Cognitive Psych Final

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"What's for dinner?" "Food." The second speaker is breaking Grice's maxim of a.) quantity. b.) quality. c.) relation. d.) manner. e.) both relation and manner.

A ______ can be defined as a class of similar things that share either an essential core, or some similarity in perceptual, biological, or functional properties. a.) category b.) concept c.) script d.) schema e.) stimulus

A patient with medial temporal lobe damage is taught to juggle on day 1. On day 2, he will remember ________, but he will not remember ________. a) How to juggle / the name of the person who taught him to juggle b) The name of the person who taught him to juggle / how to juggle

A structure known as the ____ divides the frontal and parietal lobes. a.) central sulcus b.) anterior commissure c.) corpus callosum d.) lateral sulcus e.) amygdala

About 95% of all human beings show a specialization for language in the: a.) left hemisphere b.) right hemisphere c.) frontal lobe d.) temporal lobe e.) occipital lobe

According to Miller, a fundamental problem of speech perception is: a.) speech is continuous rather than discrete. b.) perception of speech is noncategorical. c.) we pay attention to certain acoustic properties of speech but ignore others. d.) hearing is a less accurate sense than vision. e.) missing phonemes can render words incomprehensible.

According to ____ theory, we never actually acquire intended material at all. a.) schema b.) bottleneck c.) attenuation d.) filter e.) capacity

According to the Gestalt principle of symmetry, objects that are symmetrical will tend to appear: a) In the foreground b) In the background c) Larger than they actually are d) Farther than they actually are

According to the notion of cognitive economy, a characteristic like "has wings" would be stored along with which of the following semantic memory nodes? a.) bird b.) ostrich c.) robin d.) hummingbird e.) all of these

Bower claimed that a person would recall more information if he/she were in the same mood at recall time as at encoding time. This phenomenon is referred to as: a.) mood-dependent memory. b.) state-dependent memory. c.) the spacing effect. d.) the context effect. e.) proactive interference.

Brewer's research on autobiographical memory showed that: a.) participants showed very good overall retention for autobiographical events, even randomly selected ones. b.) memories were better for thoughts than for actions. c.) memories were actually worse for events described as "memorable" than for random events. d.) frequent actions were more likely to be recalled than rare actions. e.) real-life memories were more fragile than laboratory memories.

CAT scans are usually used to: a.) pinpoint areas of brain damage b.) measure cerebral blood flow c.) track areas of brain activity while performing a particular task d.) detect different states of consciousness e.) measure the electrical activity of a single brain cell

Collins and Loftus's spreading activation theory differs from the hierarchical network theory in that: a) it dispenses with the idea of cognitive economy. b) it relies on the assumption of hierarchical structure. c) it cannot account for the typicality effect. d) it makes stronger predictions than hierarchical models. e) it cannot account for the category size effect.

Collins and Loftus's spreading activation theory differs from the hierarchical network theory in that: a.) it dispenses with the idea of cognitive economy. b.) it relies on the assumption of hierarchical structure. c.) it cannot account for the typicality effect. d.) it makes stronger predictions than hierarchical models. e.) it cannot account for the category size effect.

Context effects and state-dependent learning effects occur: a.) for recall tests only. b.) for recognition tests only. c.) for both recall and recognition. d.) for paired-associate tests only. e.) only in the laboratory and not in the real world.

Contrary to the predictions of hierarchical models, Rips, Shoben, and Smith have found that people can verify the statement "A pig is an animal": a.) faster than "A pig is a mammal." b.) faster than "A dog is an animal." c.) faster than "A pig is actually very clean." d.) faster than "A pig is a bird." e.) faster than "A dog is a bird."

Damage to Broca's area often leads to: a.) expressive aphasia. b.) receptive aphasia. c.) inability to comprehend written language. d.) both expressive aphasia and inability to comprehend written language. e.) both receptive aphasia and inability to comprehend written language.

Damage to the thalamus might result in an inability to: a.) relay information from one part of the brain to another b.) coordinate muscle activity c.) processing visual and auditory information d.) regulate hormones e.) remember information from one's early life

Daydreams are a type of: a.) stimulus-independent thought (SIT). b.) icon. c.) episodic buffer. d.) visuospatial sketch. e.) stimulus loop.

Deductive reasoning involves which of the following? a.) going from general to specific statements b.) conclusions that add new information to what is given c.) going from specific to general statements d.) going from specific to specific statements e.) going from general statements to generating new information

Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve demonstrates that: a.) forgetting is rapid at first and then levels off. b.) forgetting is slow at first and then speeds up. c.) forgetting occurs at a steady pace, beginning immediately after learning. d.) no forgetting occurs until 24 hours after learning. e.) forgetting reaches a peak about 3 days after learning.

Encoding variability is a potential explanation for: a.) the spacing effect. b.) state-dependent memory. c.) context effects. d.) mood-dependent memory. e.) retroactive interference.

Evolutionary structures within the ____ are the most primitive A.) hindbrain B.) thalamus C.) forebrain D.) Midbrain E.) Cerebral Cortex

Expert wine tasters are able to identify not only a cabernet sauvignon, but also the actual year that it was bottled and the vineyard that produced it. This is a good example of: a.) perceptual learning b.) figure-ground discrimination c.) bottom-up processing d.) template matching e.) the Gestalt principle of Pregnanz

In Kahneman's model of attention, allocation of mental resources is affected by preferences fro certain kinds of tasks over others. These preferences are known as: a.) enduring dispositions b.) arousal states c.) momentary intentions d.) late selection preferences e.) task difficulty variables

In Treisman's experiments on feature integration, the number of distracters did not matter when participants were asked to spot: a.) a T among O's b.) a green X among green O's and pink X's c.) a pink T among blue T's and pink X's d.) a blue T among blue X's and green T's e.) any stimulus that was presented in pink

In the picture below, the brain is facing the left edge of the page. The cortical areas darkened in this picture are: a) A = motor; B = auditory; C = somatosensory; D = visual b) A = somatosensory; B = auditory; C = motor; D = visual c) A = motor; B = visual; C = somatosensory; D = auditory d) A = somatosensory; B = visual; C = motor; D = auditory

Information is stored in iconic memory for: a. less than 1 second. b. 5-10 seconds. c. about 20 seconds. d. up to 1 year. e. a lifetime.

