling and walking)

Fine motor skills

motor skills that involve the smaller muscles of the fingers, toes, and eyes, providing more specific and delicate movement (ex: tracking motion, drawing, catching, and waving)

traveling wave

movement along basilar membrane

emigration

movement away from a geographic area

immigration

movement into a new geographic area

Constrictor papillae

muscle of the iris that constricts the pupil under parasympathetic stimulation

Dilator papillae

muscle of the iris that opens the pupil under sympathetic stimulation

nominal variables

names; just different groups (e.g. asking everyone in class to pick favorite movie from a list)

primary reinforcements

natural/instinct reinforcements (water, food)

field study

naturalistic setting; hard to control environment

dependent personality disorder

need to be taken care of and reassured by others (cling to one person and submit themselves to that person's will, even enduring abuse in order to gain support from that person; and are fearful of abandonment and rejection) cluster c

peripheral nervous system

nerves, etc. outside of brain and spinal cord

an observable pattern of social relationships between individuals or groups

network

Endorphines

neuromodulators acting as natural painkillers

white matter

neurons' bundles of axons (i.e. nerve fibers) make this up. colored from myelin (so purely one material-no organelles, so white)

gray matter

neurons' cell bodies/somas make this up (full of cellular organelles so not white)

Acetylcholine

neurotransmitter responsible for parasympathetic responses in body

Retroactive Interference

new information causes forgetting old information (ex: teachers cannot remember old students names from the previous year after they get new students)

insight

new perspective of old problem; how all pieces of situation actually fit together instant learning instead of gradual

null hyptothesis

no real difference in values/no patterns

the conveyance of information by means other than the use of words, such as body language, prosody, facial expressions, and gestures

nonverbal communication

Gestalt criticisms

not suited for low-functioning or disturbed clients

first phrases children speak are...

noun then verb, or noun then noun (me want; mommy shirt)

first words children speak are...

nouns, then verbs (words=common objects)

mesolimbic pathway

nucleus accumbens (NAc) to medial forebrain bundle (MFB), to ventral tegmental area (VTA). normally involved in motivation and emotional responses. activated by addictive substances

parameters

numbers (e.g. mean, median) describing populations (statistics=of a sample)

Gyri and Sulci

numerous bumps and folds on the surface f the cortex; increases brain surface area

primary socialization

occurs during childhood when the child learns acceptable actions and behaviors

avoidant attachment

occurs when a caregiver has little or no response to a distressed, crying child. child shows no preference to caregiver over strangers. doesn't care when caregiver leaves or returns

disorganized attachment

occurs when caregiver is erratic or abusive. child shows no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver's absence or presence and may show repetitive behavior

Distress

occurs when experiencing unpleaseant stressors

attribute substitution

occurs when individuals must make a complex decision but substitute a simpler solution or heuristic (ex: logic questions, trick questions, math)

Neurulation

occurs when the ectoderm overlying the notochord begins to furrow; occurs at 3 to 4 weeks gestational age

lexical (general definition)

of or relating to words/vocab of a language

Somatosensation

often reduced to "touch" but actually has 4 modalities: pressure, vibration, pain and temperature.

polygamy

one member of a sex having multiple exclusive relationships with members of the opposite sex

language acquisition device (LAD)

one of first nativist theory- humans born with ability to adopt grammar rules of language they hear-I founded the toy

Applied Psychology

uses principles or research findings to solve people's problems (limited to questions about DSM-5 and APA publications)

base rate fallacy

using stereotypical factors and ignoring facts

Extirpation/Ablation

various parts of the brain are surgically removed and behavior consequences observed (Tested on rabbits and pigeons)

undifferentiated

ver low masculinity and femininity

social contract

views moral rules as conventions that are designed to ensure the greater good

occipital lobe

visual processing center (optics lobe)

Age 1

walks alone, climbs stairs alone, emergence of hand preference, kicks ball, throws ball, pats pictures in book, stacks 3 cubes, separation anxiety, dependency on parental figure, onlooker play, uses 10 words

gestalt closure

we complete incomplete figures (close the line)

social learning theory

we learn through culture (socially acceptable behaviors)

gestalt symmetry

we make figures out of symmetrical images (can be stronger than proximity)

texture gradient

we see finer details at closer distances

Self-reference effect

we tend to recall information best when we put it into the context of our own lives

social institutions

well-established social structures the dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture. common social institutions include the family, education, religion, government and the economy, and heath and medicine.

errors of growth

when a child applies a grammatical rule where it doesn't apply. ex) funner instead of more fun

disconfirmation principle

when a solution is discarded after failing testing

law of closure

when a space is enclosed by a group of lines, it is perceived as a complete or closed line

Ipsilaterally

when cerebral hemispheres communicate with the same side of the body

Spreading activation

when one node of our semantic network is activated, and other linked concepts around it are also unconsciously activated

Contralaterally

when one side of the brain communicates with the opposite side of the body; this is the case in most cases

discrimination

when prejudicial attititudes cause individuals of a particular group to be treated differently from others

Mnemonic: Lateral Hypothalamus

when the Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) is destroyed, one Lacks Hunger

conduction aphasia

when the arcuate fasciculus is damaged a person is unable to repeat something because the connection bt comprehension and motor speech is lost

Canal of Schlemm

where the aqueous humor drains into

What does a problem focused strategy of dealing with emotion

working to overcome a stressor, such as reaching out to a family, friends for social support, or confronting the issue head on

type 2 errors (experiments)

wrongly accept null hypothesis (type B/2 personality=relaxed, nice, accepts the hypothesis) WRONG ACCEPT (less common, don't see correlation)

holophrastic speech

young child using one word to convey whole sentence (me=pick me up) holophrase=the one word holo="whole", so whole sentence is used in one word

kinsey scale

zero to six scale that measures range of heterosexuality (1) and homosexuality (6).

humanistic/phenomenological theory of personality

take a more person-centered approach, describe ways that healthy people strive toward self-realization

DNA best analogy

template

social loafing

tendency of individuals to put in less effort when in a group setting than individually

Zeigarnik effect

tendency to recall uncompleted task better than completed ones

social loafing

tendency to work less hard in group -caused by diffusion of responsibility -->removed by group monitoring

face validity

test items simply look like they measure the construct (the test at a glimpse looks like it measures what it's supposed to measure)

external validity

test measures what it intends to measure

Two-way ANOVA

test significance of means with 2 different independent variables at once (e.g. height of plants of diff seeds and with diff fertilizers)

Chi-square test

tests tell if 2 groups are significantly related (e.g. gender and political stance); checks difference between 2 or more PERCENTAGES or PROPORTIONS of categorical outcomes (not means) like ANOVA but only 2 groups and is categorical and percentage/proportion based measures categorical data (qualitative data; e.g. number of females)

posterior forebrain/interbrain important structures

thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland (posterior=prior to the exterior; cerebrum=exterior)

Diencephalon (prenatal)

thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland and pineal gland divide from prenatal

GABA

the "anti-anxiety molecule" (stops nerve impulses) most abundant inhibitory transmitter in nervous system (opens ion channels in membrane, causes neg charge in cell) (GABA-->garbage=>negative) opposite of glutamate

Scalae

the 3 small parts of the cochlea

phonology

the actual sound of language

cerebrospinal fluid

the aqueous solution in which the brain and spinal cord rest

illusion of morality

the belief that the group's decision is morally correct

situation

the circumstance at a given moment to determine what the perceiver thinks

Iris

the colored part of the eye

reciprocal interaction

the constant exchange of influences between people is a constant factor in our behavior

Misinformation effect

the creation of false memories due to the effect of outside sources such as falsified information after the event is perceived

Illusion of invulnerability

the creation of optimism and encouragement of risk taking

depth of processing

the deeper an item is processed, the easier it is to learn and recall

Adaptive value

the extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species leading to adaptation through natural selection

Organ of Corti

the hearing apparatus housed by the middle scalae; composed of thousands of hair cells

Dominant Hemisphere

the hemisphere that is primarily analytic in function making it well-suited for managing details; language, logic, and math skills (usually the left hemisphere)

Anterograde amnesia

the inability to form new memories

belief perseverence

the inability to reject a particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary

borderline personality disorder

ongoing deficiency in one's ability to control one's mood, fluctuation in one's image of one's self and other people can cause severe mood swings, reckless behavior, anger, making interpersonal relationships dramatic intense and dangerous overwhelming fear of abandonment and may develop propensity for splitting (seeing people as 100% good or 100% bad) (affects women more) cluster b

Rods

only allow sensation of light and dark because they all contain a single pigment call rhodopsin; permit night vision

acetylcholine

only neurotransmitter that contracts skeletal muscles (acetyl-muscle action) -deficiency of this associated with alzheimer's

visual neural pathway

optic nerve-->optic chiasm-->lateral geniculate nucleus-->striate cortex (primary visual cortex/part of cerebral cortex)

Freud's stages of development

oral stage, anal stage, phallic/Oedipal stage, latency stage, genital stage

ordinal variables

order (no zero) (order with no value in between; e.g. position in race)

ratio variables

order, equal intervals, real zero (weight, time)

bodies of people with the same structure and culture design to achieve specific goals, they exist outside of one another's membership

organization

menarche

organizational effect hormone-onset of menstrual cycle/starts during puberty

Whorfian hypothesis/linguistic relativity hypothesis

our perception of reality is determined by the content of language

a group that one oppresses or competes with

out group

grammar

overall rules of language; behaviorism cannot explain these rules 3 major types of rules: -Syntax -Semantics-meaning -Phonology-sound structure

overregularization

overapplication of grammar rules (e.g. i founded that) found=past, -ed is also past (overregulating grammar rules)

phantom limb pain

pain in limbs now amputated

Nociceptors

pain receptors found everywhere in the body except the brain (somatosensation)

REM

paradoxical sleep, EEG appears to be alert, dreaming happens, procedural memory consolidation, paralyzed muscles

somatosensory cortex

parietal lobe; destination for all incoming sensory signal for touch (body touch cortex-part of parent of senses lobe)

receptive field

part of the body that triggers particular neuron (hair in cochlea, piece of skin, retina, etc.)

Neural tube

part of the furrow that closes and will ultimately form the central nervous system

social reproduction

passing on of social inequality, especially poverty, from one generation to the next.

ego-syntonic

patient perceives their behavior as correct and normal

sanction

penalties for social misconduct. Use to maintain social order

Premack Principle

people are motivated to do what they do not want to do by rewarding themselves after with something they like to do (Pre-mack (pre-kissing), you have to do work)

Peter principle

people are promoted at work until they reach a position of incompetence, the position which they remain (peter promoting principle)

arousal and learning

people must be aroused enough to learn/perform

response bias (stimuli)

people partly motivated by rewards and costs in detections of stimuli (biased to rewards, costs)

gestalt constancy

people perceive objects in the way they are familiar with (book is always a rectangle however you look at it; grass is always green even if seen through sunglasses); size and color constancy

semantic differential charts

people plot meanings of words on graph; similar backgrounds plotted similarly-->words have similar connotations (implied meaning) for cultures/subcultures same as osgood scale 2 bipolar words on a scale; mark which one you're closest too (bad----- ----- ------ ----- -----good)

mere exposure effect/familiarity effect

people prefer stimuli that they've been exposed to more frequently

Neuromodulators/neuropeptides

peptides that are involved in neurotransmission creating a slower yet longer effect on the postsynaptic cell

Purkinje shift

perceived color brightness changes w/ illumination in room (more light=bright blue, less light=dark blue) (purkinje shift= purple shine shift in light)

nativist theory

perception and cognition are innate/natural

bottom-up processing

perception based on the physical features of the stimulus. Slower but less prone to mistakes

Subjective contours

perception of contours where none actually exist

kinesthetic sense

perception of the positions in space and movements of our bodies and our limbs

Law of Pragnanz

perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

perfectionism and need for control in all or most aspects of their life (struggle to collaborate, trouble expressing affection, preoccupation with organization and list making that they struggle to complete tasks) cluster c

Undoing (defense mechanism)

performing often ritualistic activity in order to relieve anxiety about unconscious drives (e.g. washing hands after murder; noisy teen cleans room without being asked) (undo the murder by washing hands)

manic episode

period of 1+ weeks in which person displays 3+ of the following: irritable or abnormally euphoric mood, is highly distractible, makes poor judgement, is more talkative than usual, has high energy and does not sleep much, has an inflated delusional sense of self esteem

estrus

period when female is sexually receptive

Social anxiety disorder

persistent anxiety caused specifically by social situations (party, public space, classroom)

biological perspective

personality explained due to genetic expression in the brain; linked to trait perspectives

California Personality Inventory (CPI)

personality measure used for more "normal", less clinical groups than MMPI (common person inventory)

Karen Horney's view on personality

personality result from interpersonal relationships; postulated that individuals with neurotic personalities are governed by one of ten neurotic needs

David McClelland

personality trait that is referred to the need of achievement

humors

personality types based on these body fluids; imbalance could lead to personality disorders; blood, bile, black bile, phlegm

Unconditioned response

the innate reflexive response to an unconditioned stimulus (ex: the process of salivating)

bystander effect

phenomenon that occurs in social groups wherein individuals do not intervene to help victims when others are present

Middle Ages events

philosophy became question of church; by brink of modern world, philosophy reclaimed by scholars

eidetic imagery

photographic memory

material culture

physical items one associates with a given group such as artwork, emblems, clothing, jewelry, foods, buildings and tools ex: flag, apple pie, baseball

W. Cannon

physiologist who studied the autonomic nervous system, including fight or flight reactions; investigated homeostasis; and with Bard, proposed the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions (physiological arousal and brain circuits both affect subjective emotion experience)

outer ear parts

pinna (outer part), auditory canal

What is the primary role of the prefrontal cortex in emotion?

planning intricate cognitive functions, decision making, and expressing of personality.

Basal plate

plate in the neural tube that differentiates into motor neurons

Alar plate

plate in the neural tube that differentiates into sensory neurons

semantics (language)

the literal meaning of words in a language and the meaning within the sentence -->literally "he could eat a horse"=he can actually eat a horse

Jung's idea of self

point of intersection between collective unconscious, personal unconscious, and the conscious mind; symbolized by mandala

optic chiasm

point where half of each optic nerve joins other eye (pathways 50% crossed)left side of VISUAL FIELD completely processed on right side of brain

Metencephalon (prenatal)

pons and cerebellum develop from

Eustress

positive conditions

positive transfer, negative transfer (learning)

positive-previous learning that makes it easier to learn another task later negative-previous learning that makes it harder to learn a new task

Punishments (positive and negative)

positive=add bad; negative=take away something good punishment=want to stop a behavior from occuring

Stress-diathesis theory

posits that although schizophrenia is rooted in biology and is passed genetically, environmental stressors are responsible for the eventual onset of the disorder

Dopamine hypothesis

posits that people with schizophrenia have overactive dopamine pathways in brains overabundance of dopamine + hypersensitivity of receptors = overactivity which is responsible for positive symptoms medications that limit dopamine production and reception shown to be somewhat effective as antipsychotic medications

collective unconscious

powerful system that is shared among all humans and considered to be a residue of the experiences of our ancestors

Ethnocentrism

practice of making judgement about other cultures bases on the values and beliefs of one's own culture (ex: can be pride or violent groups)

Gestalt therapy

practitioners take a holistic view of the self; associated with humanism

pre conventional morality

preadolescence; emphasis on the consequences of moral choice 1. Obedience 2. Self-interest

Prodromal Phase

precursor to fully symptomatic schizophrenia; a psychotic episode is preceded by gradual non-specific changes in the person's thoughts, perceptions, behaviours, and functioning characterized by social withdrawal, unusual behavior, inappropriate or unusual affect, evidence of psychological deterioration prognosis poor when sx are slow and drawn out prognosis good when sx fast and sudden

2 basic regions of Frontal lobe

prefrontal lobes and the motor cortex

ageism

prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person's age

amino acids

present in fast acting, direct synapses: glutamate, GABA

semantic processing and semantic priming

presentation prime word before word-decreases reaction time (test before GRE); incr. reaction time if unassociated priming word (lobster before GRE)

government

president, senator, voter, candidate maintain social order and law. systematic arrangement of political and capital relationships, activities and social structures that affect rule-making, representation of individual society, rights, division of labor, production of goods and services. value transparency and professionalism norm is acting in the best interest of people and debating political issues

primary prevention

prevent psychosocial problems through direct contact with an at-risk (but so far unaffected) group; through proactive intervention-intervention occurs before problem does

reproductive isolating mechanisms

prevents inbreeding btwn 2 different but similar species: -Behavioral isolation -Mechanical isolation -Geographic isolation -isolation by Seasons (BMGs)

Avoidance learning

prevents the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen (ex: studying for MCAT before exam to avoid poor score)

those that contain strong emotional bonds are groups called

primary groups

Hypothalamus

primary regulator of the autonomic nervous system and is important in drive behaviors: hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior; helps control some endocrine functions; serves many homeostatic functions: detects problems in metabolism, temperature, and water balance and signals the body to correct the imbalance

M. Deutsch

prisoner's dilemma; trucking company game-->result=people don't trust others -logical response=both do same thing [quiet/high price] -people didn't trust, so they [talk/lower prices] (Douches-prisoners that don't trust); De->dilemma of the douches

fluid intelligence

problem solving skills. peaks in early adulthood

assimilation

process by which an individual's or group's behavior and culture begin to resemble that of another group

globalization

process of integrating a global economy with free trade and tapping of foreign labor markets. the process of countries becoming more open to foreign trade and investment

sensory transduction

process where physical sensation is turned into electrical messages that the brain can understand

Spacing Effect

the longer amount of time between sessions of relearning, the greater the retention of the information later on

Retrograde amnesia

the loss of previously formed memories

Agnosia

the loss of the ability to recognize objects, people or sounds, though usually only one of the three; usually caused by physical damage to the brain such as that from a stroke or a neurological disorder (multiple sclerosis)

lateral hypothalamus

promotes hunger damage means a person loses interest in eating

ego-ideal

proper actions for which a child is rewarded

M. Lerner

proposed concept of belief in a just world (Lerner-learn life's tough-just world bias)

A. Paivio

proposed dual-code hypothesis -used the idea that the formation of mental images aids in learning

Melzack & Wall

proposed gate theory of pain (Wall blocking pain)

E. Thorndike

proposed the law of effect (basis for operant conditioning); used puzzle boxes (levers for escape and reward) to study problem solving in cats

R. Sternberg

proposed the triarchic theory that divides intelligence into three types: componential, experiential, and contextual

O. H. Mowrer

proposed two-factor theory of avoidance to explain phobias ("oh" or Mow-->phobia)

Wever & Bray

proposed volley theory of pitch perception in response to criticism of frequency theory of pitch perception (volley=different neurons send impulse just out of phase; when combined, overall greater frequency sent to brain) (Wever-->wavering sounds)

Gate Theory of Pain

proposes that there is a special "gating" mechanism that can turn pain signals on or off, affecting whether or not we perceive pain; claims the spinal cord is able to preferentially forward the signals from other touch modalities (pressure, temperature) to the brain, thus reducing the sensation of pain

verstibular sacs

provides sense of balance to brain

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

provides signals to stop eating; identified as the "satiety center"; brain lesions here lead to obesity

network support

providing a sense of belonging to the person though gestures, group activities, and shared experiences

material support

providing physical or monetary resources to aid a person

Individual theory therapy

psychodynamic approach-unconscious feelings play a role; examination of person's lifestyle and choices (goals, resources, perceptions, etc.) (GOALS-why inferior?) CHOICES

K. Horney

psychodynamic theorist who suggested that there were three ways to relate to others: moving toward, moving against, and moving away (horny, horns, hour. move toward, move against, move away (cuz of time))

Analytical therapy

psychodynamic; to become aware of unconscious-analyze unconscious materials (dreams, artwork, personal symbols)

Schizophrenia

psychotic disorder, sufferers experience at least one symptom of: delusions, disorganized thoughts, disorganized behavior, hallucinations, catatonia, and negative symptoms diagnosed after 6+ months of having at least 2 symptoms with 1 being delusions, disorganized speech, or hallucinations there are 5 different types categorized by the type of psychosis they cause

Motivation

purpose or driving force behind our actions

1st year of life

puts everything in mouth, sits with support, stands with help, crawls, fear of falling, pincer grasp, follows objects to midline, one-handed apporach/grasp of toy, feet in mouth, bang and rattle, changes hand with toy, parental figure central, issues of trust, stranger anxiety, play is solitary and expolratory, pat-a-cake, peek-a-boo, laughs aloud, reptitive responding, mama, "dada"

construct validity

questions really tests abstract concept being measured (tests whole construct of idea)

rationalizing (defense mechanism)

rationalize experience

inductive reasoning

reasoning that seeks to create a theory via generalizations

deductive reasoning

reasoning that starts from a set of general rules and draws conclusions from the information given

universal human ethics

reasons that decisions could be made in consideration of abstract principles

Amacrine & Horizontal cells

receive input from multiple retinal cells in the same area before the information is passed on to ganglion cells; they can accentuate slight differences between the visual information in each bipolar cell; important for edge detection because they increase our perception of contrasts

Individual theory goal

reduce feelings of inferiority, foster social interest and social contributions in patients (individual-->inferiority)

depressants

reduce nervous system activity, sense of reduced anxiety and relaxation

out-group

refers to a social group with which an individual does not identify

Tonotopically

refers to how the hair cells are organized in the cochlea; the basilar membrane changes thickness depending on its location in the cochlea; the highest-frequency pitches cause vibrations of the basilar membrane close to the oval window, and the low-frequency pitches cause vibrations at the apex, away from the oval window

Libido

refers to mating behavior and sexual function

Retrograde amnesia

refers to memory losss of events that transpired before brain injury

Schizoaffective disorder

refers to mix/blend of mood symptoms (manic, depressive, or mixed episodes) with psychotic symptoms

Bottom-up (data-driven) processing

refers to object recognition by parallel processing and feature detection

respect for autonomy

refers to respecting patients' rights to make decisions about their own healthcare (except psychiatric patients, children, public health threats)

function

refers to the beneficial consequences of people's actions

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

regulates development of ovum in females, development of sperm cells in males

birth rate

relative to a population size over time, usually measured as the number of births per 1000 people.

confirmation bias

remembering and using ONLY info that confirms what you think

Prospective memory

remembering to perform a task at some point in the future; can be event based or time-based (ex: taking medicine every day at 7am; remember to buy milk when walking past A&P)

compulsions

repeated behaviors that result from obsessions and are undertaken in order to reduce anxiety and prevent something from happening

Panic disorder

repeated panic attacks; heavily correlates to agoraphobia

prototypes

representative event or object (e.g. one image you think of when you think of chair, even though many types of chairs) like an exemplar, but not an actual member of the schema from memory (it's a general example-animal with 4 legs, brown, hairy)

exemplar

representative event or object that IS an actual member of the schema from memory like a prototype, but is a specific example referred to from your memory (see new dog, compare it to Fluffy, your puppy from when you were a kid)

8 defense mechanisms

repression, suppression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, sublimation

Myelencephalon(prenatal)

the medulla oblongata develops from

Meta-analysis

results from diff studies used to show result (research on previously done research)

dark adaptation

results of regeneration of retinal pigment

reticular formation (entire functions)

reticular activation system: general arousal (sleep, waking, attention) base of this is in hindbrain (rest in the midbrain); oldest part of brain (so most center/innermost layer) (earliest formation=most basic function; awakeness/arousal)

Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale

revised version of IQ test -->used w/ children-best to determine future academic achievement

Cognitive revolution

revolution against behaviorism by studying and developing successful functions in artificial intelligence and computer science, it becomes possible to make testable inferences about human mental processes (b comes before c in alphabet; behaviorism then cognitive)

within-subject

same person multiple times tested

subgroup

sample

Variable-Interval (VI) schedules

schedules reinforce a behavior for the first time that behavior is performed after a varying interval of time (ex: the rat has to wait 30 seconds after the lever press for a food pellet, then 90, then 60, then 3 min...)

