Cognitive Psych EXP3604, Ch. 1-4

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that

has high stimulus salience. fits with the observer's interests. is familiar. carries meaning for the observer. has high stimulus salience.

You are walking down the street and see a nice car drive by. You notice its color, movement, and shape. All of these features are processed

in one localized area of the brain. by a specific object neuron. in different parts of the brain. through fMRI potentials. in different parts of the brain.

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

good continuation. simplicity. familiarity. good figure. good continuation.

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with

Broca's aphasia. Wernicke's aphasia. prosopagnosia. Alzheimer's disease. prosopagnosia.

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to which area of the brain?

Broca's area Parahippocampal place area (PPA) Extrastriate body area (EBA) Wernicke's area Broca's area

Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object?

Change blindness Change detection Illusory conjunctions Binding Binding

Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing?

Close attention Ease in performing parallel tasks Tasks that are well-practiced The use of few cognitive resources Close attention

Which part of a neuron transmits signals to other neurons?

Dendrites Axons Cell body Nerve net Axons

In which of the following body parts are neurons NOT present?

Eyes Ears Skin Arteries Arteries

Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?

Fusiform face area (FFA) Parahippocampal place area (PPA) Extrastriate body area (EBA) Functional magnetic area (FMA) Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?

Object-based Early selection Spotlight Late selection Late selection

Which of the following statements is correct?

Peripheral vision is the area you are looking at. Central vision is everything off to the side. Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea. Everything to the right is outside your vision. Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea.

Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally. Suddenly, three team members in different locations radio in to the command center, each stating that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the security team members to report seeing the same object despite being stationed on different rooftops?

Semantic regularity Viewpoint invariance Bottom-up processing Principle of similarity Viewpoint invariance

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?

Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions. All of these are correct. All of these are correct.

How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work?

The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images. The perceptual system detects stationary images more slowly than motion is perceived. The retina sends overlapping electrical signals to the brain when motion is perceived. The perceptual system slows when flashing objects are introduced. The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images.

According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

The word "money" Their child's first name The word "home" The word "platypus" The word "platypus"

Which parts of neurons are also known as a "nerve fiber"?

Touch receptor Receptor Axons Dendrites Axons

Which term best reflects what we do with an image projected onto our retina?

We infer it. We confirm it. We interpret it. We reverse it. We interpret it.

When does bottom-up processing start?

When environmental energy stimulates the receptors When an electrical signal is passed to the brain When motor neurons at the extremities are activated When the brain encodes information received by the receptors When environmental energy stimulates the receptors

What is the process of unconscious inference?

When our subconscious mind interferes with our conscience When our unconscious perceptions align with our conscious perceptions When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment When our subconscious interferes with what we perceive from our retinas When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?

When someone can easily select a target that has a feature distinct from distracters When someone cannot read an illegible word in a written sentence When someone easily identifies an object even though that object is unexpected in that context (e.g., identifying a telephone inside a refrigerator) When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?

When the person has to drive to work early in the morning. When the driver is stuck in stop-and-go traffic. When the driver has to park in a crowded parking garage. When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate. When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate.

Which of the following would have the most semantic regularities?

a forest a skyscraper a shopping mall a toll booth a shopping mall

As a result of gaps in the behaviorist paradigm, the new cognitive paradigm began to emerge in which decade?

a. 1950s b. 1930s c. 1940s d. 1920s a. 1950s

The use of the term "artificial intelligence" was coined by

a. B.F. Skinner b. Colin Cherry c. Edward Tolman d. John McCarthy d. John McCarthy

Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning?

a. Franciscus Donders b. Wilhelm Wundt c. John Watson d. B. F. Skinner d. B. F. Skinner

"Verbal Behavior" was written by

a. Noam Chomsky b. Watson c. Tolman d. B.F. Skinner d. B.F. Skinner

Who developed the concept of the cognitive map?

a. Raynor b. Sanders c. James d. Tolman d. Tolman

Which of the following events is most closely associated with a resurgence in interest in the mind within the study of psychology?

a. Watson's "Little Albert" experiment b. Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior c. Development of the technique of analytic inspection d. Tolman's proposal of cognitive maps b. Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by

a. an inborn biological program b. cultural influences c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning a. an inborn biological program

Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt?

a. analytic introspection b. measuring reaction times c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning a. analytic introspection

Which of the following terms is correct in context with "Pairing one stimulus with another"?

a. cognitive mapping b. paradigm shift c. classical conditioning d. behaviorism c. classical conditioning

Consider the following definition of the mind: The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize?

a. functioning and survival b. attention c. routine d. cognition a. functioning and survival

Wundt's procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions known as

a. information processing b. analytic introspection c. functional analysis d. behavioral analysis b. analytic introspection

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of

a. models b. cognition c. reaction times d. savings b. cognition

Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study

a. sensation b. childhood attachment styles c. decision making d. personality development c. decision making

Endel Tulving, one of the most prominent early memory researchers, proposed that long-term memory is subdivided into all of the following components EXCEPT

a. short-term memory b. procedural memory c. episodic memory d. semantic memory a. short-term memory

When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented by the

a. size of the action potentials b. size of the synapse c. firing rate of the neurotransmitters d. firing rate of the action potentials d. firing rate of the action potentials