Information stored in long-term memory appears to be primarily encoded in a ________ format. a) Semantic b) Acoustical c) Articulatory d) Visual

Injury to Broca's area results in an inability to: a.) produce language fluently b.) understand spoken language c.) understand written language d.) write e.) understand both spoken and written language

Inputs to a neuron's soma travel through the _____ and outputs from the soma travel through the _____. a) Dendrites / axons b) Axons / dendrites c) Myelin / nucleus d) Nucleus / dendrites

Lashley's studies of ablation in rats suggested that maze running was related to: a.) the total amount of cortex removed b.) the rat's age at the time of cortex removal c.) the particular part of the cortex removed d.) both the location and amount of cortex removed e.) both the age of the rat and the total amount of cortex removed

Neurotransmitters transmit information _____. a) across the synaptic cleft b) along axons c) inside cell bodies d) within neurons

Parts of the frontal, parietal, and subcortical lobes are involved in: a.) disengaging attention from where it was previously focused. b.) implementing attention when a person has already decided where to focus c.) refocusing attention to a new stimulus d.) generating top-down instructions to the visual system e.) processing newly discovered information

People with amnesia perform more poorly than nonamnesic participants on tests of ________ memory. a.) explicit b.)implicit c.) both explicit and implicit d.) neither explicit nor implicit e.) all types of

Peterson & Peterson (1959) attempted to provide evidence for rapid decay of information in short-term memory. They presented subjects with 3 letters to remember and then gave them a 3-digit number and asked the subjects to count backwards from this number by 3's. Why did they give the subject the 3-digit number and ask them to count backwards? a) To prevent active rehearsal of the 3 letters b) To prevent the use of mnemonic strategies such as visualization c) To prevent verbal encoding of the 3 letters d) To prevent the use of echoic memory

Posner and Keele's research on prototype formation suggest that: a.) people can form prototypes very quickly b.) participants cannot learn to classify abstract dot patterns with any accuracy c.) participants can learn the classifications of previously studied dot patterns, but cannot correctly classify novel patterns d.) Participants can only classify prototypes when the prototypes have been explicitly identified during the study period. e.) Participants can classify prototypes faces, which are meaningful, but cannot classify prototype dot patterns, which are abstract.

Results from dichotic listening studies indicate that, while a person is shadowing one message, he/she notices which of the following features of the unattended message? a.) whether it is speech or simply noise b.) whether it is spoken in English or Japanese c.) multiple repetitions of the same words d.) both the fact that it is speech and the language that is being spoken e.) whether the words being spoken are nonsense or real sentences

Reversible figures illustrate the principle of: a.) figure-ground organization b.) size constancy c.) dimensionality d.) retinal imagery e.) bottom-up processing

Studies using the odd-quadrant discrimination task have shown that perception of the "odd stimulus out" is: a. faster in a complex stimulus display than in a base stimulus display. b. faster in the base stimulus display than in a complex stimulus display. c. just as fast in a complex stimulus display as in a base stimulus display. d. simple in a base stimulus display, but impossible in a complex stimulus display. e. dependent upon the number of stimuli in a display.

Studies using the odd-quadrant discrimination task have shown that perception of the "odd stimulus out" is: a.) Faster in a complex stimulus display than in a base stimulus display b.) faster in the base stimulus display than is a complex stimulus display c.) Just as fast in a complex stimulus display as in a base stimulus display d.) simple in a base stimulus display, but impossible in a complex stimulus display e.) dependent upon the number of stimuli in a display

Subjective contours are thought to: a.) be the result of simplifying a complex display b.) occur only with the perceiver's awareness of the process c.) require no active participation on the perceiver's part d.) require both awareness and active participation e.) result in a more complex understanding of a simple stimulus

The ____ is involved in the planning of fine motor movements a.) premotor cortex b.) motor cortex c.) prefrontal cortex d.) frontal cortex e.) occipital cortex

The ____ was a rejection of the prevailing assumption that mental events were beyond the realm of scientific study. a.) cognitive revolution b.) behaviorist rebellion c.) human factors movement d.) universal grammar e.) Psychodynamic theory

The _____ component of working memory is thought to be a temporary storage system that interacts with long-term memory and the other components of working memory to facilitate the transfer of information to long-term memory. a) episodic buffer b) visuospatial sketchpad c) central executive d) the episodic buffer e) the semantic buffer

The _______ theory of attention states that there is a very limited amount of information that can be attended to at one time; unattended information is blocked out. a). filter b.) attenuation c.) schema d.) cocktail party e.) divided attention

The belief that most of our abilities and tendencies are with us from birth is known as: a.) nativism b.) empiricism c.) associationism d.) introspection e.) behaviorism

The calling to mind of previously stored information is known as: a. retrieval. b. encoding. c. storage. d. forgetting. e. maintenance

The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of: a) directing the flow of information. b) controlling an unlimited amount of resources and capacity. c) carrying out subvocal rehearsal to maintain verbal material in memory. d) maintaining visual material in memory through visualization. e) storing the meaning of complex verbal material.

The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of: a.) directing the flow of information. b.) controlling an unlimited amount of resources and capacity. c.) carrying out subvocal rehearsal to maintain verbal material in memory. d.) maintaining visual material in memory through visualization. e.) storing the meaning of complex verbal material.