Fixed-interval (FI) schedules

schedules reinforce the first instance of a behavior after a specified time period has elapsed (ex: the first lever press from the rat after 60 seconds is rewarded with a food pellet)

too much dopamine

schizophrenia; addiction (drugs)

concurrent validity

scores from a new test positively correlate with older tests known to test same thing -->this process is cross validation

foraging

searching for and exploiting food resources can be group or singular

mate choice (intersexual selection)

selection of a mate based on attraction and traits

Maslow's ideas

self-actualized people are more likely than people who are not self-actualized to have peak experiences

mere-exposure effect

the more we see/experience something, more positively we rate it

actual self

self-concept; the way we see ourselves as we currently are

Self-handicapping

self-defeating behavior allowing one to dismiss/excuse failure

overconfidence

self-efficacy is too high; leads to frustration or humiliation when we take on tasks for which we are not ready

terminal buttons

sends neurotransmitters through synaptic vessels

Taste Chemoreceptors

sensitive to dissolved compounds; specific molecules bind to specific receptors

Semicircular canals

sensitive to rotational acceleration; each ends in a swelling called ampulla where the hair cells are located; they resist motion when the head rotates

echoic memory

sensory memory for auditory sensations (echo-ic)

gender

set of behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with a biological sex

defensive attribution hypothesis

set of beliefs of an individual which defend them from concern that they will cause or be victim to harm, more responsibility will be attributed to the harm-doer as the outcome becomes more severe, and as personal or situational similarity decreases

aptitude

set of characteristics indicative of person's ability to learn (e.g. aptitude test)

personality

set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual across the and different locations; how we act and react to the world

libido

sex drive; Freud claimed that it is present from birth

Behavioral therapy

short-term and direct; counterconditioning techniques

representativeness heuristic

shortcut on assumption to guess answer rather than logic (tall sexy=model instead of lawyer even though more lawyers in world than models)

Self-Improvement

the motivation of bettering one's self-concept for the future [Future improvements]

Retrieval/Recall

the name given to the process of demonstrating that something that has been learned has been retained (ex: try to name people in your elementary school)

Acetylcholine

the neurotransmitter used by the efferent limb of the somatic nervous system(moving muscles) and the parasympathetic nervous system. It is used in some parts of the brain for arousal and attention

Physiological zero

the normal temperature of the skin (between 86 and 97 degrees F)

Isolation by seasons (no interspecies sex)

similar species mate in diff seasons

personal unconscious

similar to Freud's notion of unconscious

(DSM-V) Binge-eating disorder

similar to bulimia nervosa, but without compensating purging activities

C. Hull

simple: performance=drive x habit (first motivated by drive, act according to old successful habits) Complex: (BI)= RT [D x S x T x I] Behavior Intention = Number of reinforced traits X (amount of biological Drive x Size/magnitude of goal x Time until animal allowed to pursue goal x intensity of stimulus that set off the behavior) (Hulling something is a behavior-what caused it?)

heuristics

simplified principles used to make decisions

fixed action patterns

simply put-->instincts instinctual complex chains of behavior triggered by releasing stimuli; 4 characteristics: -uniform patterns -performed by most members of the species -more complex than simple reflexes -cannot be interrupted

autokinetic effect

single point of light in darkness appears to move (movement in own eyes)

pituitary gland

size of pea; controlled by hypothalamus; "master gland" of endocrine/hormone system. helps control (via secreting hormones): simple: pretty much all hormones complex: growth, blood pressure, some aspects of pregnancy/childbirth, breast milk production, sex organ function, thyroid gland function, metabolism, water regulation in body, water balance in body, temperature regulation, pain relief, sleeping patterns, oxytocin

a model that states that emotions are solely based on situational context of social interactions

social construction model

norms

societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior

norms

societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Provide a sense of social control despite them not being actual law.

meritocracy

society in which advancement up the social ladder is based on intellectual talent and achievement

macrosociology

sociology focuses on large groups and social structure

microsociology

sociology focuses on small groups and the individual

Sensorimotor cortex

somatosensory cortex + motor cortex

parietal lobe

somatosensory system: integrates/processes sensation to form a single perception (cognition) through somatosensory cortex (parent of senses lobe)

groupthink

the practice of thinking or making decisions as a group-unquestioned beliefs, pressure to conform -->reach decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints

Precentral gyrus

the primary motor cortex is located on the

Taste buds

the receptors for taste are groups of cells called

ethology

the science of animal behavior

cognitive process dream theory

the sleeping counterpart to stream-of-consciousness while awake

Postcentral gyrus

the somatosensory cortex is located on the (located just behind the central sulcus)

morphology

the structure of words

belief

something a person considers to be true

excitation-transfer theory

sometimes we attribute excitement or physiological arousal about one thing to something else (or someone)

sound localization

sound is localized by the degree that one ear hears a sound prior to and more intense than the other high frequency=intensity difference low frequency=phase (timing) difference

Behavioral isolation (no interspecies sex)

specific courting displays require specific response

telegraphic speech

speech w/out articles or extras (like telegraph) (mommy go, daddy walk, doggie sit)

gamete

sperm or egg; haploid; only 23 SINGLE chromosomes

reflexes from what part of CNS

spinal cord

(DSM-V) Chapter- Personality disorders

stable, maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving might have symptoms earlier, but typically not diagnosed prior to adulthood some disorders now show gender differences -->antisocial personality disorder=more males -->borderline personality disorder=more females (borderline=long‑term patterns of unstable or turbulent emotions, often result in impulsive actions and chaotic relationships with other people)

theta waves

stage 1 of sleep, irregular waveforms, slow frequency

inner ear parts/process

stapes taps oval window; causes vibrations in fluid filled cochlea, activating hair-cell receptors on basil membrane and organ of corti (both in cochlea)

androgyny

state of being both very masculine and very feminine

Anxiety disorder

state of excessive uneasiness or apprehension about an imminent event or thing, causes state of heightened physical arousal than can be unpleasant and inhibit regular functions includes generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobias, panic disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorders

learned helplessness

state of hopelessness and resignation resulting from being unable to avoid repeated negative stimuli; used as a model of depression

anomie

state of normlessness. anomic conditions erode social solidarity by means of excessive individualism, social inequality and isolation. a social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent

functional attitudes theory

states that attitude serves four function or four 'masters': knowledge, ego-expressive, ego-defensive and adaptive

demographics

statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology. one can analyze hundreds of demographic variables; some of the most common are age, gender, race, and ethnicity, sexual orientation and immigration status.

implicit personality theory

stats that people make assumptions about how different types of people, their traits, and behaviors are related. leads to stereotyping (ex: nerd)

a position in society used to classify individuals is called a

status

separation anxiety

strange situation-infant cries when mom leaves room

stranger anxiety

strange situation-infant cries when stranger enters room

Cortisol

stress hormone produced by the adrenal cortex

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

stress hormone that increases production of androgens (male hormones) and cortisol (Adreno-adrenaline; ACTH-act-adrenaline makes you act) (like cortico-steroids; makes everything more stressful)

Superior Olive

structure that localizes sound

Utricle and saccule

structures sensitive to linear acceleration; used as part of the balancing apparatus to determine one's orientation in 3-D space

scaffolding learning

students work by self, teacher only helps when topic is beyond student's capability

cooperative learning

students work together in small groups on projects

L. Vygotsky

studied cognitive development; stressed the importance of the zone of proximal development (zone that learner can do with guidance) (vyGOT. COGnitive)

Kluver & Bucy

studied loss of normal fear and rage reactions in monkeys resulting from damage to temporal lobes; also studied the amygdala's role in emotions

H. Ebbinghaus

studied memory using nonsense syllables and the method of savings (incidental vs intentional learning; implicit memory/relearning past learned; implicit/explicit memory)

G. Sperling

studied the capacity of sensory memory using the partial-report method

R. Zajonc

studied the mere exposure effect (develop preference for things because near them more); also resolved problems with the social facilitation effect by suggesting that the presence of others enhances the emission of dominant responses and impairs the emission of nondominant responses

symbolic interactionism

study of the ways individuals interact though a shared understanding of words, guesters and other symbols

lowball technique

Type of compliance that ask for a request and the person accepts the responsibility to find out later on he has more than what he bargain for

that's not all technique

Type of compliance that gives the individual an offer, but before making a decision is told the deal is even better then they expect

foot in the door technique

Type of compliance that start with asking for a small request then next time asking for a even higher request and so forth

resocialization

Type of socialization where the individual discards old behaviors in favor of new ones. These changes can be either positive or bad.

(DSM-V) Chapter- Elimination disorders

Typically occur in children; involve inappropriate patterns of urination and defecation

What characterizes the cognitive component of emotion?

subjective interpretation of emotion due to our past experiences and memories

choice shift

Use to be known as risky shift. Describes that the behavior change of a group as a whole

Theory of Signal Detection (TSD)

subjects detect stimulus because can and because want to (motivation) explains inconsistent responses to signal detections (TSD-think for signal detection)

objective personality inventories

subjects do not make own answers (subject records own responses) (multiple choice, true/false) objective=unbiased test

subliminal perception

subliminal messages-perceiving a stimulus that one is not consciously aware of

Panic attacks

sudden onset feelings of disabling anxiety, can cause SOB, rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, sense of impending doom (which can convince a person they are about to have a nervous breakdown)

physiological zero

the temperature sensed as neither warm or cold

attribution theory

the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people's behavior a way of explaining others' behavior by either one's disposition or one's situation

Mnemonic Variable-Ratio

VR stands for Variable-Ratio, but it can also stand for Very Rapid and Very Resistant to extinction

What characterizes the exhaustion phase of stress?

WHen the body can no longer maintain an elevated level of sympathetic nervous system activity, this is when you become the most susceptible to illness and mental conditions

just-world hypothesis

the tendency of individuals to believe that good things happen to good people and bad things to bad people ie karma

C. Spearman

suggested that individual differences in intelligence were largely due to differences in amount of a general factor called g (spear men=cavemen; low intelligence because of g)

self-effacing bias

the tendency of people in collectivist cultures to attribute their successes to situational factors rather than to personal attributes and to attribute their failures to lack of effort

mental set

the tendency to approach similar problems in similar ways

confirmation bias

the tendency to focus on information that fits an individual's beliefs, while ignoring information that goes against them

centration

the tendency to focus solely on one aspect of a phenomenon

T. Szasz

suggested that most of the mental disorders treated by clinicians are not really mental disorders; wrote "The Myth of Mental Illness" -don't call people "mentally ill" -thought schizo's shouldn't be treated because they are "artistic" (Szasz--pizazz. shizo's aren't crazy, just got some artistic pizazz)

problem space

sum total of possible moves one can take to solve a problem

Superior and inferior colliculus

superior=tectum; inferior=auditory reflexes both appear as bump on brainstem

Peg-word

system associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers

affective component of attitude

the way a person feels toward something and is the emotional component of attitude

cognitive component of attitude

the way an individual thinks about something which is usually the justification for the other two component

Social Perception (Cognition)

the way by which we generate impressions about people in our social environment

mating system

the way in which a group is organized in terms of sexual behavior monogamy, polygamy, promiscuity

catecholamine (monoamine) theory of depression

theory of causation of mood disorders posits that too much serotonin and norepinephrine in synapses leads to mania, while too little of both leads to depression (other factors that can lead to depression include: high levels of glucocorticoids, unusually high glucose metabolism in the amygdala, and atrophy of hippocampus)

signal detection theory

theory regarding how stimuli are detected under different conditions

Behaviorism

theory that all behaviors are conditioned

Whorfian hypothesis (Linguistic Relativity)

Whorf: hypothesis : -language influences culture perspective/how reality is perceived -[more words you know about topic; more ideas you can have about topic] -USA number of words for color vs natives who use 2 words to describe colors should have different perspectives of colors -->turns out they still have similar perspectives; thus Whorf hypothesis incorrect (Dr. Who-cross culture-language)

Guttman Scale

Yes/No scale (2-point) to questions (gut feeling of yes or no yesman scale)

tri-color/component theory

Young-Helmholtz-3 types of receptors in retinas-cones for red, cones for blue, cones for green occurs in the retina

Reflex

a behavior that occurs automatically in response to a given stimulus

Episodic memory

a branch of explicit memory; our experiences

Semantic memory

a branch of explicit memory; the facts we know

Generalization

a broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response

arcuate fasciculus

a bundle of axons that connects broca and wernicke's area. allows association between language comprehension and speech production

psychoanalysis aggression

a central force in humans that must find a socially acceptable outlet (unconscious must be conscious)

unconditioned positive regard

therapeutic technique by which the therapist accepts client completely and expresses empathy in order to promote a positive therapeutic environment

Gestalt therapy

therapist dialogues with client (no goal). Client learns from shared dialogue; focuses on "here-and-now" experience rather than talking about past (SIMPLY talk about present; no goal)

Cornea

a clear domelike window in the front of the eye which gathers and focuses the incoming light

Ciliary muscle

a component of the ciliary body that when contracted changes the shape of the lens; under parasympathetic control

deindividuation

a concept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the loss of self-awareness in groups

Membranous labyrinth

a continuation of the structures in the bony labyrinth; filled with endolymph; suspended within the bony labyrinth by perilymph

Parkinson's disease

a disease associated with loss of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia; characterized by resting tremors and jerky movements and postural instability.

Stranger anxiety

a fear and apprehension of unfamiliar individuals; develops at around 7 months

Separation anxiety

a fear of being separated from the parental figure; develops at around 1 year

Continuous Reinforcement

a fixed-ratio schedule in which the behavior is rewarded every time it is performed

Perilymph

a fluid that suspends the membranous labyrinth within the bony labyrinth; the fluid also transmits the vibrations from the outside world and cushions the inner ear structures; the lymph that fills the outer two scalae; sound entering the cochlea through the oval window causes vibrations through this fluid which are transmitted to the basilar membrane

Basal Ganglia

a group of structures in the middle of the brain that coordinate movement as the receive information from the cortex and relay this information to the brain and spinal cord; makes our movements smooth and our posture steady; may play a role in schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder

Feature Detection

a model neuroscience that also expresses parallel processing; identifies visual pathways containing cells specialized in detection of either color, shape, or motion

fisherian/runaway selection

a particular trait has no effect on survival and becomes more and more exaggerated over time ex: peacock feathers

Primary reinforcer

a positive or negative reinforce that stimulates a natural reflexive response already

Endolymph

a potassium-rich fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth; the lymph that fills the middle scalae

Conditioned Response

a reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus (ex: salivating to the bell)

in-group

a social group with which a person experiences a sense of belonging

groupthink

a social phenomenon in which desire for harmony or conformity results in a group of people coming to an incorrect or poor decision

Eye

a specialized organ used to detect light in the form of photons

Cochlea

a spiral-shaped organ divided into 3 parts called scalae

(DSM-V) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

a subtype of major depressive disorder, with seasonal pattern

language acquisition device (LAD)

a theoretical pathway in the brain that allows infants to process and absorb language

Basilar membrane

a thin, flexible membrane upon which the organ of corti rests

Vitreous

a transparent gel that supports the retina

Classical Conditioning

a type of associative learning that take advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli

fitness

ability to reproduce and pass on genes; fittest=those best suited to environment to successfully reproduce

theory of mind

ability to sense how another's mind works; once developed, we can recognize and react to how others think about us

self interest

about gaining rewards aka instrumental relativist stage because based on concepts of reciprocity and sharing

Negative symptoms

absence or lack of symptoms; which take away examples include blunting of affect, poverty of speech and thought, apathy, anhedonia, reduced social drive, loss of motivation, lack of social interest, and inattention to social or cognitive input

projection (defense mechanism)

accuse others of own unacceptable feelings (my doll misses daddy)

a voluntary status that is earned by an individual

achieved status

Factors to make easier to learn/retrieve

acoustic dissimilarity meaning dissimilarity shortness of term and length of list familiarity concreteness meaning importance to the subject

achieved status

acquired through direct, individual efforts (hard work and merit)

Mnemonics

acronyms or rhyming phrases that provide a vivid organization of the information we are trying to remember

beneficence

acting in a patient's best interest

saltatory condution

action potential jumping down nodes of Ranvier because of insulation of myelin sheath (conduction of nerve)

What characterizes the alarm phase of a stressor?

activation of the sympathetic nervous system, ACTH is secreted which causes the adrenal gland to secrete cortisol. Adrenal medulla also releases epinephrine and norepinephrine to activate the nervous system to elicit even more stress

Controlled (effortful) processing

active memorization

post conventional morality

adulthood, if at all; level of reasoning that not everyone is capable of; based on social mores, which might conflict with laws 5. Social contract 6. Universal human ethics

compassionate love

affection we feel for those w/ whom lives deeply entwined (compassion=more with family; intertwined)

esteem support

affirms the qualities and skills of the person efforts to make another person feel valued and competent

relative refractory period

after absolute refractory period; cell can fire only if stronger stimulus

McCollough effect

afterimages perceived because of fatigued receptors (McColor-left)

beta waves

alert, high frequency, randomly firing neurons, occurs when focusing on a task

alpha waves

alert, somewhat slower, occurs when relaxing

the use of excuses to account for questionable behavior

aligning actions

promiscuity

allows a member of one sex to mate with any member of the opposite sex without exclusivity

social mobility

allows one to acquire higher-level employment opportunities by achieving required credentials and experience. social mobility can either occur in positive upward direction or negative downward direction or horizontal and vertical when switching jobs intrageneration- changes in social status in one's lifetime intergeneration- changes in social status occur from parents to child

statistical (linear) regression

allows you to use correlation coefficients to predict y from an x (least-squares line or regression line is fit to the data) -->find line of best fit

sleep stage 1

alpha and irregular theta waves-lower in ampl, slower in freq; can remember because tired; lose response to stimuli

imposing an identity onto another person

alter casting

What are the major parts of the limbic system?

amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, fornix, septal nuclei, cerebral cortex

class consciousness

an awareness of one's social category within a social hierarchy

Illusory correlation

thinking 2 unrelated things are related (illusion of correlation)

metacognition

thinking about your own thinking (thinking how to use strategies you know to help solve issue)

Halo effect

thinks if one has 1 good quality, then he has only good qualities

Self-serving attributional bias

thinks successes are because of self, situation blamed for failure

False consensus bias

thinks that most other people think as you do

zone of proximal development

those skills and abilities that are not yet fully developed but are in the process of development; requires a more knowledgeable other (aka an adult)

rational choice theory

an individual considers the rewards and punishments of the social action and chooses the option with the highest benefit to harm ratio (ie pros/cons list)

Prejudice

an irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing prior to an actual experience (ex: propoganda spreads prejudice)

Discrimination

an organism learns to distinguish between two similar stimuli

Carl Jung

thought of libido as psychic energy in general (not just sexuality) divided the unconscious into the personal and collective unconscious

reaction formation

an unacceptable impulse is transformed into its opposite

item analysis

analyzing how large group responded to each item on a test -->weeds out dud/problematic questions

takes place not only between humans and animals but between animals and animals, use of body language, visual displays, scents, and vocalizations are used

animal communication

instinctual drift

animal replaces learned response with instinctual one

inclusive fitness

animals investing in survival of own genes (kin); favored by natural selection over individual fitness (of self)

unconscious access

thoughts that have been represeed

absolute refractory period

time after neuron fires-no response to stimulation

cultural lag

time between changes, when ideas and beliefs (symbolic culture) are adapting to new material conditions (material culture) ex: technology rapidly changes but the idea of losing privacy is slow to catch up

serial-anticipation learning

to memorize list, recall one item at a time (e.g. anticipate what comes after each item. what's first item? 1. What comes after 1? 2; know 1 was correct because asked during second question)

(DSM-V) Conduct Disorder (simple definition)

antisocial disorder, but ONLY IN CHILDREN/teens

Unconditioned stimulus

any stimulus that brings about a reflexive response (ex: we salivate naturally when we smell bread baking in the oven)

deviance

any violations of norms, rule or expectation within a society

generation-recognition model

anything one might recall should easily be recognized (e.g. multiple choice) (if you can generate something, you should be able to recognize it)

Stimulus

anything to which an organism can respond, including all of the sensory inputs

phi phenomenon (with vision)

apparent motion-perceive smooth motion where there is none (e.g. movies; flipbooks) (phi-flipbook or philm/film)

mindguards

appointment of members to the role of protecting against opposing views

preconscious access

are not currently aware of these thought

ghettoes

areas where specific racial, ethnic, or religious minorities are concentrated, usually due to social or economic inequities.

sympathetic nervous system

arousal mechanisms (blood circulation, pupil dilation, threat/fear response) "fight or flight"

persona archetype

aspect of our personality that we present to the world

cutaneous sensitivity

touch sensitivity (cutaneous=touch) (cuticles on fingers)

Motor Neurons (Efferent Neurons)

transmit motor information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

Sensory Neurons (Afferent Neurons)

transmit sensory information from receptors

Placenta

transmits food, oxygen, and water to the fetus while returning water and waste to the mother

vocational test

asses to what extend a person's interests match those already found by professionals in a field (vo-cation. no vacation-->personality job matching)

what is the dorsal prefrontal cortex responsible for?

associated with attention and cognition

Nondominant Hemisphere

associated with intuition, creativity, music cognition and special processing; less prominent role in language; more sensitive to the emotional tone of spoken language and allows us to recognize others' moods based on visual and auditory cues (usually the right hemisphere)

owls ears

asymmetrically vertically-can tell height better

cross fostering experiments

attempt to separate heredity and environmental effects (twin studies)

game theory

attempts to explain decision-making between individuals as if they are participating in a game

projection

attribution of wishes, desires, thoughts, or emotions to someone else

Auditory impulse path

auditory system-->auditory cortex (olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, and medial geniculate body)

fertility rate

average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population

Problem-solving

avoiding trial-and-error learning and instead taking a step back, observing the situation and taking decisive action to solve the challenges they face

conscious access

aware of these thoughts

language development 9-12 mos

babbling

blooming and pruning

baby's neural pathways "bloom" (abundance of new connections); unused connections "pruned"/die out

retina

back of eye; receive light images from lens, made of photoreceptor cells

where the individual is not in front of an audience and is free to act outside of his desired image

back stage

Labyrinth Sense

balance function of the inner ear

sleep stage 0

before sleep; alpha waves-low ampl, high freq; can remember because still awake

cued recall

begins the task, cues your LTM (e.g. fill in blank)

antinormative behavior

behavior against someone's normal behavior

functional autonomy

behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behavior

Type A

behavior is competitive and compulsive

semantic effect

believe in conclusion because of what you think instead of logic (your semantics error actual logic--global warming)

opiates and opioids

bind to opioid receptors in the CNS and PNS, decreased reaction to pain, euphoria

Albert Bandura

bobo doll-children copied what adults did to the doll; including mimicked aggression towards the doll (Bandura-bobo-beat bobo)

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

body feeling->emotion (J-L theory; jitters-love. body-emotion)

Malleus

bone of the ossicles; affixed to the tympanic membrane; hammer

Incus

bone of the ossicles; anvil

distribution curve Platykuric distribution

trapezoid looking curve

Motor impulses

travel along efferent fibers

justice

treating similar patients similarly and distributing healthcare resources fairly.

