Cognitive exam 1 (aab)

Elabrative rehearsal

Thinking about the meaning of the information (Helps with LTM)

Neropinephrine

helps control alertness and arousal (fight or flight)

hippocampus

helps you form new memories

Antecedents of Cognitive revolution

1. recognition of limits of S-R approach 2. influence of information theory (telegraph, radio, television, computer) 3. influences of linguistics (learning language) 4. influence of computer science

how much is an icon worth, and what was this experiment?

100ms of additional viewing times, Loftus, Johnson & shimaura: the worth of an icon, participants looked briefly at landscapes, with a mask or no mask which concluded that 100ms of additional viewing time, which concluded that the worth of an icon is about 100ms of additional viewing time, meaning you would need 100 ms more of viewing anything if you did not have iconic memory

When did the cognitive revolution take place?

1950s through 60s

how much of the brain makes up the somatosensory cortex?

25%

what is the duration of the icon, and what experiment did this occur in

300ms, Haber: sensory persistence experiment, participants see endless cycle of picture and then darkness so eventually it becomes one constant image that concluded iconic memory faded quickly

how much of the brain does the association cortex take up?

75%

how much of the brain makes up does the cortex make up?

80%

cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills, coordination of fine muscular movements, balance, and some aspect of perception and cognition, spatial reasoning, discriminating sounds and integrating input from various sensory systems

Amygdala

A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression. Helps detect threat, danger, or reward (fight or flight)

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system.

acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction

Seratonin

A neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, sleep, muscle contraction, and some cognitive functions including memory and learning.

temporal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.

Frontal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

occipital lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

parietal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.

Functionalism (William James)

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

fMRI (functional MRI)

A technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.

lateralization

Different parts of the brain have different functions, and the left and right hemispheres have there own specific functions

Ponzo Illusion

An illusion of size in which two objects of equal size that are positioned between two converging lines appear to be different in size.

Structuralism, and who studied it?

Building blocks of the mind (wundt and Titchener), the elements of consciousness, defined as the sum total of experience from birth to the present, how the mind is organized and they relate to one another

capgrass syndrome, and what other disorders can coincide

Certainty that familiar people, relatives or friends, have been replaced by a duplicate, a robot, an alien or an impostor. (cut amygdala and right frontal cortex no emotional pathway through occipital connection), Alzheimers, dementia and brain trauma typically coincide

what is the difference between classical behaviorism and modern cognitive psychology?

Cognitive psychology tries to understand concepts such as memory and decision making. Behaviorism only concerns itself with the behavior that can be observed.

Who had the strongest influence on cognitive psychology?

Ebbinghaus, when psychology became experimental

What did Ebbingaus and William James study?

Empiricism

S-R theory (or stimulus-response theory)

The theory that learning involves the establishment of a connection between a specific stimulus (S) and a specific response (R).

What did Wundt and Titchener study?

Introspection, and structuralism

who advocated for behaviorism and neo-behaviorism?

John B. Watson, ad B.F. skinner

The word banana appears on the left screen, and the split-brain patient is told to use her right hand to select the object named on the screen. Will she be able to fetch the banana?

No

The word banana appears on the right screen, and the split-brain patient is told to use her left hand to select the object named on the screen. Will she be able to fetch the banana?

No

New association formation

Nonsense syllable, word are non words (ebbinghaus)

backward mask, and what experiment did this come from?

Quickly replace original material with new material - overwrites what's going on in the retina, icon prevented if display immediately followed by dark patch, Averback & Coriell: showed participants 8 letters for a minimal time and asked them to recall them with the exception of one of the letters being cover with a black space, that condluded iconic memory can be prevented with a backwards mask.

Empiricism

Scientific method

Modal Model (Atkinson and Shiffrin)

Stimulus: sensory memory >short term memory> long term memory

The process we call perception involves our eyes sensing objects in the world and our brain interpreting the information that our eyes sense. Keeping this definition in mind, which of the following is a true statement about the Ponzo illusion?

The brain leads us to perceive something that is not actually true.

sensory persistence

The afterimage (visual persistence) (auditory persistence) that exists due to the lingering neural response to a stimulus.

Introspection

To look within, asking about what conscious thoughts are happening

A real-life visual illusion is the "moon illusion." When the moon is close to the horizon, the full moon seems larger than it does when high in the sky. Rationally we know that the moon does not change size according to its position in the sky. Based on what you have learned about optical illusions, why do you think the moon illusion occurs?

When the moon is near the horizon, objects on Earth, which are near the moon on your retina, lead to a misperception of depth and size—the brain discerns the low moon as closer and thus bigger than the moon high in the sky.

What is the problem with introspection?

Who is correct? What is really there? You can't examine unconscious thought

Who founded functionalism?

William James

The word banana appears on the left screen, and the split-brain patient is told to use her left hand to select the object named on the screen. Will she be able to fetch the banana?