The concept "bachelor" could be represented in a person's mind as "an unmarried, adult, male, human." This would be an example of a) The classical, feature-based view of concepts and categories b) The prototype view of concepts and categories c) The exemplar-based view of concepts and categories d) All of the above e) None of the above

The famous patient H.M. had brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy. What brain areas were removed? a) The medial temporal lobes, including the hippocampus b) The medial temporal lobes, excluding the hippocampus c) The medial diencephalic areas, including the hippocampus d) The medial diencephalic areas, excluding the hippocampus

The meaningful interpretation of a proximal stimulus is called the: a.) percept b.) sensation c.) distal stimulus d.) retinal image e.) illusion

The perceived intensity of a sound is called ________, while the physical magnitude of displacement in a sound wave is called __________. a) loudness; amplitude b) amplitude; loudness c) pitch; frequency d) frequency; pitch

The primal sketch in David Marr's theory allows viewers to: a.) detect boundaries between areas b.) derive information about depth c.) derive information about surfaces d.) recognize objects e.) know what visual information means

The study of the ways in which sounds can be combined in any given language is called: a.) phonology. b.) morphology. c.) syntax. d.) grammar. e.) pragmatics.

The term "anterograde amnesia" refers to: a.) the loss of the ability to form new memories. b.) the loss of the ability to recall old events. c.) the loss of short-term memory. d.) the loss of sensory memory. e.) the loss of all memory ability.

This theory of object perception postulates that objects in the world are composed of three-dimensional geometrical elements ("geons"). Recognition of objects depends upon our perception of the particular arrangement of the 3-dimenstional elements. a.) Recognition-by-components theory b) Prototype theory c.) Template theory d.) Feature-matching theory

Unattended information is stored briefly in: a.) sensory memory. b.) short-term memory. c.) long-term memory. d.) working memory. e.)secondary memory.

Which of the following allows us to support claims about cause and effect relationships? a.) experiment b.) introspection c.) naturalistic observation d.) controlled observation e.) case study

Which of the following assumptions of phrenology was basically correct? a.) different parts of the brain control different functions b.) the size of a portion of the brain corresponds to its relative power c.) bumps on the skull coincide with enlarged brain areas d.) different brain faculties are absolutely independent of each other e.) the size of the overall brain is a good measure of intelligence

Which of the following is NOT one of the memory systems postulated by ACT? a.) semantic memory b.) declarative memory c.) working memory d.) procedural memory e.) neither working memory nor semantic memory are part of ACT

Which of the following is not a reason for the decline of behaviorism? a) Behaviorist explanations apply only to animals and cannot explain any aspects of human behavior b) Philosophers and psychologists realized that mental processes can be studied scientifically because theories of mental processes can be falsified c) B.F. Skinner's account of language learning was refuted by Noam Chomsky

Which of the following seems to be true of both echoes and icons? a.) They are modality specific, holding only one type of sensory information. b.) They have relatively small capacities for information. c.) They both hold information for the same length of time. d.) They both rely heavily on the meaning of the stimulus. e.) They are both very resistant to erasing by stimuli that are presented afterward.

Which of the following was NOT instrumental in producing the "cognitive revolution"? a.) B.F. Skinner's development of the Skinner box b.) The development of human factors engineering c.) Noam Chomsky's work in the field of linguistics d.) the development of the computer e.) attempts to create an artificial intelligence

Which type of reasoning results in conclusions that contain new information? a. ) inductive reasoning b.) deductive reasoning c.) invalid reasoning d.) both inductive and deductive reasoning e.) neither inductive nor deductive reasoning

Who organized the idea of localization of function? a.) Franz Gall b.) William James c.) Wilhelm Wundt d.) Paul Broca e.) Sigmund Freud

You have never heard the utterance: "The purple peacock was arrested for drunk driving before running for the Presidency of the United States." We are all capable of producing original utterances such as this. This illustrates what property of language? a) productivity b) dynamic c) communicative d) regularity of structure

_____ memory tasks involve the recall or recognition of learned material, while ______ memory tasks measure the effect of previous experiences on present performance of a task. a) Explicit / implicit b) Semantic / episodic c) Episodic / semantic d) Procedural / declarative

"Cramming" for exams tends to be ineffective because of the: a.) chunking effect. b.) spacing effect. c.) state-dependence effect. d.) context effect. e.) encoding specificity effect.

A fundamental problem of speech perception, according to Miller, is that: a.) speech is discrete rather than continuous. b.) a single phoneme sounds different depending on its context. c.) hearing is a less accurate sense than vision. d.) missing phonemes can render words incomprehensible. e.) we do not pay attention to important acoustic properties of speech.

A hypothesis differs from a prediction in that: a) A hypothesis is a statement about how some broad aspect of the world works, and a prediction is an interpretation about what the experimental results mean, relating them to the conclusions of the study b) A hypothesis is a statement about how some specific aspect of the world works, and a prediction is a statement about what pattern of results the experimenters expect for a specific experiment on the basis of the hypothesis c) A hypothesis is a statement about what pattern of results the experimenters expect on the basis of a theory, and a prediction is an interpretation of the results with discussion of how future experiments would shed light on the remaining questions d) A hypothesis is a statement about how a scientist would like the world to work, and a prediction is an astrological technique involving interpretation of patterns of star movements and planetary influences

A radical behaviorist would dislike cognitive psychology because ________. a) Cognitive psychologists study theoretical entities such as memory that can never be directly observed b) Cognitive psychologists study theoretical entities such as memory that simply do not exist

A stencil provides a good analogy for the theory of: a.) prototype matching b.) template matching c.) good continuation d.) featural analysis e.) top-down processing

According to feature integration theory, which two of the following search tasks should require serial search? (1) The target differs from the distractors by a single feature such as color. (2) The target differs from the distractors by a conjunction of two or more features, such as color and orientation. (3) The target differs from the distractors by the presence of a feature (i.e. the targets have the added feature). (4) The target differs from the distractors by the absence of a feature (i.e. the distractors have a feature that the target lacks). a) 1 and 3 b) 2 and 4 c) 2 and 3 d) 3 and 4