Hermaphrodite/intersex

both genitals (usually female fetus; too much testosterone)

What is on the physiological level of maslow's hierarchy

breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretement

icon (w/ memory)

brief visual memory, lasts ~1 second (eye-con; icon)

types of economy

capitalist- free market trade driven by consumerism socialist- larger industries are collective and compensation is provided based on work contribution (profit is distributed equally to workforce)

Auditory (vestibulocochlear) nerve

carries the electrical signal from the organ of Corti to the CNS

Pinna or Auricle

cartilaginous part of the outer ear; channels sound waves into the external auditory canal

Dissociative Fugue

causes person to be unable to recall their own personal history and go on a journey for a few hours or days typically ends suddenly with full restoration of personal history and memories

Depersonalization (derealization) disorder

causes person to either feel detached from his own body and mind (depersonalization - out of body experiences) or from his surroundings (derealization - unreal dreamlike world) ***NO psychotic symptoms experienced!

Dissociative amnesia

causes person to forget important personal info or past experiences it is often caused by trauma and is not due to neurological disorder can be generalized (whole life forgotten), continuous (everything since is forgotten), or selective (only some events during period forgotten) usually ends suddenly and full memory is recovered

Behavioral criticisms

treats symptoms, not underlying problem

luteinizing hormone/lutropin (LH)

triggers ovulation; increases estrogen or (in males) testosterone

neurocognitive models of dreaming

try to unify biological and psychological perspectives on dreaming by correlating subjective and cognitive experiences of dreaming with measurable physiological changes

middle ear parts

tympanic membrane (eardrum; stretched across auditory canal) ossicles (3 small bones that vibrate in response to tympanic membrane; malleus->incus->stapes) (Middle ear=membrane->MIS) (or hammer, anvil, stirrup->HAS)

Babinski reflex

causes the toes to spread apart automatically when the sole of the foot is stimulated

glial cells

cells that support neurons (structure, nutrients, etc) includes oligodendrites and Schwann cells

What does an emotional focused stress response entail

center on changing one's feelings about a stressor, taking responsibility for an issue, engaging in self control, distancing oneself from the issue, engaging in wishful thinkings

Foeva

centermost point of the retina; contains only cones

Telencephalon(prenatal)

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system divide from prenatal

Cerebral hemispheres

cerebrum is divided into two halves

imprinting

certain species; young attach/imprint on first moving object they see at birth; subject to sensitive learning period (won't occur after time)

Posterior chamber

chamber between the iris and the lens

Anterior chamber

chamber in front of the eye, in front of the iris

obedience

changing one's behavior in response to a direct order from an authority figure

Accommodation

changing the shape of the lens

sublimation (defense mechanism)

channeling threatening devices into acceptable outlets (e.g. working out) sublet-->outlet

locus of control

characterization of the source of influences on the events in one's life; internal or external

secondary socialization

type of socialization that occurs outside of the home and is based on learning the rules of specific social environment

latent content

unconscious forces dreams are trying to express

paranoid personality disorder

characterized by a constant mistrust and suspicion of other people and their motives causing a person to be guarded and self-sufficient (sometimes can be in prodromal phase of schizophrenia) cluster a

schizoid personality disorder

characterized by a pattern of detachment from people, including family members and loved ones, and limited range of emotional expressions (tend to be loners with no interest in social interaction) cluster a

Cluster A

characterized by behavior that is odd in comparison to common expectation paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid personality disorders

Cluster C

characterized by behavior that is overly anxious or fearful Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders

Cluster B

characterized by behavior that is overly dramatic, emotional, and unpredictable Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders

pheremones

chemicals detected by vomeronasal organ; most primitive form of communication btwn animals; fear or sex receptiveness

Watson's developmental behavioristic approach

children passively molded by environment; behavior emerges through imitation of parent

Parkinson's disease

chronic illness associated with destruction of portions of the basal ganglia; characterized by jerkey movements and uncontrolled resting tremors

race

classifies people based on physical traits social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people. they may be real or perceived differences.

Rational-Emotive theory criticisms

cognitive and behavior; RET called too sterile and mechanistic (treats symptoms, not underlying reason for them)

object relations theory

under psychodynamic theory; object = representation of parents or other caregivers based on subjective experiences during infancy; persist into adulthood and impacts interactions with others

Generalized anxiety disorder

undue persistent worry about many different things for 6+ months; may result in trouble sleeping, fatigue, muscle tension...

self-concept

collection of beliefs about oneself; a cognitive or descriptive component of one's self "I am..." instead of "I feel.." -->belief of what you are, not emotion towards

conscience

collection of improper actions for which a child is punished

limbic system

collection of structures from cerebrum, interbrain, and midbrain located on both sides of thalamus, under cerebrum includes: olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus functions-4 F's: fleeing, feeding, fighting, f--king, also EMOTION (fight or flight, eat, sex--limbs needed). emotion

Ganglia

collections of cell bodies outside the CNS

cones

color; daylight vision; less cones than rods-->cones see better cones=complex=color cones=center (of retina)

multiculturalism

communities or societies containing multiple cultures

t-tests

compare MEANS of 2 diff groups; see if groups significantly different; measures continuous data (numerical data) (e.g. data of males vs data of females) (t-test-->two item tests)

quasi-experiment

compares 2 groups of people like experiment; but not feasible/ethical to use rando assignment (e.g. use eligibility cutoff mark instead of rando assignment--->randomly assign people to two different groups based off of a certain factor; not completely random, but necessary) (quasi-experiment=kind of an experiment...so close but not quite)

hallucinogens

complex brain interactions with neurotransmitters, distortions of reality, enhancement of sensory, increased heart rate, pupil dilation

timbre

complexity of sound wave

Central Nervous System (CNS)

composed of the brain and the spinal cord

Posterior pituitary

comprised of axonal projections from the hypothalamus and is the site of release for the hypothalamic hormones

obedience

concerned with avoiding punishment

atmosphere effect (in regard to information)

conclusion influenced by the way the info is phrased (atmosphere of sentence causes error)

hyperthymesia

condition where you form highly detailed episodic memories (near perfect memories) (like episode in House MD-can recall details from any day)

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

conditions that lead to confirmation of stereotypes

Erik son's stages of personality development

conflict mastery of each stage is not required to move onto the next; trust vs. mistrust autonomy vs. shame and doubt initiative vs. guilt industry vs. inferiority identity vs. role confusion intimacy vs. isolation generatively vs. stagnation integrity vs. despair

Collins and Quillian/connectionism

connectionism=searching cognitive semantic hierarchies-further items are in hierarchy, longer to see connection -->also called parallel distributive processing (connections of everything through hierarchies Collins-->connect through lines)

Eustachian tube

connects middle ear to the nasal cavity which helps equalize the pressure between the middle ear and the environment

What is the ventral prefrontal cortex responsible for?

connects regions of the brain together which are all responsible for experiencing emotion.

Cognitive theory

conscious thought patterns=main role in life; how you view experience (not the experience) is important; maladaptive cognitions lead to abnormal behavior/disturbed affect

suppression

consciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness

Somatic Nervous System

consists of sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints and muscles

histrionic personality disorder

constant attention seeking may dress in flashy clothes, behave seductively to be center of attention, employs dramatic means to express an emotion (but emotion itself is shallow and transitory) cluster b

looking-glass-self

construct which relies on others reflecting our selves back to ourselves

excessive stereotyping

construction of stereotypes against outside opinions

Septal Nuclei

contain one of the primary pleasure centers in the brain; there is an association between these structures and addictive behavior

Cerebrum

contains cerebral cortex (both hemispheres); limbic system

manifest content

content of dream, provides info about latent content

content validity

content of the test covers goods sample of construct being measured (not just part of it) (all of content valid?)

moon illusion

context affects perception-moon seems bigger in horizon because visual cues at horizon make it seem further; no cues in the sky if further, but seen as same size, it is bigger

motor task learning

continuous tasks easier to learn than discrete tasks continuous=bike riding (one motion) discrete=chess (diff infos)

cerebellum

controls functions of balance and coordination of motor movement; maybe also skill learning

basal ganglia

controls large voluntary muscle movements (movement, speech); degeneration related to Parkinson's and Huntington's disease (base going movements-big muscle movements)

Anterior Hypothalamus

controls sexual behavior; stimulation can cause lab animals to mount inanimate objects; damage here leads to permanent inhibition of sexual activity in some species; regulates sleep and body temperature as well

tectum

controls vision and hearing (tec=tick-hear clocks stick, see a tic)

Cognitive theory goal

correct maladaptive cognitions

simuli hit

correctly sensing a stimulus

systematic desensitization

counterconditioning -classical condition to relieve anxiety (step by step, towards more anxious provoking)

medicare

covers patients over the age 65, those with end stage renal disease and those with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS

medicaid

covers patients who are in significant financial need.

neuron cell membrane

covers whole neuron; selective permeability to sometimes let positive ions through

Maccoby & Jacklin

criticized sex studies: -few existed that couldn't be explained by social learning -most consistent difference-->females have greater verbal ability, males have greater visual/spatial ability (Mac and Jack says gender studies lack; suggests social learning pack)

environmental injustice

uneven distribution of environmental hazards in communities. lower income neighborhoods may lack the social and political power to prevent the placement of environmental hazards in neighborhoods. leads to health hazards and increase health risks

latent functions

unexpected, unintended or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions (ex: forges stronger relationships through conventions)

P. Ekman

cross-culture research-humans have 6 basic emotions: -sadness, happiness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust -Code facial expressions for emotion with Facial Action Coding System (FACS coding) (Paul Ekman's facial expression) (Every MAN's expression) (planet's ekman's emotions)

Somatic disorders

unified by somatic symptoms (bodily symptoms) that can cause stress and impairment includes: somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder

cues of bx

cues are used to understand bx: consistency- consistent bx of a person over time consensus- how much does the person's bx differ from the norm distinctiveness-does the person use similar bx in different senerios

cultural barrier

cultural difference that impedes interaction ex: greet colleges, eye contact, handling disagreement, eating at business meals, small talk.

a shared set of beliefs, norms, values, and behaviors organized around a central theme, as is found among people sharing the same language and geography

cultural syndrome

proposition

units of meaning in a sentence (has a subject and predicate)

selective breeding

unnaturally selected breeding to increase chances of producing offspring with wanted traits

thanatos

death instincts; unconscious wish for death and destruction

mortality

deaths caused by a given disease

goal of Analytical therapy

use unconscious messages in order to become more aware/closer to full potential

gambler's fallacy

decisions based on recent experiences (the most readily available information) overestimating/underestimating a recent event will occur again (e.g. rolling a 7 four times on dice, expect 7 again soon)

Nature

defined as hereditary, or the influence of inherited characteristics on behavior

culture

defined as the beliefs, actions and characteristics of a group or society of people

sexual orientation

defined by one's sexual interest toward members of the same, opposite, or both sexes.

Alzheimer's Disease

degenerative brain disorder thought to be linked to a loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to the hippocampus, although its exact causes are not well understood; loss of recent memories before distant memories

generalizability

degree to which result from experiment can be applied to population and real world

predictive value

degree which independent variable can predict dependent variable

manifest functions

deliberate actions that serve to help a given system (ex: medical conventions)

pragmatics

dependence of language on context and pre-existing knowledge

operational definitions (for a paper)

describes exactly what the variables are and how they are measured within the context of your study

normative conformity

desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection

J. Wolpe

developed method of systematic desensitization to eliminate phobias (Wolf-get rid of the scary wolf; wolPe-wolf phobias)

H. Rorschach

developed the Rorschach inkblot test, a projective test designed to measure personality

Gibson & Walk

developed the visual cliff apparatus, which is used to study the development of depth perception (Walk=walk off cliff)

psychoanalysis criticisms

developed theories from single case studies of women from 1800s and 1900s—not a scientific method

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

develops after exposure to an overwhelming traumatic event, causes recurring and troubling recollections of original event, as well as nightmares, flashbacks, propensity to avoid stimuli that are associated to the event To be diagnosed one must have experienced a traumatic event with at least 1 month of symptoms including: 1+ intrusion sx (disturbing memories/dreams/feelings) 1+ avoidance sx (avoiding thoughts, memories, activities, people, places associated with or trigger memories of event) 2+ negative effects on cognition and mood (memory loss, persistent negative emotional state, detachment, inability for positive emotions) 2+ altered arousal and reactivity sx (difficulty sleeping, lack of concentration, irritability, heightened startle response)

ectoderm

develops into nervous system (along with skin)

Collins & Loftus

devised the spreading activation model of semantic memory (closeness of association between words --> speed of response about relationships between them)

Geographic isolation (no interspecies sex)

diff species breed in diff areas

transformational grammar

differences between surface and deep structure: surface structure-the way words are organized (i studied for hours, for hours i studied) deep structure-underlying meaning of sentence (whatever order, meaning is ___)

cohort-sequential design

different ages genders, income, etc. AND longitudinal approach (both between and within subject) (cohort=group of similar people, sequent=long time)

Instinctive drift

difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviors

rods

dim light; night vision; black and white; concentrated on sides or retina (peripheral vision); more rods than cones (peripheral vision larger) rods=roads; black; dark vision vision=darker on sides/peripheral; thus concentrated on sides of retina OR rods=right (and left) side of retina

neurotic needs

directed toward making life and interactions bearable; become problematic when fit one of four criteria 1. disproportionate in intensity 2. indiscriminate in application 3. partially disregard reality 4. tendency to provoke intense anxiety

E. Titchner

discovered structuralism (which was short lived) (opposite of Gestalt. talt at end vs tit in beginning of names)

fogetting curve discredited

discredited for memory of everything because experiments based on memorizing lists of nonsense syllables

phonemes

discrete sounds that make up words (ee, p, sh) (1 or 2 letters each) hard to distinguish one language's phonemes from other languages (cat has 3: c-a-t/ck-ah-t)

Disorganized-type schizophrenia

disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and flat affect/expression (negative symptom) disorganized speech includes rhymes, free association, pairing of similar sounds and disorganized behavior is illogical without any goal (laughing for no reason)

unspoken rules that govern the expression of emotion

display rules

Somatic symptom disorder

displays at least one symptom of a physical illness or injury that cannot be explained entirely by a general medical condition, is not the direct effect of a substance, and is not the effect of another mental disorder patient devotes a disproportionate amount of time and concern towards worrying about it causing elevated levels of anxiety diagnosed after 6+ months of recurrent somatic complaint(s)

retroactive/retrograde interference

disrupting info that is new that makes you forget past STM (e.g. trying to learn words, hear about party, forget the new words) causes retroactive inhibition (interference to old info-the retro/old memory is active)

Central sulcus

divides the frontal and parietal lobes

says that individuals create images of themselves in the same way that actors perform a role in front of an audience

dramaturgical approach

impossible objects

drawn object, can be perceived, can't be made (triangle thingy)

problem-solving dream theory

dreams are a way to solve problems while you're sleeping and a way to interpret obstacles

activation-synthesis theory

dreams are caused by random neuronal activity which mimics sensory information

type A personality

drive, competitive, aggressive, tension, hostility; middle to upper class men -->can lead to heart disease, other health issues (heart disease problems more likely with social isolation, potentially caused by type A personality)

Antabuse

drug that changes metabolism of alcohol; results in severe nausea and vomiting when combined with alc (ant-a-abuse-->anti alc abuse)

Psychopharmacology criticisms

drugs that take away symptoms don't provide interpersonal support

self-discrepancy theory

each of us have three selves; actual self, ideal self, and ought self; the closer the 3 selves are, the higher our self-esteem and self-worth

conventional morality

early adolescence to adulthood; individuals begin to see themselves in terms of relationships to others; understanding and accepting social rules 3. Conformity 4. Law and Order

6 social institutions

education family religion government economy medicine

defense mechanisms

ego's recourse for relieving anxiety caused by the clash of id and super ego; deny, falsify, or distort reality; act unconsciously; 8 main defense mechanisms

electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

electric current induces convulsions; effective intervention for severely depressed patients

EEG

electroencephalogram measures electrical activity of brain (diff when sleep, relaxed, or when abnormal)

law of good continuation

elements that appear to follow the same pathway tend to be grouped together

reaction formation (defense mechanism)

embracing feelings/behaviors opposite to true threatening feelings that one has (e.g gay guy hating gays)

attachment

emotional bond to another person

four Jungian archetypes

emotional elements: persona, anima, animus, shadow

conformity

emphasis on seeking approval of others

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CTB)

employs principles from cognitive and behavioral theory

Working Memory

enables us to keep a few pieces of information in our consciousness simultaneously and to manipulate that information (ex: this is the form of memory that allows us to do simple math in our heads)

Semantic encoding

encode the meaning of information by putting it into a meaningful context

Vygotsky: cultural and biosocial development

engine driving cognitive development was the child's internalization of various aspects of the culture: rules, symbols, language, etc. zone of proximal development

ethnic identity

ethnic group; common ancestry, cultural heritage, langugae

K. von Frisch

ethologist who studed communication in honey bees

diploid

every cell in body except sperm/egg, 23 PAIRS of chromosomes

diffusion of responsibility

everyone waits for someone else to act in large group

optic array

everything in a person's vision; trains people to perceive

mimicry

evolved form of deception (e.g. harmless snake colors of dangerous snake)

role-taking

ex: kids play house or school practice for later in life, child begins to understand the perspectives and roles of others

second sickness

exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice ex: wealthy professionals have longer life expectancy than working class

Introspection

examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings (such as own mental state) Wundt adopted introspection to experimental psych

compensation(defense mechanism)

excelling in one area to make up for shortcomings in another

monogamy

exclusive mating relationships

Jean Piaget

experience interaction between internal maturation and external experience that creates qualitative change (through assimilation and accommodation)

Gestalt goal

exploration of awareness and full experiencing of the present -->successful therapy connects client and present existence

language development 18-20 mos

explosion of language and combining words, gesturing

internal validity

extent which questions measure/test the same thing

genetic drift

extinction of genotypes in population due to natural selection (genetics drift away because of selection)

Down's syndrome cause

extra chromosome (trisomy 21)

Jung's 3 dichotomies of personality

extraversion vs. introversion sensing vs. intuiting thinking vs. feeling

stigma

extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences from the rest of the society

slum

extremely densely populated area of a city with low-quality, often informal housing and poor sanitation.