Wundt's approach, which dominated psychology in the late 1800s and early 1900s, was known as

a. structuralism b. analytic introspection c. sensations d. cognitive psychology a. structuralism

With which of the following sentences would the author disagree?

a. the mind creates and controls mental processes such as language and emotions b. the mind can create representations of the world c. the mind is a problem solver d. we can consider the mind extraordinary if it is used for extraordinary purposes d. we can consider the mind extraordinary if it is used for extraordinary purposes

According to Ebbinghaus's research on memory, savings is a function

a. word familiarity b. sensory modality c. elapsed time d. reaction time c. elapsed time

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________.

contiguity proximity accommodation binding binding

The key structural components of neurons are the

cell body, cellular membrane, and transmitters. axon, dendrites, and glands. cell body, dendrites, and axons. transmitters, dendrites, and nodes of Ranvier. cell body, dendrites, and axons.

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of perceptual

conjunction. organization discriminability. fusion. organization

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people

could focus on a message only if they are repeating it. could focus on a message only if they rehearsed it. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time. could not focus on a message presented to only one ear. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness.

covert exogenous endogenous change change

Perception is NOT essential for

creating memories. acquiring knowledge. solving problems. improving empathy improving empathy

Brain imaging has made it possible to

determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes. view individual neurons in the brain. show how environmental energy is transformed into neural energy. view propagation of action potentials. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the __________ stage.

feature analysis focused attention preattentive letter analysis preattentive

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words.

meaning color size font meaning

The term semantics, when applied to perception, means the

meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene. regularly occurring physical properties of an environment. inferences made based on the likelihood of a particular stimulus. statistical probabilities of one particular sound following another in language. meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene.

The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on

meaning. modality. physical characteristics. higher order characteristics. physical characteristics.

The value that stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron is known as

nerve impulse resting potential action potential nerve transmission resting potential

Your author points out that studying the mind requires both __________ and __________ experiments.

nomothetic; idiographic behavioral; physiological brain; body observational; correlational behavioral; physiological

A person with strong ________ would likely have a deeper experience of Bayesian influence.

principles eyesight sensation beliefs beliefs

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the

radiated wavelength paradox. inverse projection problem. serial location task. fusiform face role. inverse projection problem.

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the __________ in the receptor's axon.

rate of nerve firing size of the nerve impulses speed of nerve conduction All of these are correct. rate of nerve firing

As the ________ of a stimulus increases, ________ tends to ________.

sampling; warping; decrease warping; salience; decrease schema; sampling; increase salience; fixation; increase salience; fixation; increase

Proponents of multitasking would note ________ to support their opinion, whereas opponents of multitasking would point to ________ to justify their perspective.

selective attention; divided attention distraction; selective attention divided attention; distraction attentional capture; divided attention divided attention; distraction

The fact that trees are more likely to be vertical or horizontal than slanted is an example of ____.

semantic regularity physical regularity perceptual regularity orientation regularity physical regularity

When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support __________ coding.

specificity distributed sparse divergence sparse

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate

that neurons specialized to respond to faces are present in our brains when we are born. that training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects can influence how the monkey's neurons fire to these objects. an effect of experience-dependent plasticity. that our nervous systems remain fairly stable in different environments. an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.

Placing tomatoes, onions, jalapenos, garlic, cilantro, and lime juice into a blender and turning it on to produce salsa is similar to which of the following?

the detector of Broadbent's filter model the focused attention stage of feature integration theory the dictionary unit of Treisman's attenuation model the synchronization stage of the executive attention network the focused attention stage of feature integration theory

Barbara has recently been diagnosed with abdominal cancer. Her oncologist wants to determine the best treatment method to eliminate the tumors. Her gastroenterologist is focused on relieving her symptoms and restoring normal digestive functioning. Barbara's psychologist works to help minimize her anxiety and keep her spirits up. The fact that these doctors are considering Barbara's situation with different goals and from different perspectives is similar to the idea of __________ presented in your textbook.

the dynamics of cognition idiographic evaluation nomothetic examination levels of analysis levels of analysis

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that

the negative effect can be decreased by using "hands-free" units. the problem with cell phones is that attention is distracted from the task of driving by the need to hold the phone and drive with one hand. the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone. the public perception that using a cell phone while driving poses a significant risk to drivers' safety is, in fact, incorrect. the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.

Edgar Adrian studied the relationship between nerve firing and sensory experience by measuring how the firing of a neuron from a receptor in the skin changed as he applied more pressure to the skin. He found that

the shape and height of the action potential increased as he increased the pressure. the shape and height of the action potential decreased as he increased the pressure. the rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure. the rate of nerve firing decreased as he increased the pressure. the rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.

top-down bottom-up serial sequential top-down

The likelihood principle states that

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received. we perceive size to remain the same size even when objects move to different distances. it is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations. feature detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object. we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

The Gestalt psychologists believe that _____.

we use data about the environment to determine what is out there perception is affected by experience, but built-in principles can override experience top-down processing is central to perception experience has no effect on perception, only sensation perception is affected by experience, but built-in principles can override experience

The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway.

where; what what; where size; distance distance; size what; where