According to the _____ model, the word superiority effect occurs because a letter presented in the context of a word activates not only the relevant node for the word, but also each of the letters within the word. a.) prototype b.) connectionist c.) direct perception d.) featural analysis e.) template matching

Broadbent, in proposing his filter theory of attention, argued that an attentional filter lets some information through and blocks out the rest. This filter is based upon: a.) the meaning of the message b.) a physical characteristic of the message, such as its location c.) the importance of the message d.) the language of the message e.) the number of repetitions of the message

Categorization models based on family resemblance rely on: a) the definition of each category b) feature overlap among the members of a category c) the necessary conditions for membership in a category d) the sufficient conditions for membership in a category

Connectionist models assume all of the following EXCEPT: a.) input is process at several different levels b.) features are more abstract than letters or words c.) Nodes of processing have a certain level of activity at any point in time d.) Connections between nodes can be excitatory or inhibitory e.) When a node reaches a certain level of activity, its associated feature, letter, or word is perceived

Conrad has found evidence that the statement "A shark can move" can be verified in the same amount of time as "An animal can move." These results suggest that reaction time is best predicted by: a.) cognitive economy. b.) frequency of association. c.) encoding specificity. d.) episodic memory. e.) typicality.

Cosmides believes that evolution has pressured human beings to become very adapt at reasoning about: a.) food sources. b.) social contracts. c.) safety issues. d.) abstract rules. e.) emotions.

Expert decision makers may rely on intuition and mental simulation, according to the _________ model. a.) image b.) recognition-primed decision-making c.) MAUT d.) EU e.) elimination-by-aspects

Five-year old George was taught the words "duck" and "dog" in class today. In one exercise, George's teacher asked him if "duck" rhymed with "cluck" and if "dog" was a type of animal. The next day, George was given a recall test of the words that he learned. According the levels-of-processing framework, George would be more likely to remember _________. a) duck b) dog c) George would remember both words with about the same accuracy

French (2000) proposed using "subcognitive" questions to probe the intelligence of a machine. Why? a) Because subcognitive questions probe subconscious knowledge b) Because subcognitive questions probe knowledge gained through real-world experience c) Because it is clear that no machine could ever answer such questions correctly d) Because this is a better test of artificial intelligence than the Turing test is

Historians date the founding of scientific psychology to the 1879 laboratory of: a.) William James b.) Wilhelm Wundt c.) John Locke d.) Edward Titchener e.) Edward Thorndike

Historians date the founding of scientific psychology to the 1879 laboratory of: a. Williams James. b. Wilhelm Wundt. c. John Locke. d. Edward Titchener. e. Edward Thorndike.

In Sperling's "partial report" tasks, subjects were shown a brief array of letters and numbers and were then given a tone cue that indicated which row they should remember. About how many letters and numbers could subjects report from one row in an array containing 3 rows of 4 letters? a) 1 b) 3 c) 8 d) 12

In a connectionist model, the representation of knowledge is: a) stored in the artificial neurons in the network b) in the pattern of connection weights in the network c) in the pattern of firing of the input layer artificial neurons d) in the patter of firing of the output layer artificial neurons

In the second stage of feature integration theory, a.) we register features of objects such as their shape or color b.) we combine features into unified objects c.) we break unified objects down into identifiable features d.) we switch from serial to parallel processing e.) we notice the background of objects

Information is held in _____ for 20 to 30 seconds. a.) sensory memory b.) short-term memory c.) long-term memory d.) secondary memory e.) none of the above

Jane is taking part in a sleep study. Her brain wave patterns are being measure to determine her level of consciousness at various points throughout the night. The brain recording technique that is being used on Jane is: a.) CAT b.) EEG c.) ERP d.) PET e.) MRI

Loftus & Palmer (1975) found that: a) Subjects who were asked how fast the cars were going when they "smashed into each other" reported a lower speed than subjects who were asked how fast the cars were going when they "contacted each other" b) Subjects who were asked how fast the cars were going when they "smashed into each other" reported a higher speed than subjects who were asked how fast the cars were going when they "contacted each other" c) Subjects were more likely to report that an injury had occurred if they were asked a question about the cars ""smashing into each other" than if they were asked a question about the cars "contacting each other" d) Subjects were less likely to report that an injury had occurred if they were asked a question about the cars "smashing into each other" than if they were asked a question about the cars "contacting each other"

Muscle activity is coordinated in the primitive brain structure called the: a. pons. b. cerebellum. c. medulla oblongata. d. thalamus. e. hypothalamus.

Muscle activity is coordinated in the primitive brain structure called the: a.) pons b.) cerebellum c.) medulla oblongata d.) thalamus e.) hypothalamus

Neuropsychological studies have indicated that patients with damage to the right parietal lobe: a.) cannot perceive objects on the left side of visual space. b.) do not pay attention to objects on the left side of visual space. c.) perceive and pay attention to objects on the left side of visual space, but cannot reproduce them in a drawing. d.) can neither perceive nor pay attention to objects on the left side of visual space. e.) can neither perceive nor pay attention to objects on the right side of visual space.

Normative models of decision making describe: a.) how we ought to make decisions in realistic circumstances. b.) ideal performance under ideal circumstances. c. ) what people actually do when they make decisions. d.) cognitive illusions. e.) hindsight biases.

One basic physiological mechanism for learning is the ____ rule, which states that if a synapse between two neurons is repeatedly activated at about the same time the postsynaptic neuron fires, the chemistry of the synapse changes. a.) Carlson b.) Hebb c.) Baddeley d.) Tulving e.) icon

One difference between functionalism and structuralism was that: a.) functionalists emphasized laboratory experimentation more than structuralists. b.) functionalist wanted to study whole organisms in real-life tasks. c.) structuralists drew more heavily on Darwinian theory. d.) Structuralists were more interested in habit formation e.) functionalists wanted to study only observable behaviors

One of the first mnemonic techniques was invented around 500 BCE by the Greek poet Simonides. This method of learning a list is called the: a.) technique of interacting images. b.) method of loci. c.) pegword method. d.) mediation technique. e.) keyword method.