Sensory memory

eyes and ears take in an incredibly detailed representation of our surroundings that we can recall with amazing precision for a very short time (generally under 1 second)

malingering (DSM-V)

fabricating or exaggerating the symptoms of mental or physical disorders for a variety of "secondary gain" motives (skipping jail, getting drugs, etc.) -staying sicker longer so more rewards (mal lingers)

What characterizes the behavioral component of emotion?

facial expression and body language. How we learn to project our emotions

bogus pipeline

fake lie detector used to try to get more truthful answers in self-report

the group into which an individual is born, adopted, or married

family group

wider nerve fiber correlates with

faster conduction of inpulses

H. Spencer

father of psych of adaptation -used Lamarckian evolution (characteristics in lifetime can be passed on) -physiology associationism to understand people

ambiguos figures

figure can be seen 2 ways (rabbit/duck)

Aqueous humor

fluid that bathes the front part of the eye before draining

functionalism or functional analysis

focuses on the function of each component of society and how these components fit together

overjustification effect

follows self-perception theory -->we must not want to do things we're paid to do (will lose interest in singing after starting to get paid to do it) (overjustifying reason to do something)

Skinner box

food for pressing lever, pain for something else (e.g. waiting)

secondary/elaborative rehearsal

for STM; organizing and understanding material to move to LTM (TRICK: secondary-uses multiple ways to remember (first read word, second understand; elaborative=elaborate to understand)

power

form of influence over people

Korsakoff's Syndrome

form of memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain; marked by retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia and confabulation

sexual selection

form of natural selection; some out-reproduce others because they're better at securing mates

spacial inequality

form of social stratification across territories and their populations and can occur along residential, environmental, and global lines. comparing environments and how the population changes in that space

ritual

formalized ceremonial behavior in which members of a group or community regularly engage. it is governed by specific rules including appropriate behavior and a predetermined order of events. ex: weddings and holidays

Forebrain

forms the largest portion of the brain by weight and volume

Dizygotic (DZ)twins

fraternal twins

What is on the love/belonging level of maslow's hierarchy

friendship, family, sexual intimacy

prefrontal cortex

front part of frontal lobe; integral link to person's personality

where the individual is seen by the audience and strives to preserve his desired image

front stage

4 lobes of the surface of the cortex

frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes

semantic memory

general knowledge of the world

patient HM

given lesions of hippocampus to treat epilepsy; could no longer store new LTM (HM-hippocampus)

approach-avoidance conflict

goals have both pros and cons; if further from goal, you focus more on pros. if closet to goal, focus more on cons

morphology/morphological rules

grammar rules for morphemes

frequency polygon

graph w/ plotted points, connected by lines (measuring frequency)

phrase

group of words that form single syntactical part of sentence (walking the dog)

occurs when members begin to conform to one another's views and ignore outside perspective

group think

somatotropin

growth hormone from pituitary

secondary process

guides ego; aim of reality principle is to postpone pleasure principle until satisfaction can actually be obtained

Paranoid-type schizophrenia

hallucinations and delusions

Psychedelics

hallucinogens, psychotomimetics (mimic psychosis) -->alters perception, emotion, and mood increases serotonin activity e.g. LSD (acid) and weed (makes people very happy-->serotonin)

Auditory Cortex

handles sound information sent from the MGN in the temporal lobe for sound processing

Pheromones

have a debatable effect on humans but play a big role in many animals' social, foraging and sexual behavior

proletariat

have-nots

bourgeoisie

haves

Adoption studies

help us understand environmental influences and genetic influence on behavior by comparing similarities between an adoptive child and their relatives

M. Sherif

used autokinetic effect to study conformity-->people would be grouped in room; shown light (effect), conform to exact distance light moved; would differ when experiment repeated and asked alone also performed Robber's Cave experiment and found that having superordinate goals increased intergroup cooperation (sheriff - comform or else)

dichotic presentation

used for auditory perception and selective attention-2 diff messages in each ear; must shadow/repeat one message so the other one is not attended to (di-cho-->2 echoes)

Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia

used for cases that meet all the general requirements of disorder but is not categorized as paranoid, catatonic, or disorganized-type "catch all"

Cones

used for color vision and to sense fine details; come in 3 forms, and are most effective in bright light

George Kelly

used himself as a model about human nature; personal construct psychology

token economies

used in therapeutic settings; positive behavior rewarded with tokens

number of sound waves per second

hertz; we best hear around 1000 Hz

reinforcement hierarchy

hierarchy where higher up the reinforcer is, the better the reinforcement is (Premack Principle-higher up activities/reinforcers reinforce activities below them)

play therapy

used w/ children; during play, child expresses what they might not out of play

Age 2

high activity level, walks backwards, can turn doorknob, unscrew jar lid, scribbles with crayon, stacks six cubes, stands on tiptoes, able to aim thrown ball, selfish and self-centered, imitates mannerisms and activities, may be aggressive, recognizes self in mirror, "No" is favorite word, parallel play, use of pronouns, parents understand most, 2 word sentences, uses 250 words, identifies body parts by pointing

Brainstem

hindbrain + midbrain; Evolutionarily developed earlier; more primitive functions

Fornix

hippocampus communicates with other portions of the limbic system through these long projections

Melatonin

hormone secreted by the pineal gland regulating circadian rhythms

hierarchy of salience

how our identities are organized; let the situation dictate which identity holds the most importance at any given moment

Semantic Network

how the brain organizes ideas; concepts are linked together based on similar meaning

achievement test

how well you know subject (measurement of actual performance/info form the past)

syntax

how words are put together to form sentences

Pleasure principle/primary process (psychoanalysis)

human motivation to seek and avoid pain (most noticeable in early life): ID

nativist (biological) theory of language development

humans have an innate capacity for language. Chomsky.

social exchange theory

humans interact in ways that maximize reward, minimize cost

Bipolar II disorder

hypomania and major depressive episodes which cycle back and forth

Cyclothymic disorder

hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes that are more mild but persistent for 2 years with symptoms never absence for period longer than 2 months (less severe version of bipolar II disorder)

Hypophyseal portal system

hypothalamus and pituitary gland are spatially close to each other and control is maintained through paracrine release of hormones into this system which directly connects the two organs

primary process

id's response to frustration: obtain satisfaction now, not later

Freud's ideas on personality

id, superego, ego

Long-term potentiation

if a stimulus is repeated, the stimulated neurons become more efficient at releasing their neurotransmitters and at the same time receptor sites on the other side of the synapse increase, increasing receptor density

Spontaneous Recovery

if an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented again after a period of time, a weak conditioned response can sometimes be exhibited

Collective rationalization

ignoring warning against the idea of the group

displacement activities/irrelevant behaviors

illogical behavior with no survival function (e.g. scratching head when thinking)

identification (defense mechanism)

imitating central figure in one's life (act like boss, dress like parents, etc.) (identify as someone better to be better)

refers to the maintenance of a public image, which is accomplished through various strategies

impression management

fundamental attribution error

in a negative context, we are more likely to form a bias towards someone's actions as dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions (ex: group project, they were lazy)

the group where one identifies with

in group

Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN)

in the thalamus; sound information ascends from the brainstem to this before being projected to the Auditory Cortex

functional fixedness

inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner

anhedonia

inability to feel pleasure (hedonism=pleasure; this is opposite)

prosopagnosia

inability to recognize faces-can know that looking at face, can't tell who's face it is (pro...so..nosia=problem someone's nose. who's nose?)

resting potential

inactivated state of neuron; negative charge; cell membrane lets no ions in

Extrinsic motivation

include rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if the desired behavior is not achieved. An external, tangible reward.

Mechanical isolation (for no interspecies sex)

incompatible genitals

Positive Reinforcers

increase a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior (ex: money)

Stimulants

increase activity of CNS; heighten energy level and arousal increases norepinephrine and dopamine effects by being reuptake inhibitors e.g. amphetamines, meth, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, convulsants (makes heart fast-norepinephrine, enjoy feeling-dopamine)

sham rage

incredible rage easily provoked when cerebral cortex removed (in animals. not humans. that would be silly....we need that cortex)

Individual Theory 4 personality types based on...

individual activity and benefit to society

identity

individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong; we can have multiple identities that define who we are and how to behave

personal construct psychology

individual thought of as a scientist, devising and testing predictions about behavior of significant people in their life. construct a scheme of anticipation of what others will do

peripheral route processing

individual who focus on superficial detail such as the person appearance or how well they voice their opinion

central route processing

individual who scrutinize the detail of an argument and seek to understand the purpose and significance of the information and drawing a conclusion from it

Punishment

uses conditioning to reduce the occurrence of a behavior

perceiver

influenced by experience, motives, and emotional state

kinesthetic sense/proprioception

info from receptors in joints and muscles that tell us about position of our own body

Automatic Processing

information that is gained without effort is said to be the result of this

instinct

innate physiological representation of a biological need

Instincts

innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli

spine makeup

inner core of gray matter; outer core of white matter; all go to and from brain

aggression (Lorenz's)

instinct, not learned-necessary for natural selection

Primary view of motivation

instincts that elicit natural behavior to maintain optimal levels of arousal, the drive to reduce uncomfortable states, and the goal of satisfying physiological and psychological needs

tachtiscope

instrument used in cognitive/memory experiments; presents image to subject for fraction of a second (tap-image-scope=few seconds of image instrument)

using flattery or conformity to win over someone else

integration

WAIS-R

intelligence test for children 6-16 (-R=revised for younger)

passionate love

intense longing for union with another; profound psych arousal (passion=lust; high arousal; want to be with someone)

biological clocks

internal rhythms that keep animals in sync w/ environment

Drives

internal states of tension that activate particular behaviors focused on goals

social capital

investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards. social networks, either situational or positional are one of the most powerful forms of social capital and can be achieved through establishing strong and weak social ties.

ascribed status

involuntary and derives from clearly identifiable characteristics such as age, gender, skin color.

Dissociative disorders

involve disruption or breakdown of perception, identity, memory, or awareness, as tool for avoiding significant stress

Method of loci

involves associating each item in the list with a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized

Specific phobias

irrational fear and avoidance of one specific thing (most common type) examples include: acrophobia (fear of heights), agoraphobia (fear of situation in which escape is difficult), claustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces), arachnophobia (fear of spiders)

Top-down (conceptually driven) processing

is driven by memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize the whole object and then recognize the components based on these expectations.

brightness

is physical intensity

hue

is specific color; dominant wavelength of light

Preparedness

it is easier to learn behaviors that coincide with natural behaviors; it is difficult to teach behaviors that work against natural instincts

corpus callosum

joins brain hemispheres

halo effect

judgement of an individual's character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual forming an impression of an individual based on a single trait (ex: judy is pretty, therefore she's nice)

family

father, mother, kids, siblings, uncles, aunts, grandparents regulate reproduction, socialize and protect children value providing for kids, sexual fidelity, clean home, respect based on culture, value systems beliefs, practices gender, age, race, ethnicity. norms are being faithful and reproduction

globalization

further inequalities in space, food and water, energy, housing and education as the production of goods shifts to cheaper and cheaper labor markets. this has led to significant economic hardship in industrializing nations.

made up of two or more individuals with similar characteristics that share a sense of unity

groups

dysfunctions

harmful consequences of people's actions as they undermine a social system's equilibrium.

affordable care act

increased coverage rate and affordability of insurance for all Americans by reducing the overall costs of healthcare.

exchange theory

like rational theory and operant conditioning but focuses on groups bx met by approval will be reinforced bx met by disapproval will be punished

false consciousness

misconception of one's actual position in society

prevalence

number of cases of a disease per population in a given period of time; cases per 1000 people per year. the percentage of a population displaying a disorder during any specified period. =total cases/total population

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

-most recent approach to profoundly depressed patients -fewer side effects than ECT -magnetic fields stimulate frontal lobe

Freud Personality Developmental Stages

-oral-birth-18 months; oral pleasure -anal-18mo-3yrs; pleasure of control and release of feces -phallic-3-6yrs; pleasure from self stimulation of genitals-->boys=Oedipus complex; girls= electra complex; both resolve conflict by identifying w/ same-sex parent -latency-6-puberty; repressed sexuality; identification with same-sex friends; focus on school and growing up -genital-puberty-adult life-hormone reawaken sexual instincts; love object now nonfamilial (Freud: Our AmPLe Genitals) (18mo-3yrs-6yrs==>18= 3 x 6; followed by puberty, then adult)

Gender differences-nature v nurture debate

-prevailing point of view=interactionist (both)

assertive training (behavioral counterconditioning)

-provides tools/experience where client can become more assertive (believed assertiveness incompatible with anxiety)

test of significance

-reject null hypothesis -Significance (p-value) level less than decided alpha value (typically of <.05 or <.01) -Alpha=threshold value determined by experimenter to determine significance (usually .05, .01)

discriminative stimulus

-relates to reinforcement (operant conditioning) -The specific stimulus doing the teaching/relating to a reaction, providing context for response (discriminative stimulus elicits a response/behavior, response is either reinforced or punished)

illusory correlation research problem

-relationship is inferred where there is none (illusioned correlation)

Tinbergen experiments

-stickleback fish-get red bellies in spring; releasing stimuli=red belly (caused aggression) -herring gull chicks-peck at parent's bill at red dot when hungry (releasing stimuli=dot)-->supernormal sign stimulus (dot hit even harder even when unnatural contrasting of red dot) (Tinbergen and Lorenz; Timber innate actions; bergendy spots on fish)

Cannon-Washburn theory and experiment

-stomach contraction theory-we are hungry when stomach contracts -put balloon in stomach, inflated, no longer felt hungry -later disproven when hunger felt by those with stomach removed (heartBurn? Wash down with a balloon)

social desirability-research problem

-subjects do and say what they think puts them in favorable light

psychoanalysis therapy

-unique-see patient 4-5 times a week for many years -hypnosis; free association-->allows uncovering/discharge of repressed emotion (catharsis)

Changing behavior consequences (behavioral/operant technique)

-usually referred to with term "behavior modification" remove positive reinforcement with negative behavior and add it with appropriate, adaptive behavior e.g. kid yelling-don't pay attention to him. move to empty bedroom if too much. kid doing right behavior=praise

Examples of Primary Drives

-what motivates us to sustain biological processes -food, water, shelter, sex, motivate us to maintain homeostasis

Erik Erikson Stages

0-18mo-3-6-teen-young adult-middle age-old (18=3x6), teen adult old adult, old babies trust, preschoolers try independence (autonomy), elemenatry schoolers initiate education (no more play), preteens feel inferior/incompetent, teen find self (identity crisis), graduates find love and get babies, adults are productivity, old have wisdom or despair

trust vs. mistrust

0-1; if resolved, child will trust environment and himself

R. Descartes

"I think, therefore I am" -dualism/mind-body problem -->mind is nonphysical substance separate from the body

Hypothalamus

(Forebrain) Hunger and thirst; emotion

Thalamus

(Forebrain) Sensory relay station;

Limbic system

(Forebrain) emotion and memory

Calculating IQ (Binet scale)

(mental age/chronological age x 100) -chronological age stops at 16 because intelligence stops developing

Somatosensory cortex

(parietal lobe) a projection area that is the destination for all incoming sensory signals for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain; involved in somatosensory information processing

William James (1842-1910)

(person) Father of American Psychology; one of the first theories of Functionalism : system of thought in psych that studied how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments

Paul Broca (1824-1880)

(person) functional impairments could be linked with specific brain lesions; studied behavioral deficits in people with brain damage

John Dewey (1859-1952)

(person) psychology should focus on the study of the organism as a whole as it functioned to adapt to environment; Criticized the reflex arc (breaks down process of reacting to stimulus into discrete parts)

Myer-Brigg Type Indicatory (MBTI)

-93 questions, 2 answers each -gives 4 letter "personality type" -introverted v extroverted -sensing v intuition -feeling v thinking -judgment v perception (my personality type)

Jerry Fodor

-Language is independent from other cognitive systems (e.g. perception) -Influenced study of language acquisition -Unknown if language learning principles same as other cognitive learning principles

Projective personality tests (examples)

-Rorschach inkblot -thematic apperception test (TAT) -Rosenweig Picture-Frustration (P-F) study (cartoons where one person frustrating another; describe how frustrated person responds) -Word association -Rotter incomplete sentence -Draw-a-person test (draw person of each sex; tell story about them)

Greek Psych History

-Socrates-original philosopher -Plato-Socrates' pupil; physical world was not all that could be known; abstract philosophy -Aristotle-Plato's pupil; first professor (Greek Spa-socrates plato aristotle)

On-line measurement of sentence processing

-Studying readers' eye movements and neural responses (reading is on-line/continually reading lines

Histrionic Personality Disorder (DSM V)

-characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking. -Their lives are full of drama (so-called "drama queens"). -They are uncomfortable in situations where they are not the center of attention -uncomfortable being alone (most pride; center of attention)

W. Kohler

-chimps experiments w/ insight -not gradual learning, instant learning -developed theory of isomorphism (one-to-one correspondence between the object in the perceptual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain) (anti-nazi; pro ape) (Kohler-->k-OH! ler)

extinction

-classical conditioning ended -caused by CS unpairing with UCS or lack of reward

aversion therapy (behavioral counterconditioning)

-classical conditioning to INCR anxiety (add anxiety where there was none; e.g. fetishes) (antabuse=for alcohol)

spontaneous recovery

-classical conditioning-CS and UCS spontaneously repaired -typically followed by another extinction

split-half reliability

-compare individual's performance on 2 halves of same test -reveals internal consistency of a test

Goodenough Draw-A-Man Test

-cross culture intelligent test for children -based on detail and accuracy of drawing of man, not talent

Freud Personality Development

-driving force for development=sexual (BIOLOGICAL) needs -5 stages -over/underindulging stage results in fixation -stress later in life may cause regression

cohort effects (research problem)

-effects resulting from a group born and raised or experiencing a certain experience in the same particular time period

Client-Centered therapist's job/role

-empathy-stand in client's shoes -unconditioned positive regard-facilitates trusting/safe environment -genuineness/congruence-act genuine with clients instead of professional reserve (Rogers-patient is awesome, if you're positive)

medulla oblongata and pons

-entry and exit points for 12 cranial nerves; deals with autonomic functions of breathing, heart rate, blood pressure -contain reticular formation/reticular activation system (general arousal)

sunk cost

-expense incurred that can't be recovered -best strategy-ignore them when making decisions -->money already spent is irrelevant to the future

K. Lewin

-founded social psych -applied Gestalt ideas to social behavior -conceived field theory -Divided leadership styles into three categories: authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire -autocratic leaders created more hostility than democratic ones

self (Analytical/Jung)

-full individual potential; symbolized by figures-Buddha, Jesus, the mandala (Hindu)

Freud major changes

-greatest conflict-libido (sex) and ego--->eros (life instinct-sex/love) and thanatos (death instinct; including self-destruction)-"aim of all life is death" (death=most discredited theory of Freud)-->both part of id -life is topographic where conscious elements openly acknowledged and unconscious many layers below conscious--->life is structural, mental life has particular organization instead of layers (id, ego, superego)

T. Hobbes

-human and animals were machines -sense/perception was all that could be known (conservative-people savage)

id, ego, superego

-id=unconscious bio drives and wishes -ego=mediator -superego=socially learned morals/social drives all 3 fight for acknowledgement and expression; how ego handles this is mental health

What are the stages of cognitive appraisal of stress?

1) Primary appraisal- initial evaluation of environment and the associated threat. If phase one reveals stress, then phase 2 begins 2) secondary appraisal- directed at evaluating whether the organism can cope with the stress. Harm, Threat, and Challenge then evaluated, then decide how to deal with the stress

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

1-3; if resolved, will feel able to exert control over the world and to exercise choice and self-restraint

Horney: 3 strategies child uses in relationships

1. moving toward people 2. moving against people 3. moving away, withdrawing

four theories of personality

1. psychoanalytic (psychodynamic) 2. humanistic (phenomenological) 3. type and trait 4. behaviorist

Eight factor that are indicative of groupthink by Irving Janis

1.Illusion of invulnerability 2. Collective rationalization 3. Illusion of morality 4. Excessive stereotyping 5. Pressure for conformity 6. self-censorship 7. illusion of unanimity 8. Mindguards

language acquisition timeline

1yr=first words 2yr=>50 spoken words in 2 then 3 word phrases 3yrs=1000 word vocab, many grammar errors 4yrs=grammar problems are random exceptions (1, 2, 3, 4 years. 1=first words; 2=2 word phrases, some words (>50); 3=1000 words (lots; second to last in timeline so words but errors; 4=language acquired)

Forebrain areas

2 areas: posterior forebrain/interbrain (highest/last layer before cerebrum) and the cerebrum (outer layer of brain) (fore-before last layer/cerebrum)

Ponzo illusion

2 equal horizontal lines appear unequal because 2 more vertical lines slant inwards-like train tracks (ponzo-Z has 2 horiz lines, one of the slanted lines)

between-subject

2 groups of people at same time

distribution curve-bimodal curve

2 humps-->median mean same, mode both higher and lower

major depressive episode

2+ weeks of depressed feelings for most of the day everyday; must include at least 5 of the symptoms below with at least 1 being depressed mood or anhedonia - decreased energy - sleep disruption - change in appetite - substantial change in weight - feels of guilt or worthlessness - difficulty thinking - anhedonia - thoughts of suicide

Freud's access to id, ego, and superego

3 categories: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

initiative vs. guilt

3-6; if resolved, will feel sense of purpose, ability to initiate activities, ability to enjoy accomplishment

cerebral cortex

4 lobes-frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal F-POT (in order) (Cortex=>core components)

Piaget's moral development

4-7 yrs: imitates rule-does not question acceptance of rules 7-11yrs: understands rules-follows them 12+yrs: applies abstract thinking to rules; can change if all parties agree (Rules follow development/ages: preop-talk barely; concr oper-talk; formal oper-abstract thinking)

Basic tastes (gustation=taste)

5: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami (meaty/savory) most taste receptors on tongue (taste buds/papillae): sweet-front tip salty-sides of front sour-sides of mid bitter-back of tonuge umami-middle of tongue (sweat sour bitter umami-->swee-alt, sour bitter, umami)

Kohlberg: moral reasoning

6 stages with 3 phases; personality develops based on the development of moral thinking

industry vs. inferiority

6-12; if resolved, will feel competent, able to exercise his or her abilities and intelligence, be able to affect the world the way you want

integrity vs. despair

65+; favorably resolved with wisdom, detached concern with life itself, assurance in the meaning of life, dignity, and acceptance of a worthwhile life, readiness to face death

Opponent Process Theory

A common explanation for drug use. To counteract the changing physiology due to a drug, your body causes you to respond in the opposite way. For example, alcohol decreases arousal, so your body will try to increase its overall arousal to respond. After the effect of the drug is over, we will still feel the effects of our body's attempt to counter the drug. That is what withdrawal symptoms feel like. The prevention of withdrawal symptoms keeps people coming back for more (negative reinforcement)

perceptual organization

Ability to use top-down and bottom-up in tandem

Individual Theory

Adler people are creative, social, and whole (humanistic-people are good) people are in the process of realizing themselves/"beginning"; INFERIORITY felt when current self doesn't match self-ideal motivation=social needs healthy individual has "will to power" (power of not being inferior) (indiviDLE-->aDLEr) -4 personality types

"will to power"

Adler/Individual-a quest for feelings of superiority; on this quest-pursue goals outside of himself and beneficial to society-->power to help society (humanistic, people good) (power=opposite of inferiority)

Socially useful type (sanguine)

Adler/Individual-high in personal activity; high in social contribution; healthy (sanguine-sanWIN-everything good)

Ruling-dominant type (choleric)

Adler/Individual-high in personal activity; low in social contribution; dominant (choleric=coal-dominant, does nothing)

Getting-leaning type (phlegmatic)

Adler/Individual-low in personal activity; high in social contribution; dependent (phlegm-sucks for you, helps immune system/everyone)

Avoiding type (melancholic)

Adler/Individual-low in personal activity; low in social contribution; withdrawn (melancholic-everything sucks)

Mnemonic:Afferent and Efferent

Afferent neurons ascend in the cord toward the brain; efferent neurons exit the cord on their way to the rest of the body.

strange situation attachments

Ainsworth- -secure: ran and clung to mom, explored environment -avoidant: ignored/avoided mom -ambivalent: squirmed/kicked if mom tries to comfort

creative self

Alder; force by which each individual shapes his uniqueness and shapes his personality

fictional finalism

Alder; individual is motivated more by his expectations than by past experiences

style of life

Alder; represents the manifestation of the creative self and describes a person's unique way of achieving superiority

Individual theory criticisms

Alderian therapy is best used with "normal" people in search of growth

Projective personality tests

Allows subject to create own answer; facilitating expression of conflicts, needs, impulses

Trait Theory general idea

Allport--People act differently in diff situations because trait hierarchy -top=cardinal trait -then central traits -then secondary traits -->circumstances may show conflicting secondary traits; (AllporTRAIT) *cardinal trait is always consistent

Trait Theory basis

Allport-ideographic approach- -observe conscious motives of proprium (like Freud's ego) -proprium acts consistency based on traits developed by experience attempted to go through all traits; find best ones (lexical approach) (Allport-all traits)

What is the Schacter Singer theory of emotion?