Yes

The word banana appears on the right screen, and the split-brain patient is told to use her right hand to select the object named on the screen. Will she be able to fetch the banana?

Yes

Does echoic memory require sound? What experiment went along with this?

Yes, Crowder & Morton: the echoic memory experiment, where participants have to read 9 letters and read them either silently by themselves, read aloud or read by an experimenter and then recall the letters that concluded echoic memory is sensory memory, and requires sound.

What is a neurotransmitter?

a chemical that travels from one neuron to another, acts as messengers between neurons and flow across a tiny gape called synapse

echoic memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

What is a neuron?

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system, a specialized cell that transmits nerve impulses

CT

a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body

MRI

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

what is the capacity and duration of echoic memory what is the experiment that goes with it?

about 2 seconds of duration and capacity of 3 to 4 seconds, Turvey & Crowder: Three eared man experiment, a participant heard letters from the left side, the right side and above and have to report either a whole or partial report, it concluded that echoic memory persists for about 2 seconds.

how does neuron communication occur?

action potential

Right prefrontal cortex

associated w/ - emotions, distingusih what is real from what is not

what type of psychology emerges in response to the problems of introspection?

behaviorism

what are the major parts of a neuron?

cell body, dendrites, axon, terminal buttons, myelin sheath, synapse

postsynaptic cell

cell that receives message

midbrain

collection of brain structures in the middle of the brain, coordinates movement patters sleep and arousal

forebrain

collection of upper-level brain structures including the cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system, amygdala, hippocampus

A psychological scientist asks study participants to indicate whether the green line at the front corner of the wall pictured here is longer than, shorter than, or equal in length to the green line at the back corner of the wall. Participants regularly say that the front line is shorter than the back line (even though the two are perfectly equal in length). The participants' brains are using ___________ to guide perception.

context cues about depth

major structures of forebrain

cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus

where the neuro transmitters come in:

dendrites release a neuro transmitter after running down the axon, because of a chemical reaction, and if enough gets release then action potential is released.

action potential

electrochemical pulse that carries info along the neuron's axon, fires at full strength or does not fire at all

agonist drugs

enhance effectiveness by releasing more of the NT and preventing reuptake by presynaptic cell

Apraxia

frontal lobe lesion, disturbances in the initiation or organization of voluntary action

7 +- 2

how long you have tell you forget something or store it in your memory (sensory memory)

how large is iconic memory, and what experiment went along with this

iconic memory holds a lot for a brief time, Sperling: iconic memory experiment, displays letters and then covers them up and plays a tone to have participants wright down letters shown for a breif period of time to match with the tone, which concluded iconic memory holds a lot for a brief time

anterograde amnesia

inability to form new memories

limbic system

interconnected group of forebrain structures involved with emotions, drives and memory

somatosensory projection area

large portion of brain devoted to touch

aphasia

left frontal lobe lesion, disruption in language capacities

retrograde amnesia

loss of memories from our past

Hindbrain

medulla, pons, cerebellum

presynaptic cell

neuron that sends message

action potential reaches the end of axon and releases chemicals of?

neurotransmitters

Agnosia

occipital or parietal lobe lesion, disruptions in person's ability to identify familiar objects

partial report

only have to report something specific in the experiment

association cortex

performs task of associating simple ideas and sensations in order to form complex thoughts and behaviors: higher lever thoughts, and long term memories

Damage to prefrontal cortex causes?

problems planing and implementing strategies, problems inhibiting, confuse real with imaginary, stopping and or directing actions

receptors

proteins located at the end of dendrite that receive the signals from the neurostransmitters

antagonist drugs

reduce effectiveness of NT, by blocking receptor sites on postsynaptic cell

antimentalism

reject role of any hidden or internal mental processes/ unobservables as unscientific

thalamus

relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex

maintence rehearsal

repition that keeps information in STM about 20 seconds

hypothalamus

responsible for emotions, drives, and regulation the body's internal environment

After Phineas Gage accident what happened?

rode through the frontal lobe, in which he had problems inhibiting behavior and emotions, dramatic changes in his personality accord as well.

PET (positron emission tomography)

scan a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task, provides visual image corresponding to anatomy

right hemisphere has control over?

spatial relationships, and recognizing human faces, controlling the left side of the body, and more artistic and creative side

left hemisphere has primary control over?

spoken language, controls the right side of the body, more academic and logical side

sensory store

the initial, memory storage of information, lasting only an instant, but with a large capacity with a duration period of half a second for visual and 2-4 seconds for auditory

synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

whole report

the participants reported all

sensation

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

perception

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions

what can we say about both iconic and echoic memory?

they both have a large capacity, but a short duration

the cerebral cortex

thin surface layer on the left and right cerebral hemispheres; regulates most complex behavior, including sensation, motor control and higher mental processes

What are the goals of behaviorism?

to observe behavior and explain behavior via learning principles, through observation of the relationship between environmental stimuli and behavioral respones