Past events seem "inevitable" due to the action of the: a.) framing effect. b.) hindsight bias. c.) gambler's fallacy. d.) availability heuristic. e.) illusory correlation.

Phineas Gage suffered damage to his _______ that resulted in an inability to plan for the future and to conduct himself according to social rules. a.) temporal lobe b.) prefrontal cortex c.) occipital lobe d.) parietal lobe e.) corpus callosum

Repeating a phone number to yourself to hold it in memory while you dial it would use which component of working memory? a) the visuospatial sketchpad b) the phonological loop c) the episodic buffer d) both the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop e) both the visuospatial sketchpad and the episodic buffer

Repeating a phone number to yourself to hold it in memory while you dial it would use which component of working memory? a.) the visuospatial sketchpad b.) the phonological loop c.) the episodic buffer d.) both the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop e.) both the visuospatial sketchpad and the episodic buffer

Retroactive interference occurs when ____ information interferes with _____ information in memory. a.) old; new b.) new; old c.) vivid; dull d.) visual; auditory e.) personal; factual

Spearman (1904) proposed the concept of general intelligence based on what observation? a) Different tasks on an intelligence test tend to share many of the same cognitive components b) People who perform well on one cognitive test typically perform well on other cognitive tests c) The same area of the brain is active no matter what cognitive task is performed d) There is no difference in performance on high-g and low-g tasks

Stroop interference lessens when: a.) participants are better readers b.) participants are given more practice at naming colors c.) participants are girls rather than boys d.) participants are encouraged to focus carefully e.) participants are given more practice at reading color names

The "cocktail party effect" refers to the fact that shadowing performance is disrupted when_____ is embedded in the unattended message. a.) backward speech b.) the listener's name c.) a section of repeated words d.) music e.) a switch in language

The branch of linguistics devoted to the study of meaning: a.) phonetics b.) semantics c.) morphology d.) pragmatics e.) syntax

The ecological approach overlaps the most with the _____ approach. a.) information processing b.) evolutionary c.) developmental d.) connectionist e.) experimental

The field of ____ developed during WWII to study such practical questions as how to design aircraft that were safer for human beings to operate. a.) psycholinguistics b.) human factors engineering c.) Gestalt psychology d.) neuroscience e.) structural modeling

The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique has good _____ resolution but poor _____ resolution. a) Functional / structural b) Spatial / temporal c) Structural / functional d) Temporal / spatial

The icon is said to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a.) It holds information in a relatively unprocessed form. b.) It lasts about 20 seconds. c.) It can be "erased" by stimuli that are presented immediately afterward. d.) It can hold more information than can be reported. e.) It contains only visual information, not auditory.

The philosopher John Locke was a strong believer in ______, which rests on the assumption that knowledge comes from an individual's own experience. a. nativism b. empiricism c. introspection d. behaviorism e. structuralism

The suffix effect relates to which type of memory? a.) iconic b.) echoic c.) short term d.) working e.) long term

The surgery performed on patient "H.M." involved removal of most of the: a.) cerebellum b.) hippocampus c.) frontal lobe d.)corpus callosum e.) occipital lobe

The term "limited capacity processors" suggest that: a.) computers have limited memory storage b.) human beings can only do so many things at once c.) neurons can only fire at a certain rate d.) processing in the brain occurs in parallel e.) a finite set of grammatical rules can generate an unlimited number of sentences.

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus are all structures of the: a.) hindbrain b.) forebrain c.) midbrain d.)medulla e.) spinal cord

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus are all structures of the: a. hindbrain. b. forebrain. c. midbrain. d. medulla. e. spinal cord.

When common objects such as kitchen utensils are presented in a jumbled display a.) people recognize them faster than in a normal kitchen scene b.) people recognize them slower than in a normal kitchen scene c.) people recognize them in the same amount of time as in a normal kitchen scene d.) people cannot recognize them at all without a proper context e.) recognition performance is predictable on the basis of bottom-up perceptual processes

When we assess probability by judging the ease with which relevant examples come to mind, we are using the heuristic of: a.) representativeness. b.) availability. c.) framing. d.) hindsight. e.) the law of small numbers.

Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley's working memory model? a.) the phonological loop b.) the icon c.) the central executive d.) the visuospatial sketchpad e.) the episodic buffer

Which of the following is a good example of a basic level of categorization? a.) musical instrument b.) piano c.) electronic keyboard d.) grand piano e.) string instrument

Which of the following is an example of retroactive interference? a) Confusing your voicemail password with your email password when both were obtained at the same time b) Forgetting your old phone number after getting a new one c) You try to remember your new phone number, but you keep remembering your old number d) All of the above e) None of the above

Which of the following is direct evidence that information is stored in an acoustic form in the articulatory loop? a) Concurrent articulation impairs recall for a visually presented list of words b) Short-term memory for a list of words is worse if the items sound similar to each other (e.g., rat, bat, cat, mat) c) Recall of items on a list is worse if the words are long d) Subjects can store four multiple-feature objects just as easily as four single-feature objects

Which of the following is not a key property of language, as defined in lecture? a) arbitrary relationship between symbol and concept referred to b) one-to-one relationship between symbol and meaning c) structure at multiple levels d) virtually limitless productivity

Which of the following is not an attribute of short-term memory? a) Directly accessible b) Unlimited storage capacity c) Used to store information for current tasks d) Can be maintained by means of rehearsal

Which of the following is true regarding retinal image? a.) They are three-dimenstional b.) Their size depends on the distance between the perceived object and the perceiver c.) they appear right-side up d.) they appear in black and white e.) they are known as distal stimuli

Which of the following is true regarding retrograde amnesia? a.) All retrograde amnesia patients exhibit at least some anterograde amnesia symptoms. b.) The time span for which memory is lost varies enormously. c.) Memories of the most distant past are most likely to be lost. d.) No information is spared, not even information that has been "overlearned" in the past. e.) It has a more drastic effect on skill learning than anterograde amnesia does.