Also termed the cognitive arousal theory. Both arousal and labeling of arousal based on environment must occur in order for an emotion to be experienced. "I am excited because my heart is racing and everyone else is happy". A person much analyze the environment in relation to the nervous system arousal. An unknown arousal and an environment which encourages some arousal over the other creates emotion

collective unconscious

Analytical/Jung-dynamics of psyche inherited from ancestors; contains archetypes

personal unconscious

Analytical/Jung-material from individual's own experience (can become conscious)

Motherese

Anne Fernald universal way parents speak to children-potentially helps children mark word and sentence boundaries

supernormal sign stimulus

Artificial stimuli exaggerating naturally occurring sign stimulus-more effective than natural releaser

Hippocampus

Associated with creating memories which is most likely be associated with particular emotional responses. The ability to create and retrieve emotional memories is key to producing emotional responses. Creates context for memories and will lead to emotional experiences

shaping

B.F. Skinner rewards for acts that lead to desired act (get close to lever, paw touch lever, etc.) also called differential reinforcement of successive approximations is also behavioral counterconditioning technique

behaviorist personality perspective

B.F.Skinner; concepts of operant conditioning; personality is a reflection of behaviors that have been reinforced over time

observational learning (to fear)

Bandura -relieving intense fear and anxiety by having someone you identify closely with get closer and closer to fear and interacting with it. ends with you joining person to approach and interact with fear (e.g. step near dog, then pet dog if afraid of dog)

lexical decision task

Basic procedure involves measuring how quickly people classify stimuli as words or nonwords

Incentive Theory

Behavior is motivated by the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments.

cultural relativism

Belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards ie another culture is different from one's own. not better or worse. just different

Ganglion cells

Bipolar cells synapse with these cells

(DSM-V) Chapter- Bipolar and related disorders

Bipolar disorder mania symptom required patient no longer needs to show depression to be diagnosed occupies a "bridge" position between schizophrenia and depressive disorders because of similarities between the two -depression diagnosis exactly same as depressive disorders

EXAMPLE: someone steps on a nail. Receptors in foot detect pain and pain signal is transmitted by sensory neurons up to the spinal cord connects to interneurons which can relay pain impulses to the brain.

But internuerons in spinal cord don't wait for brain to send out a signal; they send signals to both legs directly; the individual withdraws the foot and puts more weight on the other foot before the the original sensory info makes it up to the brain.

higher order/second-order conditioning

CS now acts as new UCS

Backward conditioning

CS presented after UCS presented Proven to be ineffective; even inhibits future conditioning

Forward conditioning

CS presented before UCS (normal) -delayed conditioning=CS presented until UCS occurs -trace conditioning=CS starts and ends before UCS presented (time gap between CS and UCS) (trace=time gap)

trace conditioning

CS starts and ends before UCS presented (time gap between CS and UCS) (trace=time gap)

W. Penfield

Canadian neurosurgeon who used electrodes and electrical stimulation techniques to "map" out different parts of the brain during surgery (penfield-used pen to map out field of brain during surgery; used electrodes)

Cattell's 16

Cattell took Allport's 5,000 traitsl identified 16 bipolar source traits (e.g. relaxed-tense)

What characterizes physiological responses of emotion?

Changes in sympathetic responses, such as breathing rate, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature. Things that we cannot control that we are experiencing

personalizing

Cognitive-maladaptive cognition -inappropriately taking responsibility (team lost because of me)

magnifying/minimizing

Cognitive-maladaptive cognition -making too much/too little of something (luck is why i did well)

overgeneralization

Cognitive-maladaptive cognition -mistaking isolated incidents for the norm (no one will ever want to date me)

Beck-Cognitive Triad

Cognitive-negative views about: self, world, future (cognition=you, everything else, future) causes depression (Beck-Bad CKognition-->depression)

Hypochondriasis

DSM-IV-R (old) disorder that accounted for both somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder (dropped due to pejorative connotation it acquired)

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Depolarization, ions pushed inside cell; incr chance cell will fire

(DSM-V) Chapter- Sleep-wake disorders

Disruption in quality, amount, or timing of sleep

Anterograde Amnesia

Drastic and irreversible loss of memory for any new information; not being able to establish new long-term memories

Drive Reduction Theory

Drives help human to survive by eliminating uncomfortable states, ensuring motivation to eliminate this state or to relieve the internal tension created by unmet needs

opponent-color/opponent-process

E. Hering-2 types of color-sensitive cells exist: cones for blue/yellow; cones for red/green (when one color active, other inhibited. explains afterimage) occurs in lateral geniculate nucleus (in brain) (opponent-color; Hering-->opponents Hiring)

Expectancy-value theory

Edward Tolman Expectations and personal values affect behavior BI = (AB)V1 + (SN)V2 behavioral intention= a value of attitude toward performing the behavior + a subjective norm to perform a behavior/a value of an expectation to perform the behavior (expectancy to do a behavior=how you feel about attitude + if you usually do the behavior) (later developed into Theory of Reasoned Action; same equation)

Rational-Emotive theory goal

Effective rational beliefs (E) to replace previous self-defeating ones; client's thoughts, feelings, behaviors can coexist

What is the adaptive role of emotion or the evolutionary perspective?

Everything we do, think, and feel is based on specialized functional programs designed for any problem we encounter which create a cohesive response

(DSM-V) Chapter- Anxiety disorders

Exaggerated responses to objects or situations that can be disabling

"Will to meaning"

Existential theory-individual is constantly striving to rise above simple behavioral existence (toward meaningful existence) (it's exactly what it sounds like)

Mnemonic: Lobes of the Brain

F-POT; Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

phrenology

F. Gall-skull/head discerned personality types (gall...skull)

J. Rousseau

French philosopher who suggested that development could unfold without help from society (liberal; people good/noble savages) (opposite of Locke)

phallic/Oedipal stage

Freud's third stage (3-5); resolution of Oedipal conflict for males and Electra conflict for female children; males envy father's relationship with his mother and wants to kill dad; feels guilty about these feelings and deals with guilt by identifying with father; de-eroticizes or sublimates libidinal energy. Females thought to have penis envy

Secondary Gains (DSM-V)

Gains relating to mental illness obtained through external motivators These are gains that are given to a patient in addition to the illness - Missing work that you don't like due to illness - Getting medications that feel fun - Avoid jail sentence

Primary Gains (DSM-V)

Gains relating to mental illness obtained through internal motivators produces positive internal motivations A person will feel less guilty knowing they have a mental disorder causing them to not work efficiently (Primary gains-->motivation improved because not your fault that bad)

pragnanz

Gestalt idea experience will be organized as meaningful, symmetrical, and SIMPLEST when possible (pragnanz=prego nuns-what's the SIMPLEST reason for this experience?)

disturbances of awareness

Gestalt-client may not have insight or client may not fully experience his present situation (not acknowledge certain good parts of experience)

Attribution theory

Heider- how people infer the cause of other's behavior (dispositional vs situational) (HideR--hidden reason-why behavior?)

High self-monitors vs Low self-monitors

High self-monitors-easier to modify their behavior based on the situation; more likely to change their beliefs and opinions depending on who they're talking to Low self-monitors consistent throughout all situations. High self-monitors will have more dating and sexual partners; more likely to choose a romantic partner who is attractive but unsociable Low self-monitors are more likely to choose a partner who is unattractive but sociable High self-monitors more likely to take on leadership positions than low self-monitors

drive-reduction theory

Hull A Reinforcer is anything that reduces a drive for a biological need (thirst, hunger)

DSM-V 3 Major Sections

I. Introduction and clear information on how to use the DSM II. Provides information and categorical diagnoses III. Section III provides self-assessment tools, as well as categories that require more research

(DSM-V) Chapter- Feeding and eating disorders

Includes anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and now binge-eating disorder

confabulation

Incorrect memories (completely made up or small details changed) Caused by psychological or neurological disorders No conscious intention to deceive

Hawthorne effect

Industrial/Organizational Psychology -subjects alter behavior because being observed -->anything they did at company increased productivity (HA! effect-get paid for doing nothing, see difference in company)

Off-line measurement of sentence processing

Interrupt people as reading, ask to write down what they remember (reading becomes off-line/interrupted)

(DSM-V) Chapter- Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders

Involve externalizing, acting-out behaviors that are often harmful to other people DSM recognizes a conduct disorder in children often transitions to a diagnosis of antisocial personality (anti-society; manipulating/disregard for others for own games) disorder in adulthood

Analytical Theory

Jung-similar to psychonalytic (stems from Freud) -human psyche directed to life/awareness (not sex) -psyche (ego) has personal quest for wholeness -ANALYZE personal unconscious and Collective unconscious-ARCHETYPES -psychopathology is signal that something's wrong in makeup of psyche; provides clues about how one can become more aware (psychoanalytic-psycho. Freud's student=just analytic) -ANALYZE cross cultural stories/consistencies; Jung-->Jesus ideal

Weber's Law

K=∆I JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE for all senses (constant fraction=increase in intensity needed for just noticeable difference/original intensity) a stimulus needs to be increased by a constant fraction of its original value in order to be noticeable different -3 bowl experiment (cold, room temp, hot) (derived from Fechner's law)

Heinz dilemma

Kohlberg's most famous moral problem; answers used to create his stages ((expensive drug for wife-steal or let her die?) Kholberg moral problem (not stealing ketchup, stealing medicine for wife)

force field theory

Kurt Lewin; little stock in constraints on personalities, such as fixed traits, habits, structures (id, ego, superego). Doesn't focus on past or future, focuses on present

Yerkes-Dodson law of social facilitation

Law that states that being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which enhances the ability to perform tasks one is already good at and hinder the performance of less familiar task

Blocking effect

Learning one association between a CS and UCS will block the subject from learning any other CS to predict UCS (hard to create multiple associations for UCS after one already made) (the irony in confusing this with backward masking-associating definition to masking instead of blocking effect is kind of a blocking effect)

just world bias

Lerner-believe in karma; if good person has bad happen, he must've done bad **often used as "blaming the victim" in court-->blame the victim because he deserved it so defendant is innocent Lerner-learn life's tough-just world bias

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

Located where the brain meets the spinal cord. Controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion and general arousal processes such as sleeping and waking. (vital functioning)

(DSM-V) Chapter- Substance-related and addictive disorders

Long list of substances that can lead to substance-use problems or problems that are induced by substances, such as withdrawal syndromes

drive-reduction theory proved false by who? and how?

M.E. Olds-electrical stimulation of pleasure center in brain as positive reinforcement (M.y E.lectrical O.verride for pleasure)

(DSM-V) Chapter- Depressive disorders

Major depressive disorder, Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Gate Control Theory of Pain

Melzack and Wall (walls have a gate) pain perception related to interaction of nerve fibers running to and from spine (a "gate" in the spinal cord); pain might not be perceived based on diff factors (including COGNITION)

Explicit Memory

Memory of facts and events (semantic and episodic memory). Context of an emotion.

2-point threshold

Minimum distance between 2 stimulations on the skin to be perceived as 2 diff stimuli determined by density/layout of nerves

Two-point threshold

Minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin so they will be felt as two distinct stimuli

personality tests

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-most used; adult personality; self-report (focus on clinical diagnosis) California Personality Inventory (CPI); self-report inventory; (focus on how person describes behavior around him) Henry Murray-Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT); story cards; people will project own needs onto the cards (MMPI-->my mental points; CPI-->crowd personality; TAT-->tattoos/images-story cards)

cognitive prototype approach

Mischel- -Examines behavior in social situations -->consistency of behavior is result of cognitive processes NOT personality traits

consistency paradox

Mischel-trait theory criticism- difference in personality by situations (minister is adulterer) (Mischel-Mind chisel-cognitive processes chisels behavior, not traits. anti-air Mischel-->anti-trait missile)

Self-Enhancement

Motivation that works to make people feel good about themselves and to maintain self-esteem Involves a preference for positive over negative self-views (Biased-improving self-view by pursuing favorable self-knowledge) [Enhance self view-biased towards positive]

evolutionary stable strategy

Natural selection will prevent alternative strategies form arising. ex: Hawk-Dove game, rock paper scissors, chicken

(DSM-V) Autism spectrum disorder

Neurodevelopmental disorder communication problems, social relatedness problems, unusual rituals/interests

(DSM-V) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Neurodevelopmental disorder inattentiveness OR hyperactivity OR both that is inconsistent with developmental age treated by stimulants-amphetamine salts (dopamine reuptake inhibitors)

(DSM-V) Chapter- Gender dysphoria

New chapter in DSM-V Occurs when individual's experienced or expressed gender is not congruent with his or her assigned gender Controversies over this topic; emphasizes the remediation of the individual's distress

T. Newcomb

Newcomb model-->A-B-X A=message sender (e.g teacher) B=message receiver (e.g. student) X=issue of concern (e.g. more homework) A and B work in same relationship; relationship with x might affect their relationship/flow (ruins equilibrium) (Newcomb-->new concern ruins relationship)

Poverty of the Stimulus

Noam Chomsky -language is unlearnable without supplemental innate grammar knowledge because limited data is available to children learning a language

physiological zero

Normal temperature of skin (86-97F)

Language in nonhuman species

Not seen [speaking yes (parrots), language and rules, no] Most advanced language=chimp sign language, but no syntax, novel constructs, and language is less advanced than 3 year old child

two-factor theory of avoidance

O. H. Mowrer Explains aversive conditioning/phobias better combined classical conditioning (pair of phobia stimulus and fear) and operant conditioning (avoiding phobia stimulus leads to negative reinforcement-removing fear/anxiety) (avoidance=phobia)

syntax

ORDER of words into sentences as prescribed by language (subject verb object)

Big 5 Traits

Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism/nervousness stems from Eysenck's work and Cattell's 16 personality factors

DSM-V Organizational Changes

Organization of chapters designed to demonstrate how disorders are related to one another Disorders are framed in age, gender, developmental characteristics

Stress

Our response to challenging events,

efferent fibers

PNS-runs away from CNS (efferent=>elsewhere, far out, everywhere, eff-further out)

afferent fibers

PNS-runs towards CNS (afferent=>approaching CNS; affter affected, go to CNS)

too little dopamine

Parkinson's disease (movement is difficult)

Gain-loss theory

People act to gain and avoid loss

Instinct Theory

People are driven to do certain behaviors based on the evolutionary programmed instincts. Main contributors include William James and William McDougall

Arousal Theory

People are motivated to keep optimal levels of arousal, decreasing it when it is too low and increasing it when it is too high

reciprocal liking

People like others better when they believe the other person likes them

stereotype content model

People stereotype across two dimensions: competence and warmth warmth - those who aren't in direct competition with the ingroup competence- those who have high status in society

subliminal perception

Perception of a stimulus below the threshold for conscious recognition

K. Clark & M. Clark

Performed study on doll preferences in African American children (used in Brown v. Board of Education); black and white children preferred white dolls Clark and Clark dolls (white and dark dolls)

(DSM-V) Chapter- Somatic symptom and related disorders

Person is distressed by somatic symptoms, usually pain, either resulting form normal body functions or not associated with a medical condition Psychologists treat this distress, which is real for the patients, regardless of the nature of the underlying causes

What is the Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion?

Physiological arousal and feeling of an emotion occur at the same exact time, not in sequence. A person should be able to mount an emotional response even if there is no physiological stimulus. Claims that sensory information is received and sent to both the cortex and the sympathetic nervous system simulatneously by the thalamus. The behavioral response is last "I am afraid because I see a snake and my heart is racing...Let me out of here!"

Embryonic stage

Physiological development -lasts until end of second month; organ formation

Fetal stage

Physiological development -third month to birth; quantitative growth movement; slowest pace of growth of baby

Germinal stage

Physiological development ~2 weeks, zygote down fallopian tube; grows into 64 cells (cleavage); blastocyst implants self into wall of uterus

What are the three elements of emotion?

Physiological response, behavioral response, and cognitive response

Maslow's Hierarchy of needs

Physiological, safety, love/belong, esteem, self-actualization. Says that you will not be motivated to achieve a higher level until you completely fulfill lower levels of the pyramid most essential needs are at the base

assimilation

Piaget-fitting new info into existing ideas (assimilate into a group-fit into existing group; like adding air into a balloon) ass-inflation

accommodation

Piaget-modifying cognitive schema to incorporate new info (accommodate someone-change for someone; like turning your round balloon into the shape of a poodle) accommodate-you change for a date

Malthusian theory

Population growth is exponential, and the growth of Food Supply is arithmetical Basically- Population tends to increase faster than food production thus lead to shortages and starvation

Kohlberg Phase 1

Pre conventional morality 1. Obedience 2. Self-interest

Thalamus

Preliminary sensory relay station of the brain, where all the sensory information is originally sent and is relayed to different parts

Somatosensation

Pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature

What are two categories of strategies for coping with stress

Problem focused strategies and emotionally focused strategies

Implicit Memory

Procedures, things you don't have to think about to just do. How your body will feel during the experience of a particular emotion and will express it in the future

Aronson & Linder

Proposed gain-loss theory of attraction-->(gain or loss of positive feedback from the other person has more effect on liking than the absolute level of feedback) (e.g. compliment from person who hates every one better than compliment from common supporter; like hateful person more) (A&L-add and loss; Linder-tinder. Add and loss of liking)

Darley & Latane

Proposed-two factors could lead to non-helping: social influence and diffusion of responsibility (Darley->diffusion of responsibility; Latane->lack of helping)

color spectrum and order

Rainbow colors low freq to high-->start with red to purple (red=relaxing, blue=destroys melatonin and hurt sleep)

(DSM-V) Bulimia nervosa

Regular consumption of large amounts of calories at a sitting, leading to feelings of guilt and loss of control and followed by efforts to purge the calories by use of vomiting, laxatives, etc.

Hypothalamus

Releases hormones and neurotransmitters, drives hunger, thirst, sex drive, and modulates emotions by releasing hormones and neurotransmitters that effect those emotions

releasing stimuli/releasers/sign stimuli (Lorenz's)

Releasing stimuli-one individual of species eliciting an automatic, instinctual behavior triggers another individual to a behavior in same species (Lorenz worked with Tinbergen) (Lorenz-imprinting of ducks) (Ralph Lauren duck boots)

(DSM-V) Chapter- Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

Repetitive disturbing thoughts (obsessions) with ritualistic, repetitive behaviors (compulsions) 1 hour or more per day in compulsive behavior indicates problematic behavior

Age 3

Rides tricycle, stacks 9 cubes, alternates feet going up stairs, bowel and bladder control, draws recognizable figures, catches ball with arms, cuts paper w/ scissors, unbuttons buttons, fixed gender identity, gender-specific play, understands "taking turns", knows full name, complete sentences, uses 900 words, understands 3600 words, strangers can understand, recognizes common objects in pictures

(D)Speech, reading, writing, arithmetic; (N) emotions

Role of Dominant/Nondominant Hemisphere in Language

(D) letters, words; (N) Faces

Role of Dominant/Nondominant Hemisphere in Visual system

(D) complex voluntary movement; (N) none

Role of Dominant/Nondominant Hemisphere in movement

(D) none; (N) Geometry, sense of direction

Role of Dominant/Nondominant Hemisphere in spatial processing

Fechner's Law

S=k log(R) (sensation strength=a logarithm of original intensity) sensation is proportional to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity. Fechner= S=k logR Feck-her=seKs heR=S equals K log R

Stephen's power law

S=kI^B sensation is proportional to stimulus intensity raised to a power; k is a contant

poverty

SES. poverty line is determined by the government's calculation of the minimum income requirements for families to acquire minimum necessities of life. lack possessions and financial resources

G Miller

STM has capacity ~7 items

(DSM-V) Chapter- Schizophrenia-spectrum and other psychotic disorders

Schizophrenia -Positive symptoms: Hallucinations, experience delusions, demonstrate disorganized thinking or speech, experience movement disturbances -Negative symptoms: social withdrawal, lack of motivation, emotional disturbance -Typically lower levels of activity in frontal lobes

Learned helplessness

Seligman after enough events when one out of control of events (presence of reinforcements unrelated to responses); external locus of control -->combat with cognitive training fostering learned optimism

somatotypes (literal means=body type)

Sheldon -Endomorph-short fat-pleasure-seeking, social (endo-all about self and insides) -->endo-inside, all me -Mesomorph-muscular athletic-energetic, aggressive -->meos-muscle -Ectomorph-skinny fragile-inhibited, intellectual -->ecto-beyond the body, intellect

Radical Behaviorism

Skinner's operant ideas that behavior is related ONLY to consequences (no need to focus on mental states); everything we do is behavior

Depressants

Slow CNS; puts person to sleep; facilitates GABA production, can stop glutamate activity -alcohol -barbiturates (usually end in -al, e.g. pentothal)-very deadly when mixed with alcohol because exponentially multiplies effects -anxiolytics (anti-anxiety drugs); e.g. valium, xanax

constituents

Smaller units of sentences (the man traveled slowly=the man and traveled slowly; each of the two phrases are made of two smaller constituents, one word each) People process meaning of sentences one constituent at a time (constituents broken up to smaller parts=cons, tit, ents) (cons-sentence-broken sentence)

social cognition

Social process that focuses on the ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior

threshold of conscious perception

Stimulus below threshold will arrive at CNS

Prosencephalon (forebrain)

Telencephalon & Diencephalon divide from prenatal____

response bias

Tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to nonsensory factors

What is Darwin's Theory of emotion??

That each human evolved with the same set of muscles in the face, therefore muscles are predispositioned to express some universal emotions despite different experiences and different cultures.

What are the three commonly discussed theories of emotion?

The James-Lang Theory The Cannon-Bard Theory Schacter-Singer Theory

Parallel processing

The ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, shape and motion

Self-Verification

The drive for a self-concept congruent with one's identity (they want others to think what they think about themselves) People's self-views will cause them to see the world as more supportive of these self-views than it really is [Verify self-biased towards positive]

Self-Assessment

The drive for an ACCURATE self-concept -->seek information to confirm their uncertain self-concept rather than certain self-concept -->enhance their certainty of their own self-knowledge Only self evaluation interested in the ACCURACY of their current self view, rather than improving their self-view [Assess Accurate view-no bias]

Mnemonic LGN and MGN

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is for light; the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) is for music.

What side of the prefrontal cortex is associated with positive emotions?

The left

difference threshold

The minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive this difference

absolute threshold

The minimum of stimulus energy needed to activate a sensory system.

What is the James Lange Theory of emotion?

The original stimulus leads to physiological arousal, which leads to a secondary response in which emotion is labeled. When your sensory system encounters physiological changes, then your body labels it as an emotion, then a behavioral response "I must be angry because my skin is hot and my blood pressure is high"

Perception

The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensations.