Which of the following would NOT be likely to be a part of your "restaurant" script? a.) giving your order to a waiter b.) picking up your fork c.) eating your salad d.) waiting for a table e.) paying the bill

______ theory assumes that people rarely go through a formal structuring process in making real-life decisions, but instead do most of their work through a pre-choice screening of options. a.) MAUT b.) Image c.) EV d.) EU e.) Elimination by aspects

"Have you seen my cell phone?" "I watched a great movie tonight." The second speaker is violating Grice's maxim of: a.) quantity. b.) quality. c.) relation. d.) manner. e.) both quantity and manner.

"If a person is drinking a beer, then the person must be over 19 years old." Participants are asked to test this rule using information on four cards; each card has a person's beverage on one side and the person's age on the other. The four cards are now presented as follows: "beer," "coke," "16 years old," and "20 years old." Which of the following describes the behavior of most college students who complete this variation of the four-card task? a.) Most turn over only the "beer" card. b.) Most turn over the "beer" and "20 years old" cards. c.) Most turn over the "beer" and "16 years old" cards. d.) Most turn over the "beer" and "coke" cards. e.) Most turn over all four cards.

A certain computer can respond to a limited number of voice commands such as "Open file" and "Save data." However, it responds to only its owner's voice, and the owner must take care to pronounce the commands in a very precise manner. A command spoken by a voice of the wrong gender, the wrong accent, or in the wrong tone will not be recognized. This computer probably operates on a system of: a.) featural analysis b.) pandemonium c.) template matching d.) prototype matching e.) top-down processing

A letter is easier to perceive in the context of a word. Which of the following models explains that fact by arguing that activation of the relevant node for the word also activates the nodes corresponding to the letters within the word? a.)bottom-up b.) featural analysis c.) connectionist d.) template e.) prototype

A patient with prosopagnosia has difficulty recognizing: a.) drawings of objects b.) moving objects c.) faces d.) sounds e.) flavors

A patient with prosopagnosia has difficulty recognizing: a.) drawings of objects. b.) moving objects. c.) faces. d.) sounds. e.) flavors.

According to Gibson's theory, the acts or behaviors permitted by objects, places and events are called: a.) consequences b.) functions c.) affordances d.) direct processes e.) interpretive products

According to research on the anchoring phenomenon, a.) even when given additional information, people refuse to depart from their original "anchors." b.) people ignore rational anchors that should influence their subsequent estimates. c.) even when the anchor is arbitrary, people are unwilling to adjust upward or downward from that anchor by large amounts. d.) anchoring can result in serious overestimation of quantities such as 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8. e.) people should never use anchors in judgment.

According to the ______ view of concepts, people categorize new instances by comparing them to representations of previously stored instances. a.) classical b.) prototype c.) exemplar d.) schema e.) hierarchical

According to the retrieval cue explanation of interference, you are more likely to forget where you parked your car in a lot where: a) you have never parked before. b) you have always parked in the same place. c) you have parked frequently, but in many different spaces. d) you parked a year ago, but not more recently. e) you parked yesterday.

According to the typicality effect, the statement "A dog is a household pet" should be verified: a) faster than "A poodle is a household pet." b) faster than "A dog is a living thing." c) faster than "A ferret is a household pet." d) aster than "A dog is an animal." e) aster than "A ferret is an insect."

After a head injury, Sarah has trouble coordinating muscle activity. Sarah most likely suffered damage to the: a.) pons b.) medulla oblongata c.) cerebellum d.) thalamus e.) hypothalamus

All Gestalt principles follow the law of a.) closure b.) good continuation c.) Pragnanz d.) common fate e.) proximity

As classically conceived, long-term memory is held to have all of the following properties EXCEPT: a) It comprises a permanent or at least semipermanent store. b) It has virtually unlimited capacity. c) It primarily uses acoustic coding d) Information stored within it is not always easily accessible. e) Length of retention in long-term memory is a function of the level of original learning

As classically conceived, long-term memory is held to have all of the following properties EXCEPT: a.) It comprises a permanent or at least semipermanent store. b.) It has virtually unlimited capacity. c.) It primarily uses acoustic coding. d.) Information stored within it is not always easily accessible. e.) Length of retention in long-term memory is a function of the level of original learning.

Bahrick assessed memory for landmarks and buildings in the town in which participants went to college; 46 years after graduation, alumni still remembered about ____ of the information that current graduating seniors have. a.) 10% b.) 20% c.) 40% d.) 60% e.) 80%

Before going to the grocery store, your roommate reads you a long list of items to buy. At the store, you try to remember all of the items but you forget a few. Which items are likely to have been forgotten? a) Items at the beginning of the list b) Items at the end of the list c) Items in the middle of the list

Bird songs and bee dances are not considered to be languages because: a.) they do not use words. b.) they do not have a formal grammar. c.) they cannot express infinite combinations of ideas. d.) they do not have a permanent (written) form. e.) they do not use symbols or combine those symbols into a formal grammar.

Broca's area is in the _________ lobe, and Wernicke's area is in the _________ lobe. a) Frontal / Parietal b) Parietal / Frontal c) Frontal / Temporal d) Temporal / Frontal e) Parietal / Temporal

Chomsky and other nativists have argued that much of language is innate. One of their arguments has been that, during language acquisition, the speech that children hear from adults is impoverished and degenerate. An example of this would be: a) Adults use baby talk, like "Look at the itty bitty little tiny baby" b) Adults use many short sentences, like "I know. We can go tomorrow." c) Adults use many malformed sentences, like "They...it...is not ready...but maybe tomorrow." d) All of the above

Clinical interviews are to introspection as ____ are to ____. a.) naturalistic observations; experiments b.) naturalistic observations; quasi-experiments c.) controlled observations; naturalistic observations d.) controlled observations; experiments e.) quasi-experiments; experiments

Damage to the hippocampus would result in: a.) death b.) blindness c.) loss of the ability to form new memories d.) deafness e.) loss of balance

Damage to the medulla oblongata would most likely result in: a.) blindness b.) amnesia c.) death d.) loss of balance e.) inability to speak

Gardner believed that cognitive theories must focus on events "between input and output"- in other words, that cognition must be analyzed at the level of: a.) behavior b.) neurons c.) representation d.) history e.) culture

Hemispatial neglect is usually found after damage to the ________ parietal lobe and usually consists of a lack of attention to the ________ side of space. a) Left / Left b) Left / Right c) Right / Left d) Right / Right

If a group of 8-year-olds has an average score of 5 items recalled on a memory measure and a group of 10-year-olds has an average score of 6 items recalled on the same measure, and a statistical test indicates that this effect was significant with a p- value of .05, this means that: a) The difference in memory scores is at least .05 items b) The difference in memory scores is at least 5% c) There is a 5% chance that the observed difference between the groups was caused by random variations rather than a real difference in memory scores between 8- and 10-year- olds

If information from a story is presented in scrambled order, a.) people actually recall it better than if it had been presented in proper order, because they pay more attention to it. b.) people recall just as much information as if it had been presented in proper order. c.) people tend to recall it in the scripted order. d.) people cannot recall any of the details of the story. e.) we cannot predict how much will be recalled, or in what order.

Imagine that you are brought into a dark room and the lights are turned on for 1 millisecond and then off again. It will seem like you can still see some of the objects in the room for a few hundred milliseconds after the lights are turned off. This is an example of: a) Working memory b) Long-term memory c) Sensory memory d) All of the above e) None of the above

In Anderson's ACT model, that part of declarative memory that is very highly activated at any particular moment is called: a.) procedural memory. b.) iconic memory. c.) working memory. d.) declarative memory. e.) hierarchical memory.

In David Marr's model of vision, which stage of the process incorporates top-down knowledge? a.) the primal sketch b.) the 2 1/2 D sketch c.) the 3-D sketch d.) both the primal sketch and the 2 1/2 D sketch e.) the primal 2 1/1 D, and 3-D sketches

In a connectionist model, the elements of processing are: a) if-then rules b) stored hierarchical networks c) simple neuron like elements d) declarative memories

In the Stroop effect, participants have difficulty correctly naming the color of ink that a word is written in when: a.) the word is unrelated to the topic of color. b.) the word names the color of ink. c.) the word names a color which is not the ink color. d.) the "word" is not a word at all, but a pronounceable nonsense syllable. e.) the "word" is not a word at all, but an unpronounceable sequence of consonants without vowels

In what sense is the human brain like a termite colony? a) Both can pass the Turing test b) Both consist of a complex set of interconnected passageways c) In both cases, complex behavior results from interactions between many simple units d) All of the above e) None of the above

Infinite combinations of ideas can be expressed in language. In other words, language is: a.) regular. b.) interpersonal. c.) productive. d.) referential. e.) grammatical.

Let p = "Mary got an A on her exam" and q = "John got a C on his exam." In which of the following situations is the statement "p & q" true? a.) Mary and John both got A's. b.) Mary and John both got C's. c.) Mary got an A and John got a C. d.) Mary got a C and John got an A. e.) Mary got a B and John got a C.

More recent research has suggested a move from a ___ to a ___ metaphor to explain the basic nature of attention a.) bottleneck;filter b.)filter;bottleneck c.) bottleneck;spotlight d.) headlight;spotlight e.) apple tree; spotlight

Most studies of sensory memory have focused on memory for information from which sensory modalities? a.) vision and taste b.) vision and smell c.) vision and hearing d.) smell and hearing e.) taste and touch

Properties and facts are stored at the highest level possible, according to the principle of: a.) encoding specificity. b.) connectionism. c.) cognitive economy. d.) typicality. e.) lexical destiny.

Research suggests that talking on a cell phone while driving: a.) does not cause errors or slow reaction time b.) does not slow reaction time any more than does listening to the radio c.) causes significantly more errors and slows reaction time significantly more than listening to the radio d.) does not impair driving as long as the driver is using a "hands-free" telephone e.) actually improves driving performance

Roediger's work on the testing effect tells us that taking tests: a.) increases forgetting. b.) has no real effect on memory; it is just a tool for assessment. c.) actually improves memory for material. d.) may cause proactive interference. e.) is less effective as a study aid than re-reading or highlighting the material.

Sentence-verification tasks are typically used to: a) assess the extent of participants' knowledge about a topic b) probe for a participant's false beliefs c) determine how information is organized and connected in our mental encyclopedia d) quantify the contribution of schemata to memory errors

Some members of the Jones family are tall. Some tall people play basketball. Which of the following is true? a.) Logically, some members of the Jones family play basketball. b.) Logically, no members of the Jones family play basketball. c.) Most people assume that some members of the Jones family play basketball. d.) Most people assume that all members of the Jones family play basketball. e.) Most people assume that no members of the Jones family play basketball.

Studies of false memories indicate that: a.) the number of words used to describe "remembered" events is actually higher for false memories than for true memories. b.) false memories often vanish quickly after the initial, misleading interview. c.) false memories are rated as having less clarity than true memories. d.) false memories are more reliably induced by photographs than by narratives. e.) false memories and true memories activate the same areas of the brain.