Arousal

The psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Psychophysics

The relationship between the physical nature of stimuli and the sensation and perceptions they evoke

recursion

The repeated sequential use of a particular type of linguistic element or grammatical structure examples: -Great-great-great grandchild -He was a tall, handsome, witty doctor often used to create expressions that modify or change the meaning of one of the elements of the sentence (more specific) (can have as many as you want)

Bogardus Scale

The scale asks people the extent to which they would be accepting of each group social distance scale-would you accept ___ into your group? (family, country, etc.) (usually measured 1-7-->1=will do, 7=won't do) (boo-guard us or add us?)

labeling theory

Theory that states labeling of a person causes that person behavior to change to conform to that labeling or conformity to the society

indicator traits

Trait that signifies overall good health and well-being of an organism

Sensory Neurons

Transmit information through afferent fibers

catch trials

Trials in which the signal is presented

social interaction

Type of group processing that explores the way in which two or more individuals can both shape each other's behaviors

simultaneous conditioning

UCS and SC presented at same time

cognitive neoassociation model

We are likely to respond more aggressively when we are feeling negative emotions (hungry, tired, sick, frustrated, in pain)

Pituitary gland

a gland located at the base of the brain that is divided into two parts: anterior and posterior

Anterior pituitary gland

a gland that releases hormones that regulate activities of the endocrine glands elsewhere in the body which will produce their own hormones released into the bloodstream; controlled by hypothalamus

limbic system -

a group of neural structures in forebrain primarily associated with emotion and memory.

subculture

a group of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture

free-recall learning

a list of items learned; must be recalled in any order with no cue

Dementia

a loss of cognitive function

Broca's area

a man can't talk because of a lesion in the left side of the brain

inclusive fitness

a measure of an organism's success in the population bases on the number of offspring able to go on to support their own offspring

Chunking/clustering

a memory trick that involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements with related meaning

Serotonin

a monoamine/biogenic amine that plays roles in regulating mood, eating sleeping and dreaming; is thought to play a role in depression and mania

GABA (gama-aminobutyric acid)

a neurotransmitter that produces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and is thought to play an important role in stabilizing neural activity in the brain; causes hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

neonate

a newborn child or mammal born with well-developed immunity to various infections (this wears off after ~6 months)

Conditioned Stimulus

a normally neutral stimulus that, through association, now causes a reflexive response (ex: ringing the bell to signify meat for the dogs)

Source Amnesia

a person remembers the details of an event, but confuses the context under which those details were gained

State-dependent memory

a person's mental state affects recall (ex: being in a foul mood primes negative memories)

target

a person, object, or place which the perception is made

Nervous system

a relatively fast communication network that uses chemical messages called neuro transmitters

Endocrine System

a relatively slower communication network in the body that uses chemical messengers called hormones that travel through the bloodstream

Serial Position Effect

a retrieval cue that appears while learning lists; higher recall for the first few and last few items on the list (primacy and recency effect)

Interference

a retrieval error caused by the existence of other (usually similar) information

Cerebellum

a structure that helps maintain posture and balance and coordinates body movements; Located at the top of hindbrain, mushrooming out of the back of the pons; Damage here causes clumsiness, slurred speech and loss of balance; Alcohol impairs the functioning of the it and affects speech and balance

Amygdala

a structure that plays an important role in defensive and aggressive behaviors including fear and rage; when damaged, aggression and fear is reduced; lesions here result in docility and hypersexual states

Thalamus

a structure within the forebrain that serves as an important relay station for incoming sensory impulses; sorts and transmits them to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex; it is a sensory "way station"

formal operational stage

abstract relationships; logic

identification

acceptance of other's ideas without questioning them

marijuana (THC)

acts as a cannabinoid receptor, glycine receptor, and opioid receptor, increases GABA activity, increases dopamine activity

Positive symptoms

additive symptoms examples include delusions, hallucination, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior and catatonia

Positive Punishment

adds an unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior to reduce that behavior (ex: thief arrested for stealing)

Residual-type schizophrenia

after worst symptoms have resolved and requirements are no longer met can still have mild symptoms of disorder

Dissociative identity disorder

aka multiple personality disorder 2+ personalities (can be quite varied) (often result of severe physical or sexual abuse during childhood)

Behavior Theory

all behavior based on learning; changes maladaptive behavior through new learning

Cerebral cortex

also called neocortex; outer surface of the brain

self-perception theory

alternative explanation to dissonance theory-->when unsure of beliefs, people develop attitudes and opinions by observing their own behavior and drawing conclusions from it. (e.g. You realized that you like classical music because you listen to it a lot)

4 alternatives for game strategy

alturism-donor benefits to recipient at cost to himself cooperation- both benefit from cooperating spite- both are negatively impacted selfishness- donor benefits while recipient loses

retrograde amnesia

amnesia that makes you forget past (like interference to old info-the retro/old memory is active)

anterograde amnesia

amnesia that makes you unable to gain new memories (like interference of new info-the pro/new memory is active)

Expectancy value theory

amount of motivation need to reach a goal is the result of both the individual's expectation of success and the degree at which she values succeeding at the goal

Association area

an area that integrates input from diverse brain regions

Elaborative Rehearsal

an association of the information to knowledge already stored in long-term memory

Hypervigilance (relating to PTSD)

an enhanced state of sensory sensitivity accompanied by an exaggerated intensity of behaviors whose purpose is to detect threats; also accompanied by a state of increased anxiety which can cause exhaustion caused by norepinephrine

Sundowning

an increase in dysfunction in the late afternoon and evening; a phenomenon that occurs in individuals with middle to late-stage Alzheimer's

Tricyclics (TCAs)

antidepressant-potent, used for sever depression fewer side effects and medical complications than MAOIs

Hypothalamic Hormones (specific)

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aka vasopressin and oxytocin

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

any ions in cell released to outside, causes hyperpolarization (more negative than outside); decr chance cell will fire

Olfactory Chemoreceptors (olfactory nerves)

are located in olfactory epithelium and in the upper part of the nasal cavity; chemical stimuli must bind to their respective chemoreceptors to cause a signal; different chemoreceptors recognize subtle differences in similar scents

fovea

area of retina with greatest visual acuity; filled with mostly packed cones (best at seeing fine details); responsible for sharp central vision (f+POV=fov (fine point of view)

projection areas

areas in which the brain tissue seems to form a "map" of sensory information

Projection areas

areas which perform more rudimentary or simple perceptual and motor tasks

Synaptic Pruning

as we grow older, weak neural connections are broken while strong ones are bolstered increasing the efficiency of our brain's ability to process information

involuntarily assigned to an individual based on race, ethnicity, gender, family background and so on

ascribed status

Empirical-keying assessments

assessments involving selection of items that can discriminate between various groups -->responses to the items determine if he is like a particular group or not (assessing to see if any questions can key specific experiences/types of people)

knowledge function (master)

attitude help provide organization to thoughts and experiences and knowing the attitude of others help to predict their behavior

Stereotypes

attitudes and impressions are made based on limited and superficial information about a person or a group of individuals

reactance

attitudes change in response to feelings that your options are limited (with conformity): refusal to conform to either a blatant attempt to control, or a forewarned attempt to control (changed options because realized they were limited) (take a sTANCE when you REAlize)

mortality rate

average number of deaths per population size over time, usually measured as the number of deaths per 1000 people per year

Stereotype threat

aware about negative stereotype so they preform worse based on anxiety and confirm stereotype

empirical

based on observation/experience rather logic/theory (empirical-->experiences)

nationality

based on political borders; shared history, media, cuisine, national symbols

a model that states that there are universal emotions, along with corresponding expressions that can be understood across cultures

basic model

id

basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce; functions according to pleasure principle (aims to achieve immediate gratification)

Type B

behavior is generally laid back and relaxed

dispositional approach

behavior is primarily determined by an individuals personality

situational appraoch

behavior is primarily determined by the environment and context

Neobehaviorism

behavior should be the focus of stud, but also accept speculation of human mind (e.g. if baby albert repeated w/ neobehav.-research why babies innately scared of loud noises) newest behaviorism=most open/mixed with cognition

flooding/implosive therapy

behavioral counterconditioning -classical conditioning to relieve anxiety (overexpose to anxiety causer until used to it)

Dollard and Miller

behaviorist theorists-combined psychoanalytic concepts with behavioral framework (Freud's anxiety=signal for danger) -frustration-aggression hypothesis-->dollar and mad (work is frustrating, causes anger)

paired-associate learning

behaviorist; one item is learned with another; the "another" item cues recall of first item (the associations are paired)

token economy

behaviors give you tokens/secondary reinforcers that can use to get primary reinforcers (jail, mental institutes, etc.)

courting

behaviors preceding sex acts to reproduce; isolates and attracts mate of same species

taboo

behaviors that are socially unacceptable

lens

behind cornea; focuses image of outside world onto retina (like lens of camera) (only part of eye to accommodate)

proximity

being physically close to someone convenient, mere exposure effect/ familiarity effect

optimism bias

belief that bad things happen to other people, but not to us

ciliary muscles

bends (accommodates) lens to cause lens to focus (only muscles in eyes-lens needs to move)

dual code hypothesis

best remembered if learned visually and with understanding (dual=visual and understand; code=coding of info to memory)

REM

beta waves/neural desynchrony (just like awake); everything but muscle paralysis and twitches same as waking state (beta waves, breath rate, heart rate, etc.) 15min begin of sleep cycle; 1hr at end of it; interspersed every 30-40min; 20% of sleep time

Magnocellular Cells

blurry image of a moving object is provided by these cells that have high temporal resolution but low spatial resolution

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

body feeling->interpret/attached cognition with the situation-->emotion can be drinking caffeine makes viewed show funnier (caffeine is not directly to giggly, caffeine->show->funnier) (Schachter-THINKer theory (think about feeling)) (also called cognitive-physiological theory)

Stapes

bone of the ossicles; base plate for this rests in the oval window of the cochlea (entrance to inner ear); stirrup

inductive reasoning

bottom-up approach; start with specific info, leads to general conclusion -->generalizing from a specific instance (e.g. today I did A, B happened; if I do A every day, B will happen every day)

clustering

brain's tendency to group together similar terms in memory whether learned together or not (conceptual/semantic hierarchies)

Electronencephalogram (EEG)

broad patterns of electrical activity from groups of neurons are detected and recorded; A noninvasive (causes no damage) procedure used with human subjects for research on sleep, seizures, and brain lesions

gyri and sulci

bumps and fissures on cerebral cortex surface (gyri up, sulci down-->letter i up, letter u dips)

morbidity

burden or degree of illness associated with a given disease

PEN Model

by Eysencks; Psychoticism Extraversion Neuroticism

inbreeding prevented?

by evolution (swans have familial marks on face)

Kitty Genovese case

bystander effect (woman murdered; no one helped-less likely to help when others present) -caused by diffusion of responsibility

variance/standard deviation

calculate how much each score differs from mean, square each of these values, add all together, divide sum by number of scores you have (i.e. average it)--this is variance, square root of all of this for SD SD is the square root of the variance

incidence

calculated as number of new cases of disease per population at risk in a given period of time: for example, new cases per 1000 at risk people per year. The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time. =new cases/population at risk

apraxia

can't organize movement (prance=movement)

alexia

can't read (l-ex-->literature expression) a literary axia

agraphia

can't write (graph=graphite)

power

capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments. often depends on the unequal distribution of valued resources. power differentials create social inequality.

ideographic approach

case studies instead of large populations (opposite=nomothetic approach-experimental/general) (individual-graphic/case study)

Catatonic-type schizophrenia

catatonic behavior that causes either heightened or diminished motor activity ~ diminished motor activity includes catalepsy (loss of sensation and consciousness as well as rigidity of body), or stupor (complete stop in voluntary speech or motion) ~ heightened motor activity includes echolalia (word repetition), echopraxia (action repetition), hyperactivity without purpose, negativism (resistance to instruction for no reason), posturing (assuming bizarre postures), mannerisms (unnecessary movements made during goal-oriented behaviors)

representativeness heuristic

categorizing items on the basis of whether or not they fit a prototypical or stereotypical image

social class

category of people who share similar SES in society. three main social classes upper middle and lower. similar lifestyles, job opportunities, attitudes, and behaviors.

Conversion disorder

causes sufferers to develop neurological symptoms such as numbness, blindness, tremors, and/or paralysis without any organic cause (symptoms observed are not consistent with neurological disease; ex: tremor disappears when patient is distracted) that begin soon after experiencing traumatic event or high level of stress diagnosed after medical examination rule out of neurological disorders

Action potential/nerve impulse

cell becomes stimulated with enough positive ions, fires

Neural crest

cells at the leading edge of the neural fold that will migrate throughout the body to form disparate tissues including dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes, and calcitonin-producing cells of the thyroid

biological preparedness

certain associations evolutionarily made easier than others -food taste and illness; light and shock easy -food taste and shock; light and illness hard/impossible (body is made "prepared" to make associations)

honeyguides

certain markers on flowers honeybees can see

Behavioral goal

change behavior to desired/adaptive direction; successful w/ phobias, fetishes, OCD, sex problems, childhood disorders (bed wetting)

compliance

change in behavior due to a direct request

Postsynaptic potentials

changes in nerve cell's charge as result of stimulation

demographic shift

changes in the makeup of a population over time.

internalization

changing one's behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group

displacement

changing the target of an emotion, while feelings remain the same

sublimation

channeling an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable direction

Acute stress disorder (ASD)

characterised by brief period of intrusive recollections that develop within 4 weeks of exposure to traumatic event (less intense version of PTSD) diagnosed if 9+ symptoms for duration of 3 days to 1 month

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

characterised by obsessions and compulsions

schizotypal personality disorder

characterized by unusual or eccentric patterns of thinking that can inhibit interpersonal functioning and communicating (might have symptoms of magical and paranoid thinking, odd beliefs and behaviors, odd speech patterns, and unusual affects) cluster a

fixation

child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development

Symbolic play

children 1-2yrs; pretend roles; objects represent other things

Parallel play

children 2-3yrs; 2 children next to each other playing in similar styles, but not disrupting/influencing either's playing

Parallel play

children will play alongside each other without influencing each other's behavior; develops around 2 years

Myers-Briggs Type Inventory

classic personality, uses Jung's 3 personality dichotomies + one more extraversion vs. introversion sensing vs. intuiting thinking vs. feeling judging vs. perceiving

cornea

clear protective coating on outside of eye (corn yellow outer layer=protective of goopy insides)

Carl Rogers

client-centered, person-centered, nondirective therapy; people can control their own behavior - not slaves to unconscious nor subjects of faulty learning; unconditioned positive regard

motion parallax

closer objects seem to move more distances than further objects, even if same speed (parallel motions, but look different)

Forebrain

complex perceptual, cognitive and behavioral processes; Emotion and memory; Has the greatest influence on human behavior; Functions are not absolutely essential for survival; more emotional and intellectual aspect of humans

behavioral component of attitude

component of attitude. the way a person acts with respect to something

Limbic system

comprises a group of interconnected structures looping around the central portion of the brain and is primarily associated with emotion and memory

Reactive attachment disorders

condition in which an infant or child does not establish healthy attachments with its parents or caregivers symptoms include withdrawal, sadness, listlessness, no interest in playing games, watching others but not engaging in social interaction with them, and not seeking comfort diagnosed if patient possess these symptoms and is not diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders

Nature vs. Nurture

controversial topic that questions how much an individuals behavior is based on genetic makeup and how much is based on environment and experiences

stimuli receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves

curves that graphically represent subject's sensitivity to a stimulus true positive sensation vs false positive sensation

Broca's aphasia

damage to Broca's area; can understand speech but trouble speaking-slow; laborious, missing words aware of problems (Broke-a-->broken speech (can't talk)

Wernicke's aphasia

damage to Wernicke's area (though moreso damage to temporal lobe and underlying white matter), can speak but can't understand how to choose words—fluent but nonsensical; cannot understand written or spoken language unaware of problems

bee communication

dance-round dance=food nearby, wiggle dance=food far; longer dance=further food

Inferior colliculus

deals with the startle reflex and helps to keep eyes on a fixed point while the head is turned

antagonists (concerning neurotransmitters)

decrease neurotransmitter release (antagonists are no fun-no excitement)

sleep stage 4

delta waves more than 50% of time; deepest level of sleep; heart rate, resp, temp, blood flow to brain reduced; growth hormone secreted sleep walking and sleep talking can occur

Olds & Milner

demonstrated existence of pleasure center in the brain using self-stimulation studies in rats (Mice learner)

neuron structure

dendrites at top; cell body/soma; axon hillock connects soma and axon; nodes of ranvier=dips between "beads" of myelin sheath (axon hillcock-hill is soma, c--k is axon)

(DSM-V) Major depressive disorder

depressed mood or lack of pleasure (anhedonia), along with sleep disturbances, appetite disturbances, lethargy or restlessness, difficulty concentrating, and feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness more REM than normal (because serotonin and nonrepinephrine suppress REM)

Dysthymic disorder

depressed mood that has been mostly persistent for 2 years with symptoms never absence for period longer than 2 months (less severe than major depressive disorder)

too little serotonin

depression

REM rebound effect

deprived of sleep=more time in REM when can sleep

polarization

describe the behavior change at the individual level in a group

magnocellular cells

detect motion with low spatial resolution and high temporal resolution

free nerve endings

detect pain, temperature changes

stimuli false alarm

detecting stimulus that's not there

Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)

detects broad patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain

D. Bem

developed self-perception theory as an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory (evaluate attitudes based on behavior)

E. O. Wilson

developed sociobiology

Strong & Campbell

developed the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory; used to assess interest in different lines of work

Morgan & Murray

developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), a projective test designed to measure personality

Craik & Lockhart

developed the levels-of-processing theory of memory as an alternative to the stage theory of memory

agnosia

difficult processing one sensory info (so can't recognize person, sound, etc.) (AG-nosia-->can be Any General senses)

Z-scores

distribution curve -how many standard dev. score is from mean (-3 to 3) Z= (raw score-mean of population)/standard deviation of the population Z=(x-u)/o Z-score is DIFFERENCE between score and mean divided by standard deviation number (makes sense; gives non-whole number SD score)

T-score

distribution curve -transformation of z-score; mean is 50, standard dev. Is 10. T-score=10(Z)+50 (range=20-80) (used to eliminate decimal places and negative scores) -t-score=10z (eliminate decimal) plus 50 (make positive)

Tympanic membrane

ear drum; vibrates in phase with the incoming sound waves at a rate determined by the sound wave's frequency

preoperational stage

egocentric understanding; rapidly acquires words/symbols for things; CANNOT perform mental operations (conservation; etc.) (PREoperational=PREschool kid-egocentric; learn to talk; can't do much else)

G. Bekesy

empirical studies led to traveling wave theory of pitch perception which, at least partially, supported Helmholtz's place-resonance theory (helmholtz-hertz-->place resonance)

Acoustic encoding

encode the meaning of information by the way it sounds

Visual encoding

encode the meaning of information by visualizing it

culture

encompasses the lifestyle of a group of people and includes both material and symbolic elements

pattern recognition

explained by template matching, feature detection (if want to see o; focus on round letters, then look for those that match o)

feminist theory

explains social inequalities that exist based on gender gender roles- expected bx from a gender (women are objectified, men can be womenizers, women hit glass ceilings)

attitude

expression of positive or negative feeling towards a person, place, thing or scenario

oxytocin

facilitates breast feeding, relationships; facilitates birth (positive feedback loop-w/ contractions)

stimuli miss

failing to detect a present stimulus

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

fear causer->body feeling AND emotion at same time (C-B thory; cause-both)

narcissistic personality disorder

feelings of self-importance, self-uniqueness, and entitlement, fantasies of power, beauty, and intelligence, and need for constant admiration and attention lacks empathy and has propensity for exploiting others have underdeveloped sense of self-esteem and based self-worth on how others see them cluster b

polyandry

female with multiple male partners

zygote

fertilized egg cel

Umbilical cord

fetus is attached to the uterine wall and placenta by this

sleep stage 3

fewer sleep spindles, delta waves begin-high ampl, low freq

Antipsychotics

first drugs used; treat positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, etc.) -->blocks dopamine receptors; inhibits dopamine production (e.g. phenothiazines, butyrophenones) (anti-psychotics/anti schiz; schiz is too much dopamine)

B. F. Skinner

first experiments to prove law of effect; operant conditioning; Skinner box (rats-lever)

Alfred Alder's personality theory

focused on immediate social imperatives of family and society and their effects on unconscious factors; concept of inferiority complex -- personality determined by drive for superiority

conflict theory

focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited resources

primary/maintenance rehearsal

for STM; repeating material to move to LTM (TRICK: maintenance=repetitive task-need to keep hammering; primary=quickest-repeat)

Situational Causes

for attribution theory: those that relate to features of the surrounding or social context Behavior is caused by environmental or external factors

Dispositional Causes

for attribution theory: those that relate to the features of the person Behavior is caused by internal factors of a persons personality traits

direct benefits

for mate choice based on material advantages, protection, emotional support

indirect benefits

for mate choice based on promoting better survival in offspring

repression/denial (defense mechanism)

forget/deny it (motivated forgetting)

delayed conditioning

form of forward conditioning -CS presented until UCS occurs (they overlap)

altruism

form of helping behavior in which the person's intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to him or herself

M. Seligman

formulated learned helplessness theory of depression (slenderman-you've learned helplessness)

Interneurons

found between other neurons. Most numerous of the 3 types. Located in brain and spinal cord; linked to reflexive behavior.

John B Watson

founded the school of behaviorism; baby Albert experiment (conditioned-noise/fear with fur) -mental life is false; could only observe mental activity "Give me children, and tell me environment, will say which will become doctor, which will become librarian, etc" (B. Watson-Behavioral Watson; old like watson and crick->first and most extreme behaviorist)

W. Wundt

founder of psychology; founded first official lab; attempted to study and analyze consciousness

Stanley Hall

founder/father of developmental psychology

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

frustration towards a goal causes aggression, but when the source of the frustration cannot be challenged, the aggression gets displaced onto an innocent target -->causes scapegoating Dollard and Miller: (dollar and mad (work is frustrating, causes anger))

ego-expressive function (master)

function of attitude that allows us to communicate and solidify our self identity

adaptive function (master)

function of attitude that is the idea that one will be accepted if socially acceptable attitudes are expressed

ego defensive

function of attitude that serves to protect one self esteem or justify action that we know are wrong

neurosis

functional mental disorder that exists in adulthood; response to anxiety caused by fixation as a child

Narcotics/Opioids

functions as painkillers floods system with dopamine (via Ventral tegmental area activation) GABA activation reduced (GABA has opiate receptors), allowing more dopamine release e.g. opium, heroin, morphine (painkillers/reward-->more dopamine; to add even more dopamine, less GABA)

Actor-observer attributional divergence

fundamental attribution error-->actor/one behaving because of environment; observer blames behavior on personality

Extrapyramidal motor system

gathers information about body position and carries this information to the central nervous system

heritability populations vs individuals

general populations. NOT INDIVIDUALS (if an answer involves individuals, it is not correct; heritability only relates to general populations)

psychodynamic theory

general term referring to theories that emphasize role of unconscious (individual, analytical, etc.)

overextension (language)

generalizing names for things (all furry animals=doggy) (like Piaget's assimilation) (overextending names overexten-hens. all birds are hens)

Innate behavior

genetically programmed as a result of evolution and is seen in all individuals regardless of environment or experience

who's faster at learning language? boys or girls?

girls

conformity

going along with group pressure -compliance=go along publicly -acceptance=change actions and beliefs to conform -dissenter=speak out against majority (CAD0-comply-go along when not want; accept-go along and want; diss-->to insult/speak out against)

American Psychology Association (APA)

governing body of field of psychology in America Discovered by S. Hall (hall=building of books)

group polarization

group discussion strengthens dominant point of view (more risky decisions because of deindividuation) -->explains risky shift; groups take greater risk than individual

gestalt proximity

group items near each other together (easier to understand; happens when counting cells-counting clusters close together instead of counting all of them without stopping)

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

happens in alcoholics, deficiency of thiamine, severe memory impairment, loss of motor skills

stroop effect

hard to say color in diff colored ink

Subjective Contours

have to do with perceiving contours and therefore shapes that are not actually present in the stimulus

temporal lobe

hearing; formation of LTM (modulated by amygdala) Houses Wernicke's area, hippocampus, amygdala ((temperament lobe (amygdala), which helps connect temporary memory to LTM)

client-centered, person-centered, nondirective therapy

help client reflect on problems, make choices, and generate solutions, take positive actions, and determine his own destiny

Hippocampus

helps consolidate information to form long-term memories and can redistribute remote memories to the cerebral cortex

vasopressin

hormone-regulates water levels in body (so blood pressure) (vaso-vases are filled with water) (o-pressin; blood pressure)

Corticosteroids

hormones produced by the Adrenal Cortex

tegmentum

houses rest of reticular formation (not the base), so same functions of that; sensorimotor system, analgesic effect of opiates contains Ventral tegmental area (VTA)-origin of dopamine cell bodies; implicated in drug/natural reward (motivation, drugs, psych disorders) (ment-m=>meant to be in middle [midbrain])

dual-process theory

how a phenomenon can occur in two different ways, or as a result of two different processes often consists of an implicit (automatic), unconscious process and an explicit (controlled), conscious process Implicit/Automatic/Unconscious vs Explicit/Controlled/Conscious Automatic=takes a long time to change (to form new habit) Controlled/Explicit=may change fairly easily with persuasion or education (dual process-2 types of processes, so youre DOING SOMETHING (dual code=learning))

mate bias

how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate

concepts

how one represents a relationship between 2 things

thalamus

hub of information: channels sensory info (all but smell) to cerebral cortex plays major role in regulating arousal/states of consciousness (gives info to hypothalamus to help maintain homeostasis via senses; if problems, controls consciousness so can recover quicker)

distribution curve positive skew

hump on left-->median mode lower than mean (mean always middle of graph, mode=highest point) (mean is positive to median and mode) (mean affected by larger/positive number; mode=mid of hump, median between)

distribution curve negative skew

hump on right-->median mode higher than mean (mean always middle of graph, mode=highest point) (mean is negative to median and mode) (mean affected by smaller/negative number; mode=mid of hump, median between)

Biomedical approach

idea that every psychological disorders has its basis in a biomedical phenomenon, and thus can be treated with a biomedical solution (narrower)

reciprocal detemrinism

idea that our thoughts, feelings, behavior, and environment, all interact with each other to determine actions of a situation

social facilitation

idea that people naturally exhibit a performance response when they know they are being watched

Biopsychosocial approach

idea that psychological disorders have sociocultural, psychological, and biomedical influences (broader more accepted approach)

functional fixedness

idea-people have closed minds about functions of certain objects (fixed idea of function of something)

Yerkes-Dodson effect

ideal levels for arousal: simple tasks=higher complex tasks=bell curve never extreme high or extreme low (yerkes (arousal)-do yer-work effect)

scripts

ideas about the way events typically unfold (cognitive theory for behavior)

symbolic culture or nonmaterial culture

ideas associated with cultural group ex: motto, songs, catchphrases

Freud's greatest contribution

ideas of unconscious mind

hypothesis (in terms of thinking)

ideas used to test relationships and then to form concepts

Monozygotic (MZ) twins

identical twins

backward masking

if bright light or other pattern before iconic image fades, first image erased (works for auditory system too) works better if new pattern similar to original

base-rate fallacy

if given general info (base-rate info) and specific info (pertaining to one case); mind ignores former, focuses on latter (stemming from representativeness heuristic) (e.g. John is a man who dresses gothic. How likely is he Christian vs Satanist? Most say satanist, even though more Christians in world and random probability of person being Christian is much higher) [fallacy of forgetting base information]

Extinction

if the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus enough times, the organism can become habituated to the conditioned stimulus

Hebb's rule

if two neurons are active at the same time, the synapses between them are strengthened (if you continually repeat thought patterns, neurons in our brain tend to strengthen that learning to become 'habit') "neurons that fire together, wire together" (bb in Hebb looks like 2 neurons together, firing)

type 1 errors

incorrectly reject null hypothesis (type A/1 personality=agressive, aggressively reject) WRONG REJECT (common, seeing correlation where is none)

stimulants

increase arousal in nervous system, increases frequency of action potentials, decrease reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

Existential Theory goal

increase client's sense of being and meaningfulness; alleviate neurotic anxiety

agonists

increase effects of neurotransmitters (e.g. SSRI increase serotonin release) (opposite of antagonist)

Negative Reinforcers

increase frequency of behavior but by removing something unpleasant (ex: take Asprin because it removes a headache)

alcohol

increase in GABA activity, opening chloride channels and hyperpolarizing the membrane, increases dopamine levels

norepinephrine

increases heart rate, released by sympathetic nervous system (stress hormone; fight or flight reaction) (no-reps-in-effin-->sex (body response-fight or flight; high heart rate)

eye movements and gaze duration

indicators of info processing while reading; eye movements from one fixation to another=saccades

inferiority complex

individual's sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority, both physically and socially

identity shift effect

individual's state of harmony is disrupted by a threat of social rejection, so the individual will conform to the norms of the group at the risk of internal strife in the individual. To cope with this the individual will adopts the standard of the group as their own

(DSM-V) PTSD

individuals troubled by recurrent flashbacks and nightmares accompanied by a state of hypervigilance can result from variety of traumatic experiences-natural disasters, automobile accidents that produce injury, war

peers

individuals who are considered equal in a social group

Barnum effect

individuals will give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people (e.g. You have a great need for other people to like and admire you) (Bar-numb-->bar raised high for accuracy of description, but actually numb/nothing)

how much each age sleeps/REM?

infant-16hrs, 50% REM; older person-6hrs, 25%REM

Neuroplasticity

infants are born with more neurons than they need so as the brains develop, neural connections form, rapidly in response to stimuli in this phenomenon

Moro reflex

infants react to abrupt movements of their heads by flinging out their arms, then slowly retracting their arms and crying; usually disappears after 4 months, and continuation at 1 year suggests developmental difficulties

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

information from the optic chiasm leads to this in the thalamus, before information is sent elsewhere in the brain

Bony labyrinth

inner ear sits within this and contains the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals

Retina

inner most layer of the eye, containing the actual photoreceptors that transducer light into electrical information the brain can process; back of the eye and is like a screen consisting of neural elements and blood vessels

W. McGuire

inoculation theory-beliefs are vulnerable if person never faced challenge; once experience challenge, less vulnerable -keeping original views by prepping before argument against them (prep arguments may not be as strong as real argument) (McGuire-acquire inoculations)

Emotion

instinctive state of mind derived from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others

Factors that influence motivation

instincts arousal drives Needs

amygdala

integrative center for emotion; responsible for autonomic responses associated w/ fear and fear conditioning

Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence

intelligence test for children 4-6 -three deviation IQs: verbal, performance, & full-scale (preschool/elementary school age)

gender inequality

intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other.

somatic nervous system

interacts with external environment by controlling voluntary movements of muscles (somatic=not automatic)

autonomic nervous system

interacts with internal environment; responsible for fight or flight; made of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system -also called visceral nervous system

Brain ventricles

internal cavities of the brain

mediation (stimulus-response)

intervening mental process occurring between stimulus and response -->reminds us how to act based on ideas/past learning (mediate what to do/how to respond)

Midbrain structures

just above hindbrain, contains cranial nerves, parts of reticular formation, and important relay stations for sensory information contains substantia nigra tectum-top of midbrain, tegmentum-bottom of midbrain

rationalization

justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors

declarative memory

knowing a fact (declare facts)

learning (behaviorist) theory of language development

language acquisition happens via operant conditioning when parents repeat sounds babies make

Choroid

layer of the eye that continues from the iris

serial learning; primary/recency effects

learning list in order; primary=remember first items because repeated most; recency=remember last items because most recent serial position curve shows this effect

balance theory

liking product and disliking person will person to change view on one so both same (homeostasis)

N. Chomsky

linguist who suggested that children have an innate capacity for language acquisition; distinguished between the surface structure and deep structure of a sentence; studied transformational rules that could be used to transform one sentence into another

Occipital lobes

lobe at the very rear of the brain

wernicke's area

located in the left hemisphere, temporal lobe, superior temporal gyrus. responsible for language comprehension

Somatosensory cortex

located in the parietal lobe; transduction occurs in somatosensation receptors which signal the central nervous system, where it eventually travels here

Taste center

located in the thalamus; taste information travels from taste buds to the brainstem, and then ascend to this before traveling to higher-order brain regions

Cortical association areas

locations in cerebral cortex corresponding intervening between sensory input and motor output (cortical==>cortexical; association-between sense input and motor output)

Medulla oblongata

lower brain structure that is responsible for regulating vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure

blood-brain barrier

makes it hard for toxins in blood to get to brain

neocortex

makes up 90% of cerebral cortex; is evolutionarily newest in brain; made of 6 layers (every other part of brain <6 layers

recognition-primed decision model

making a decision based on extensive experience that is accessed without awareness

implicit theories about personality

making assumptions about dispositions of an individual based on actions of that person (personality implied by actions)

oversimplification

making simple explanations for complex events (keep original idea about a cause even w/ new factors) (e.g. Education today isn't as good as it used to be - obviously, our teachers are not doing their jobs)

polygyny

male with multiple female partners

Antimanics

manages bipolar disorder -->inhibits monoamines (norepinephrine) -relieves the manic phase, so opposite of depression (e.g. Lithium Carbonate) (anti-manic-->inhibit monoamines)

refers to using props, appearance, emotional expression or associations to create a positive image

managing appearances

Illness anxiety disorder

marked by preoccupation with and fear of developing a serious medical condition, so thorough that anxiety about developing an illness can impair social, occupational, and personal function diagnosed after 6+ months of recurrent anxiety for developing illness or medical condition, despite reassurance from medical professionals (new to the DSM-5)

conformity (majority influence)

matching one's attitude, beliefs, and behaviors to societal norms

encoding specificity principle

material more likely remembered if retrieve in same context which it was stored (trick: specifically encoded for one environment)

domain-referenced tests

measure less-defined properties (e.g. intelligence); need reliability and validity (how do you fit/test in a domain?)

criterion referenced tests

measure mastery of a particular area (e.g. final exam) (do you know all criteria of a subject?)

fMRI

measures blood/oxygen flow in diff parts of brain; cog psych uses it to measure activity in diff parts of brain

aptitude test

measures innate ability to learn (the potential for successful performance)

Cronbach's Alpha (statistics)

measures internal consistency (reliability) higher value=higher internal consistency/reliability .5 and lower=no .8 = average .9 and higher=good different than p-value alpha

d' (measurement)

measures sensitivity d' = Z(hit rate) − Z(false alarm rate) (delicate/sensitive measurement)

Psychopharmacology

medicine to treat psych illness; doesn't cure but treats symptoms (useful if paired with therapy) -some emotional disturbances are at least partly caused by biological factors-can be treated with meds

Psychopharmacology therapies

meds that aim for neurotransmitters; most common=dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine (monoamines)

meninges

membranes that envelope and protect brain and spinal cord (meninges-membranes)

trace theory/decay theory

memories fade with time (trace fades)

flashbulb memories

memories forever remembered; usually life changing events; not typically accurate/can be easily changed

wish fulfillment

mental imagery like daydreaming fulfills need for satisfaction

sleeper effect

message from a low-credibility source can actually increase in persuasiveness (if forget about low credibility, remember message) (e.g. obvious insulting political ads-forget about ad, remain with bad feeling about insulted politician because of rumor you heard somewhere, might now take as fact)

Brainstem parts

midbrain, pons, and medulla

substantia nigra

midbrain; group of neurons that produce dopamine and which degenerate in Parkinson's disease

elaboration likelihood model

model that separates individuals on a continuum based on their processing of persuasive information. The two extremes of the continuum is central route processing and peripheral route processing

Otoliths

modified hair cells in the utricle and saccule are covered with these; as the body accelerates, they will resist motion

What is on the self-actualiation level of maslow's hierarchy

morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptence of facts

Muller-Lyer illusion

most famous illusion; 2 lines seem unequal because arrows at end of each line point inwards or out (lyer-lines. M=shaped kinda like arrows)

binocular disparity

most important depth perception cue; eyes view objects from 2 slightly diff angles; allows us to create 3d image

smell to brain

most primitive sense (so deepest part of brain) hair receptors in nostrils messages olfactory bulb (base of brain

recency effect

most recent information we have about an individual is most important in forming our impressiosn

miration

movement of people from one geographic location to anotehr

basic hostility

neglect and rejection as a child cause this anger

Reflex arcs

neural circuits that control reflexive behavior

sensory receptors

neurons that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

neurotransmitters involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness; primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system

endorphins

neurotransmitters that kick in to reduce/eliminate perception of pain; include analgesia

Client-Centered criticisms

no diagnostic tools because Rogers believed this therapy applied to any psych problem; many disagree

folkways

norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular context such as shaking hands after a sport match

Learned behaviors

not based on hereditary but instead on experience and environment

Dopamine

nueurotransmitter that plays an important role in movement and posture; high concentrations found at the basal ganglia

law of similarity

objects that are similar tend to be grouped together

phenotypic benefits

observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex

cross-sectional design

observational design one diff variable in similar group: different ages, genders, income, etc. compared (between subjects, one point in time)

Modeling

observational learning by watching others perform behaviors

ambivalent attachment

occurs when a caregiver has inconsistent response to a child's distress. child depressed when caregiver leaves and ambivalent when caregiver returns

Grasping reflex

occurs when the infant closes his or her fingers around an object placed in his or her hand.

Olfactory Pathway

odor molecules are inhaled into the nasal passages and then contact the olfactory nerves in the olfactory epithelium; these receptor cells are activated sending signals to the olfactory bulb; these signals are then relayed via the olfactory tract to higher regions of the brain

proactive/anterograde interference

old disrupting info that makes new info hard to learn (e.g. past events make harder to learn new things) causes proactive inhibition (interference of new info-the pro/new memory is active)

Proactive Interference

old information is interfering with new learning (ex: I can't remember my new number because I memorized my old number too well)

all or none law

once minimum threshold for neuron firing met; impulse will be sent (no intensity change regardless of amount of stimulation)

lateral inhibition

once one receptor stimulated, nearby ones inhibited allows eye to see contrast and prevents repetitive info from being sent to the brain lateral=nearby/on sides of. nearby/side receptors inhibited

distribution curve-unimodal curve

one hump curve

individual discrimination

one person discriminating against a particular person or group

bee hierarchy

one queen; gives off chemical-suppress other female bees ovaries

Contingency

one stimulus depends on the other, causing association (dependency for CS)

ego

operates according to reality principle, taking into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id and the id's pleasure principle organizer of the mind; receives power from id, but never fully independent of id moderates desires of superego promotes growth of perception, problem solving, thinking

Yerkes Dodson Theory

optimal performance will occur at intermediate anxiety levels

interval variables

order with interval values (.25, .26); no actual zero (thermometer)

schema

organized patterns of thoughts and behavior

social movements

organized to promote (proactive) or resist (reactive) social change.

self-efficacy

our ability to succeed

Hyperphagia

overeating with no satiation of hunger; leads to obesity; damage to ventromedial region of hypothalamus has produced this in animals (hyper-food-ia; hypothalamus phagia)

interposition

overlap of objects show which are closer

Avoidant personality disorder

overwhelming shyness and fear of rejection (strong desire for acceptance, but are socially inept and avoid social situations unless certain of being liked) cluster c

language development 5 yrs

p much good on language

nucleus accumbens

part of basal ganglia abolishes addiction from drugs in animals (not used in humans because has other functions)

stereotype content model groups

paternalistic- stereotypes of people who are looked down as inferior, dismissed, ignored contemptuous- viewed with resentment, annoyance, or anger envious- viewed with jealousy, bitterness, disgust admiration- viewed with pride and positive feelings

ego-dystonic

patient recognizes that the illness is troubling and intrusive

Neuropsychology Clinical setting:

patients treated for brain lesions

elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

people involved in issue listen to strength of arguments rather than superficial characteristics (look of speaker) (likelihood persuaded when already elaborated by subject)

Equity theory

people most comfortable in situation w/ rewards and punishments equal, fitting, highly logical

social support

perceptions of reality that one is cared for by a social network

Law of Pragnanz

perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple and symmetric as possible

P. Zimbardo

performed prison simulation and used concept of deindividuation to explain results

mixed episode

period where both manic episodes and major depressive episodes occur everyday for 1 week

sensitive/critical periods in learning

periods-developing animal vulnerable to effects of learning (e.g. songbirds learning songs; imprinting)

ideal self

person we would like to be

gender identity

person's appraisal of oneself on scales of masculinity and femininity

Self-efficacy

person's belief that he or she can effectively perform a certain task (self effectivicy)

Client-Centered therapy

person-centered therapy directed by the client-client decides where/when to meet; therapist is nondirective-only providing atmosphere for client's self exploration

secondary traits

personality characteristics that are limited in occurrence; only appear in close groups or specific social situations

aggression

physical, verbal, or nonverbal behavior with the intention to cause harm, protect, or increase social dominance

mental set

preconceived notion to how to look at a problem; with vision, factors into why we see what we expect to see

age affects learning

prime=3-20 constant level learning=20=50 learning ability drops 50+

self-evaluation

process by which the self-concept is socially negotiated and modified people tend to choose a comparison target that is similar to themselves 4 self-motives influencing evaluation [EVA-I]: -Self-Enhancement -Self-Verification -Self-Assessment -Self-Improvement

Amygdala

processes the environment, detect external cues, and learns from the person's surroundings to produce an emotion

socialization

processing of developing, inheriting and spreading norms, customs and beliefs

Ciliary body

produces aqueous humor; continuous with the iris

Adrenal Cortex

produces many hormones called corticosteriods

reading/writing same part of brain as

producing and understanding speech, though slight difference (alexia and agraphia exist)

peak experiences

profound and deeply moving experiences in a person's like that have important and lasting effects

Sheldon

proposed personality types based on somatotypes (body types) - ex: all short, stocky people are jolly

oligodendrites

provide myelin in CNS (all is good brain)

Schwann cells

provide myelin in PNS (schwann-schweverywhere)

Psychopharmacology goal

provide relief from symptoms of psych

Client-Centered goal

provide trusting atmosphere where client can engage in self-directed growth; evidence=congruent self-concept, positive self-regard, internal locus-of-evaluation, willingness to experience

informational support

providing useful information to a person

psychoanalytic theory

psychic determinism-mental processes (bad behavior, dreams, slips of tongue/unconscious behavior) not spontaneous; they're symptoms of underlying/unresolved conflict manifested when ego can't find acceptable way to express conflict

Freud

psychoanalysis theory-most extensive and complex theories of human behavior; conflict central to human behavior

countertransference

psychoanalysis-how therapist feels about patient; therapist can realize this behavior, use to tell patient how their behavior causes people to react

Screen memory

psychoanalysis-memories that serve as representations of important childhood experiences (screen=movie of past memories)

reality principle/secondary process

psychoanalysis-responds to demands of environment by delaying gratification: EGO

transference

psychoanalysis-therapist seen as parent, examine relationship between client and parent (remember-transference v countertransference)

object relations therapy

psychoanalysis-transference used to solve problems of past relationships by correcting emotional experience in therapist-patient relationship (fix emotional problems (objects) relating in transference)

Community psychology model

psychology taken to community (e.g. schools); emphasizes respect and recognizes logistics that keep neediest people from seeking help

push and pull factors

pull factors- positive attributes of the land that attract immigrants push factors- attributes of the land that are negative and encourage immigrants to leave

Priming

recall is aided by first being presented with a word or phrase that is close to the desired semantic memory

Pineal Gland

receives direct signals from the retina for coordination with sunlight; secretes a hormone to regulate circadian rhythms; key player in several biological rhythms

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

receives sensory and motor information from the rest of the body; Associated with involuntary reflex responses triggered by visual or auditory stimuli

Inferior colliculus(midbrain)

receives sensory information from the auditory system; Reflexive reactions to loud noises

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)

receptors detecting when the body needs more food or fluids; triggers eating and drinking; referred to as the hunger center

reception (senses)

receptors from particular sense detect a stimulus

meissner's corpuscles

receptors in skin that detect touch/contact (meissner corpuscles=my nerves your muscles-->nerves to touch)

pacinian corpuscles

receptors in skin that respond quickly to displacement of skin (corp=relating to body)

Superior colliculus(midbrain)

recieves visual sensory input

chunking

recoding info into fewer but more meaningful units to remember (e.g.) big phone number into sets of 3 numbers; words being broken down-hyper active=hyper and active; extreme activity) (chicken soup chunks into more meatingful units. get it? instead of meaningful? hahaha)

symbolic ethnicity

recognition of an ethnic identity that is only relevant on special occasions or in specific circumstances and does not specifically impact everyday life.

LTM retention measured by:

recognition, recall, savings savings=how much of actual info is learned/in LTM

parasympathetic nervous system

recovery after arousal mechanism (lowering heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, etc.)

Antidepressants

reduces depressive symptoms (does opposite of antimanics) -->increase production and transmission of monoamines, prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine) (low levels of monoamines cause depression) (e.g. tricyclics, MAOIs, SSRI's) (anti-depress-->increase activity)

Visual Pathways

refer to both the physical and anatomical connections between the eyes and the brain and the flow of visual information along these connections

Concordance rates

refer to the likelihood that bot twins exhibit the same trait

a group to which an individual compares himself to

reference group

Learning

refers specifically to the way in which we acquire new behaviors

Adaptation

refers to a decrease in response to a stimulus over time

Kinesthetic Sense or Proprioception

refers to the ability to tell where one's body is in space; the receptors here are found mostly in muscle joints and play critical roles in hand-eye coordination, balance, and mobility; even with your eyes closed you could describe the position of your hand

Perceptual Organization

refers to the ability to use Bottom-up and Top-down processing, in tandem with all of the other sensory clues about an object, to create a complete picture or idea

Intensity

refers to the amplitude of a sound wave; louder sounds have an increased ____

institutional discrimination

refers to the discrimination against a particular person or group by an entire institution maintained by society's status quo

Self-serving bias

refers to the fact that individuals will view successes as being based on internal factors and failures on external factors the tendency to perceive oneself favorably

Nurture

refers to the influence of environment and physical surroundings on somewhere in the middle

Two-point thresholds

refers to the minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli; the size of this depends on the density of nerves in the particular area of skin being tested

Vestibule

refers to the portion of the bony labyrinth that contains the utricle and saccule

urbanization

refers to the process of dense areas of population creating a pull for migration; in other words, creating cities.

Encoding

refers to the process of putting new information into memory

Neuropsychology

refers to the study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain

primacy effect

refers to when first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions

Brief psychotic disorder

refers to when patient has at least one psychotic symptom for at least 1 month

Schizophreniform disorder

refers to when patient has suffered symptoms of schizophrenia for 1-6 months

J. A. Swets

refined Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves in signal detection theory (is wet? signals detect)

superego

refined and focused on the ideal self; personality's perfectionist; pride at accomplishment, guilt at failures divided into conscience and ego-ideal

Primitive reflexes

reflexes of infants that disappear with age

sensorimotor stage

reflexive behavior caused by sensations; circular reactions; develops object permanence; acquire use of representation (visualizing/putting words to objects) (baby stuff; can't find things; based on senses)

Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)

regulates heartbeat, respiration, digestion and glandular secreations; Regulates involuntary muscles of internal organs or glands; Regulates body temperature through sweating or piloerection; Processes that are automatic or independent of conscious control

continuous reinforcement

reinforcement after every correct response; quickest learned, most easily broken

differential reinforcement

reinforcement of one activity to achieve the target of lessening another activity (e.g. rewarding doing everything with hand besides picking nose; or reinforcing a response with your hand like clapping that makes it so you can't pick your nose because it's preoccupied) (reinforcement by doing something different)

Mania (DSM-V)

related to Bipolar disorder periods of unrealistically elevated mood (little need for sleep; talk incessantly, make impulsive, unwise decisions)

Adrenal Medulla

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine a s part of the sympathetic nervous system

obsessions

repeated uncontrollable thoughts or impulses that cause anxiety

central traits

represent major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer

ought self

representation of the way others think we should be

secure attachment

requires a consistent caregiver so a child can go out and explore knowing there's a stable base to return to, child will show strong preference for care giver cries when caregiver leaves, calms down when they return

Twin studies

research including studies that compare concordance rates for a trait between MZ and DZ twins; better able to distinguish the relative effects of shared environment and genetics

nonequivalent control group

research problem -a problematic control group when an equivalent one can't be isolated (so exactly what it sounds like)

acquiescence

research problem -people tend to agree with statements when in doubt of answer (answer question when I have no sense)

Experimenter bias/Rosenthal effect

research problem -researchers see what they want to see

selection attrition

research problem -subject that drops out of experiment is diff than rest of sample (sample no longer random)

Family studies

research that relys on the assumption that genetically related individuals are more similar geotypically than unrelated individuals; does not distinguish shared environmental factors from genetic factors

Temporal Resolution

resolution used to see moving objects

Spatial Resolution

resolution used to see objects that are stationary or slow-moving

Thermoreceptors

respond to changes in temperature (thermosensation)

taste receptors

respond to dissolved compounds (taste)

Photoreceptors

respond to electromagnetic waves in the visible spectrum (sight)

Meissner corpuscles

respond to light touch

Osmoreceptors

respond to osmolarity of the blood (water homeostasis)

free nerve endings

respond to pain and temperature

Ruffini endings

respond to stretch

regression

returning to an earlier stage in development

how remove excess neurotransmitters?

reuptake; deactivated by enzymes

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Gestalt Psychology

revolves around perception-people tend to see the world as compromised of organized wholes (world is understood through top-down theory-->we do not see specifics in the world as it is, we see it as what we are expecting to see based on the wholes/our knowledge of the wholes) (G-estalt. G-EXPECT)

stimuli correct rejection

rightly stating no stimulus exists (rejecting a stimulus correctly)

Bipolar cells

rods and cones connect with these cells which highlight gradients between adjacent rods or cones

receptor cells in eye

rods; cones responsible for sensory transduction-->occurs through chemical alteration of photopigments

Gesalt Principles

rules of the organization of perceptual scenes; ways for the brain to infer missing parts of a picture when a picture is incomplete

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

runs to and from CNS; made of somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

theory of planned behavior

same as expectancy-value theory/theory of reasoned action, but more developed-->includes perceived control over the behavior as a factor to determine intention people's behavior in a given situation is determined by their attitude about the situation, social norms, and perceived control over the behavior (reason-cognitively why they act)

Osgood Scale

same as semantic differential charts 2 bipolar words on a scale; mark which one you're closest too (bad----- ----- ------ ----- -----good) (is good or bad?)

Law of proximity

says that elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit

Law of good continuation

says that elements that appear to follow in the same pathway tend to be grouped together; there is a tendency to percieve continuous patterns in stimuli rather than abrupt changes

Law of similarity

says that objects that are similar tend to be grouped together

racial formation theory

says that racial identity is fluid and dependent on current political, economic, and social factors ex: whites 1950 (not irish) vs now (includes irish)

Law of closure

says that when a space is enclosed by a contour it tends to be perceived as a complete figure

Fixed-ratio (FR) schedules

schedules reinforce a behavior after a specific number of performances of that behavior (ex: researchers rewarding a rat with a food pellet every 3rd time it presses a bar in the cage)

Variable-ratio (VR) schedules

schedules reinforce a behavior after a varying number of performances of the behavior but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant; works the fastest and is the most resistant to extinction out of all the schedules

What is on the safety level of maslow's hierarchy?

security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health, property

dreams (defense mechanism)

seen as safe outlets for unconscious material and fulfillment; includes manifest content and latent content

What is on the esteem level of maslow's hierarchy

self esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others

Social comparison moderators (upwards vs downwards comparisons)

self-esteem; mood; threat

self-schema

self-given label that carries with it a set of qualities; ex: athlete self-schema

Homeostatic functions

self-regulatory processes that maintain a stable balance witin the body

social exclusion

sense of powerlessness when individuals feel alienated from society.

circular reactions

sensorimotor stage: -Primary-redo event occurring by chance with own body (suck thumb) -Secondary-redo event occurring by chance to other object (flip lights) -Tertiary-redo event different ways to get diff reaction (diff noises for attention)

iconic memory-how proven?

sensory memory for vision, people see more than they remember-PARTIAL REPORTS: -shown 3 lines of letters, asked to write letters of one line down, forgot rest by time they're written (eye-conic)

language development 2-3 years

sentences of 3 or more words, less gesturing, errors of growth

garden-path sentences

sentences that suggest one interpretation that turns out to be wrong used to study parsing E.G. "the child painted............by the artist was sleeping"

3 primary components of limbic system

septal nuclei, amygdale, and hippocampus

Gonands

sex glands of the body; ovaries in females, testes in males; produce sex hormones in higher concentration

Testosterone and estrogen

sex hormones produced by Adrenal cortex

Parvocellular cells

shape is detected by these cells which have very high color spatial resolution but low temporal resolution; they permit us to see very fine detail when thoroughly examining an object

reciprocity of disclosure (attraction)

sharing secrets/feelings facilitates emotional closeness

displacement (defense mechanism)

shifting unacceptable feelings to less threatening recipient

heuristic

shorter but not always correct--use shortcuts based on what's worked in past

(DSM-V) Major depressive disorder and gender

show same rates for men and women through adolescents; more women then men into adulthood and onwards

cognitive dissonance

simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions. May lead to anxiety, fear, anger or confusion

upwards comparison (social)

social comparisons with others who are better off or superior (looking up to someone better, you're worse) high self-esteem=more likely upward comparisons, (provides motivation and hope) positive or negative mood=more likely upward comparison (unless recent threat to self-esteem or setback in life) if recent threat to their self-esteem or a setback in their life, upward comparisons resulted in a more negative affect

downwards comparison (social)

social comparisons with others who are worse off or inferior low self-esteem=more likely downward comparison; improves mood, feel hope and motivation for future recent threat to life (illness, poor grades in school) or self esteem=more likely downward comparison

ethnicity

social construct that sorts people out by cultural factors including language, nationality, religion and other factors different from race because one can choose not to display it

3 social factors for prejudice

social inequalities lead to prejudices power- ability to control resources and achieve goals prestige- level of respect shown by others class - SES

language

spoken or written symbols, gestures- combined into a system and governed by rules.

sleep spindles and k complexes

stage 2 of sleep

delta waves

stage 3 and 4 of sleep, low frequency, high voltage, SWS, hard to awaken, declarative memory recovery

slow-wave sleep (SWS)

stage 3 of sleep, delta waves, hard to awaken, declarative memory recovery, dreaming occurs

Gate theory of pain

states that pain sensation is reduced when other somatosensory signals are present

Duplexity or Duplicity theory of vision

states that retina contains 2 kinds of photoreceptors; those specialized for light-and-dark detection, and those specialized for color detection

Examples of Secondary Drives

stemmed from learning emotional desires Love, achievement, aggression, things we do not need to maintain physiological homeostasis, but things we do need for psychological homeostasis

stereotypes vs prejudice vs discrimination

stereotypes-cognitive (expectations, impressions, opinions about the characteristics of a member of a group) prejudice- affective (the attitude and emotional response to the group) discrimination- behavioral (action taken towards the group)

Thyroid stimulating hormone

stimulates thyroid

Contiguity

stimuli are close to one another in time or space, causing association (continuous ambiguity in space/time)

Neutral stimuli

stimuli that do not produce a reflexive response

smell connection to

strongly connected to memory, perception of taste

sexual dimorphism

structural differences between genders (di=2; morphism=changes in body)

J. Gibson

studied depth cues (especially texture gradients) that help us to perceive depth (gibson-giving son's depth cues)

E. Loftus

studied eyewitness memory and concluded the misinformation effect: -our memories can be altered by presenting new information or by asking misleading questions

Wiesel & Hubel

studied feature detection in VISUAL cortex--> discovered simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells (Wie..se--H...el--->We SEE hypercomplex cells)

J. Rotter

studied locus of control (internal vs. external); developed a sentence completion test; a projective test designed to measure personality (why do people rot? external locus of control)

S. Milgram

studied obedience by asking subjects to administer electroshock; also proposed stimulus-overload theory to explain differences between city and country dwellers

epigenetics

studies of organisms by changing gene expression (turning them on or off)

Neuromodulators

substance that influences (or "modulates") the activity of several neurons neurotransmitters that are not reabsorbed by the pre-synaptic neuron or broken down by enzymes can float in cerebrospinal fluid, becoming neuromodulators (e.g. serotonin, acetylcholine)

self-concept

sum of the thoughts and feelings about oneself; includes self-schemata and appraisal of one's past and future self

5 basic tastes

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami(savory)

Golden Ratio

symmetry and proportion corresponding to attractiveness

social cognitive perspective

takes behaviorism one step further; not just on how environment influences behavior, but how we interact with environment

Existential Theory therapy

talking therapy; deep questions relating to client's perception/meaning of existence discussed

Papillae

taste buds are found in little bumps on the tongue called

ventromedial hypothalamus

tells us we're full damage means the person will never be satisfied, thus lead to obesity

Dispositional attribution/Fundamental attribution error

tendency for others to think action caused more by personality than situation (ATTRIBUTE action to personality, not situation)

reliance on central traits

tendency to organize the perception of others based on traits and persona l characteristics that matter to the perceiver

orienting reflex

tendency to turn toward object that's touched you

peer pressure

term that refers to the social influence placed on an individual by a group of people or another individual

One-way ANOVA

test whether means on 1 outcome are significantly different across groups (e.g. height of plants of just diff seeds)

Serotonin

the "confidence molecule"-happiness affects mood and social behavior, appetite and digestion, sleep, memory and sexual desire and function

Dopamine

the "reward molecule"-reward motivated behavior affects movement, pleasure reward, behavior/cognition, sleep, attention, learning

Ossicles

the 3 smallest bones in the body; help transmit and amplify the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

symbolic thinking

the ability to play pretend

Parallel Processing

the ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, shape, and motion; then these features can be compared to our memories to determine what is being viewed

empathy

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

semantics

the association of meaning with a word

Associative Learning

the creation of pairing or association either between two stimuli or between a behavior and a response

Avolition

the decrease in the motivation to initiate and perform self-directed purposeful activities schizophrenia negative symptom (aVolition-motiVation)

External auditory canal

the external canal that directs sound waves to the ear drum

Basic subdivision of brain

the hindbrain, the midbrain, the forebrain

Nociceptors

the most common sensory receptors for pain perception

Neural groove

the notochord furrows in neurulation surrounded by neural folds forming a

reciprocity

the obligation to return in kind what another has done for us

Cerebral cortex

the outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres; associated with language processing to problem-solving to impulse control to long-term planning

accommodation

the process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass new information

assimilation

the process of classifying new information into existing schemata

Confabulation

the process of creating vivid but fabricated memories typically thought to be an attempt made by brain to fill in the gaps of missing memories

Reinforcement

the process of increasing the likelihood that an individual will perform a behavior

Observational Learning

the process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others

Recognition

the process of merely identifying a piece of information that was previously learned (ex: open a yearbook and you will recognize people in your elementary school)

Shaping

the process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors (ex: eventually allows for training of extremely complicated behaviors)

Acquisition or Classical Conditioning

the process of taking advantage of a reflexive, unconditioned stimulus to turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus

cultural sensitivity

the recognition and respect of differences between cultures and research ethics.

Dishabituation

the recovery of a response to a stimulus usually after a different stimulus has been presented; temporary and always refers to changes in response to the original stimulus not the new one (ex: getting used to highway surroundings and then taking an exit to similar but now stimulating highway surroundings)

Negative Punishment

the reduction of a behavior when a stimulus is removed (ex: no television because of bad behavior)

Optic tracts

the reorganized pathways sending the right visual field of each eye to the left side of the brain and the left visual field of each eye to the right side of the brain; the pathways after they leave optic chiasm

Maintenance Rehearsal

the repetition of a piece of information to either keep it within working memory (to prevent forgetting) or to store it in short-term and eventually long-term memory

Escape learning

the role of behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists (like a headache)

relational self

the self we behave as depending on the people with whom we're interacting

group polarization

the tendency for groups to make more extreme decision than the individual ideas and inclination

self censorship

the withholding of opposing views

Humanistic theory

theories that emphasize positive, evolving free will in people. Optimistic about human nature; known as "Third Force" in psychotherapy in reaction to psychoanalysis and behavioralism

sleep stage 2

theta waves, sleep spindles-fast freq; muscle tension and gradual decline in heart rate, respiration, temp

bilingual children language learning

they're slower

Meninges

thick sheath of connective tissue covers the brain; Protects brain; Keeps it anchored within the skull

symbols

things to which we attach meaning

Slippery slope

think 1 small step one way will lead to larger ones in same way

ingroup/outgroup bias

think quality of members of group better than those out of group; even though qualities same in each -->basis for prejudice

illusion of control

think you have control over things you don't (lottery, gambling, superstition)

convergent thinking

thinking used to find the ONE solution to a problem (e.g. math) converge to one thing

divergent thinking

thinking used when more than one possibility (many answers) (e.g. chess) (Divergence movie, person could do everything))

osmoreceptors

thirst receptors; maintains fluid balance in body

prosody

tone inflections, accents, etc. that carry meaning (like melody, but part of sentence)

Existential Theory criticisms

too abstract for severely disturbed individuals

Individual theory- unhealthy

too much affected by inferior feelings to pursue "will to power"; make excuses/have "yes, but" mentality; if goals, they are self-serving/egotistical

analytical theory criticisms

too mystical/spiritual

deductive reasoning

top-down approach; start with general info, leads to specific conclusion -->applying a logic-based rule to a new, specific situation for single-solution (e.g. every day i do A, leading to B; so if i do A today, B will happen) (used in experiments-hypothesis of general idea, check with observed specifics)

Skin senses

touch, cold, warmth, pain, proprioception -touch=pressure=tissue distortion; more sensitive closer to body extremities -temperature->cold receptors are small and more numerous -proprioception-relative position of body parts (this sense does not receive direct stimulation from outside the body) (proprioception=appropriate position)

Gordon Allport

trait theorist; 3 basic types of traits: cardinal, central, secondary; functional autonomy

cardinal traits

traits around which a person organizes their life

Culturally competent interventions

treatment/prevention programs that recognize/tailored to cultural differences

evidence-based treatment

treatments that produced results experimentally; argued as only ethical treatment; also argued as nothing like real life situations

selective attention

tuning into something specific while ignoring everything else (cocktail party effect)

heritability of personality

twin studies show 40-50%

door in the face technique

type of compliance that starts with a high request than gets rejected to then ask for a smaller demand wish is usually the actual aim of the requestor in the first place

anticipatory socialization

type of socialization where the individual prepares for future changes in occupation, life situations or relationships. Like preparing to get married

type and trait personality perspective

type theorists - attempt to create a taxonomy of personality types trait theorists - describe individual personality as sum of a person's characteristic behaviors; use clusters of behaviors to describe individuals

repression

unconsciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness

concrete operational stage

understands concrete relationships (simple math); develops conservation (concrete on playground-->elementary school-math, conservation)

shadow archetype

unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness

Narcissism

unrealistic self-esteem-thinking you're better than you are

terminal threshold

upper limit above which stimuli can no longer be perceived (e.g. pitch)

stratified sampling

used if convenience sampling; aims to match demographic characteristics of sample to demographics of population (stratified--stat-->match the stats of sample)

correspondent inference theory

used to describe attributions made by observing the intentional (especially unexpected) behaviors performed by another person explaining unexpected behavior by dispositional (internal) attribution of a person

Symbolic codes

used to form mental representations of words-they represent concept instead of physical observation (e.g. letter "x" is not just 24th letter of alphabet, but can represent multiplication) when representation=not literal/exact image of the thing, it's symbolic

Analogue codes

used to mentally represent images-images we form in our minds are highly similar to the physical stimuli (e.g. near-exact representation of trees and rivers)

Anxiolytics

used to reduce anxiety/induce sleep; usually incr effectiveness of GABA (an inhibitory neurotransmitter); high potential for causing habituation and addiction (Valium, Xanax) (anxi-olytics-->anxiety related-drugs)

availability heuristic

used when trying to decide how likely something is

Conditioned Reinforcer or Secondary Reinforcer

using classical conditioning on a reinforcer

simulations

using perceptual cues to make artificial situations seem real (so yes, the simple "simulation" definition as you know it)

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theory of personality

various perspectives but all have in common the assumption of unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality Freud, Carl Jung, Alder, Horney

the conveyance of information through spoken, written, or signed words

verbal communication

tip of the tongue phenomena

verge of retrieval but not successfully doing so

empirical verification

verifying something empirically (verified by experiments/experience)

Motor homunculus

visualization of how neurons in the motor cortex are arranged systematically according to parts of the body to which they are connected; certain sets of muscles need finer motor control than others, so they take up more space in the cortex relative to their size in the body

Gestalt principles

ways for the brain to infer missing parts of a picture when a picture is incomplete

gestalt continuation

we create whole/detailed figures based on expectations

gestalt minimum principle

we see what is easiest/logical to see

value

what a person deems important in life

Interpersonal attraction

what makes people like each other and is influenced by multiple factors factors that contribute to a relationship being formed

cultural competence

what therapists trained in to learn customs, languages, etc. of cultures; reduces bias assumptions

reciprocal socialization

when 2 parties adapt to or are socialized by each other (e.g. parents using "swag", kids respecting traditions)

learning curve

when learning something new, rate of learning changes over time (curve shaped like an S, slow fast slow)

Mnemonic: Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

when the VentroMedial Hypothalamus (VMH) is destroyed, one is Very Much Hungry

Mnemonic: Anterior Hypothalamus:

when the anterior hypothalamus is destroyed, one is Asexual

Optic Chiasm

where the nasal fibers of each half of the retina (carrying the temporal visual field) cross paths; temporal fibers (carrying the nasal visual field) don't cross

Sclera

white of the eye; does not cover the front most portion of the eye

family therapy

whole family is client

mores

widely observed social norms

animus archetype

woman's inner man

parsing

words in spoken/written message transformed into a mental representation of meaning of the message helps language studies between cultures

economy

workers, boss, buyer, debtor, advertiser organize money, goods, and services value profit, paying bills timely norms are maximizing profits, hard work, valuing customer

Industrial/Organizational Psychology

workplace psychology, efficiency, functionality

(DSM-V) Chapter- Trauma- and Stressor-related disorders

Only disorders featuring a firm causality (the experience of a traumatic event)

field theory

K. Lewin-people are functions of their entire environment/life space (SOCIAL) -->life space=collection of entire environmental forces upon the individual (Field=top/general-->Gestalt)

Social economic status (SES)

Position in society, based on a combination of education, occupational status, and income. depends of ascribed status or achieved status

social constructionism

explores the ways in which individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality. Subjective definition or perception of conditions (ex: money has value, definition of justice, acceptable dress, gender roles)

types of government

democracy- everyone is given political voice through elected representatives monarchy- royals rule dictatorship- one person holds power usually by threat theocracy- religious leaders hold power

religious definitions

denomination vs sect- denomination is small divisions of the church while sects break away from the church secularize-move away from religion fundamentalist- maintain strict religious codes

nonmaleficence

do no harm avoiding treatments for which risk is larger than benefit

healthcare and medicine

doctor, nurse, pharmacy, insurer, patient aimed at maintaining or improving health status of individual, family, community and society as a whole. values the Hippocratic oath, maintaining good health norms are beneficence, non maleficence, respect for autonomy, justice

relative poverty

one is poor in comparison to larger population

a self selected group formed around similar interests ages and statuses

peer group

religion

priest, pastor, rabi, worshipers concerns about life, death, suffering, desire to connect with creator. considered to be a pattern of social activities organized around a set of beliefs and practices that seek to address the meaning of existence. values sacred books and leaders norms include going to service, following teachings

a set of beliefs, values and norms that define the expectations of a certain status in a social situation

role

occurs when one has a difficulty in satisfying the requirements of multiple roles simultaneously

role conflict

another individual who helps to define a specific role within the relationship

role partner

refers to carrying out the behaviors of a certain role

role performance

contains all of the different roles associated with a status

role set

occurs when one has a difficulty satisfying multiple requirements in the same role simultaneously

role strain

plutocracy

ruled by the upper class

groups that are often temporary and contain fewer emotional bonds and weaker bonds overall

secondary groups

sharing of factual information

self disclosure

social structure

system of people within a society organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships

education

teacher, student, principle, dean transmits knowledge and skills across generation values academic honest and good grades norms are doing homework, preparing

residential segregation

urban vs rural areas have different opportunities suburbanization-movement from urban areas to cleaner suburb areas. poor aren't able to do this readily urban decay and urban renewal- because of suburbanization, the urban areas decline. there can be spontaneous repurchase of urban areas to clean it up and made attractive again gentrification- upper and middle class repurchase urban areas which displaces lower SES class

absolute poverty

when people do not have enough resources to acquire basic life necessities, such as shelter, food, clothing, and water.