Studies of flashbulb memory indicate that: a.) stronger emotional responses to an event are associated with less detailed memories. b.) more retellings of the event are associated with more accurate memories. c.) flashbulb memories are no more accurate than memories for more mundane life events. d.) people are less confident in the accuracy of flashbulb memories than they are about more ordinary memories. e.) flashbulb memories are only created for positive emotional events.

The Adult Math Project is rooted in which paradigm? a.) information processing b.) evolutionary c.) ecological d.) connectionist e.) developmental

The capacity of short-term memory was thought by George Miller to be: a.) about 75% of a visual display. b.) 7 (plus or minus 2) letters or numbers. c.) 7 (plus or minus 2) chunks of information. d.) 12 (plus or minus 3) chunks of information. e.) unlimited.

The concept "game" could be represented in a person's mind as a set of representations of all the games the person has encountered. This would be an example of a) The classical, feature-based view of concepts and categories b) The prototype view of concepts and categories c) The exemplar-based view of concepts and categories d) All of the above e) None of the above

The concept of fluid intelligence is highly related to: a.) iconic memory capacity. b.) echoic memory capacity. c.) working memory capacity. d.) interference. e.) anterograde amnesia.

The famous patient H.M. had brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy. What kind of a memory impairment did he have? a) A profound anterograde amnesia, accompanied by a profound retrograde amnesia b) A mild anterograde amnesia, accompanied by a profound retrograde amnesia c) A profound anterograde amnesia, accompanied by a mild retrograde amnesia d) A mild anterograde amnesia, accompanied by a mild retrograde amnesia

The idea of natural selection is central to which paradigm? a.) information processing b.) connectionist c.) evolutionary d.) developmental e.) ecological

The production of stimulus-independent thoughts (SITs), such as daydreams, depends upon: a.) the phonological loop only. b.) the visuospatial sketchpad only. c.) the central executive. d.) the episodic buffer. e.) the semantic buffer.

The school of psychology known as functionalism, which emphasized the purposes of the mind's operations, was founded by: a.) Wilhelm Wundt b.) John Watson c.) William James d.) Edward Titchener e.) B.F. Skinner

The tendency to seek out information that supports our current beliefs is called: a.) a believability effect. b.) a content effect. c.) a confirmation bias. d.) syllogistic reasoning. e.) false induction.

The word "cat" is_____ by the phrase "The dog chased the?" That is, the word cat is especially ready to be recognized or attended to. a.) filtered b.) attenuated c.) primed d.) suggested e.) selected

Vervet monkeys emit different calls to signal different types of threats, and these calls lead other monkeys to take specific, appropriate actions. Which of the following statements is true of vervet monkeys? a) Vervet monkeys have the ability to communicate with a language b) V ervet monkeys cannot use abstract symbols c) Vervet monkeys have the ability to communicate, but not with a true language d) Vervet monkeys do not have the ability to truly communicate

Vesuvian creatures fly in from outer space, and their sensory receptors are studied. It is observed that their dominant sensory system is haptic (touch), and that certain receptors seem to respond selectively to softness, others selectively to certain temperatures, and others selectively to smoothness. Knowing only this information, you might conclude that the best explanation for Vesuvian perceptual experience may come from: a.) template-matching theory b.) prototype theory c.) featural analysis theory d.) Gestalt theory e.) direct perception theory

What does it mean to say that "perception is constructive"? a) We have direct access to objects in the world b) We usually construct inaccurate representations of the world c) We construct mental representations of the world by applying various types of cognitive processing to our sensory inputs d) We construct 2-dimensional representations of a 3-dimensional world

When you let go of a balloon and it floats away from you into the sky, the size of the retinal image gets smaller and smaller. However, you do not perceive the balloon as shrinking. This is an example of: a. pattern recognition. b. bottom-up processing. c. size constancy. d. figure-ground organization. e. distal processing.

Which of the following can detect different states of consciousness? a.) CAT b.) MRI c.) EEG d.) ERP e.) PET

Which of the following controls the pituitary gland by releasing hormones? a.) thalamus b.) medulla c.) hypothalamus d.) pons e.) cerebellum

Which of the following is NOT TRUE of the classical view of concepts? a.) It proposes that concepts are mentally represented by lists of features. b.) It assumes that membership in a category is clear-cut. c.) It accurately predicts the typicality effect. d.) "Necessary" and "sufficient" features play an important role in the theory. e.) It has been seriously challenged by the research of Rosch and colleagues

Which of the following is NOT a kind of syntactic rule proposed by Chomsky? a.) lexical insertion rule b.) phrase structure rule c.) illegal contraction rule d.) rewrite rule e.) transformational rule

Which of the following is NOT an example of a cognitive process? a.) attention b.) perception c.) reflex d.) recognition e.) problem solving

Which of the following is NOT one of the four properties that Wundt proposed as the basis for any conscious thought or idea? a.) mode b.) quality c.) quantity d.) intensity e.) duration

Which of the following is a central tenet of the Gestalt school of psychology? a.) the goal of psychology is to break down and identify the simplest mental elements that make up conscious experience. b.) the most important function of the mind is to allow the individual to adapt to his or her environment c.) Psychological phenomena cannot be reduced to simple elements, but must be studied in their entirety. d.) subjective phenomena such as remembering and expecting are not objectively testable and thus are not proper subject matter for psychology e.) the intellectual structures of a child differ qualitatively from those of a mature adult

Which of the following is a conjunction search? a) Looking among blue and orange apples for a red apple. b) Looking among red and green apples for a yellow apple. c) Looking among red apples and green limes for a green apple. d) Looking among oranges and green apples for a red apple.

Which of the following is an example of a feature search? a) Looking for the Big Dipper in the night sky b) Looking for a yellow carton of milk in a refrigerator filled with yellow mustard containers and green orange juice cartons. c) Looking for a red apple in a bowl of green avocados d) Looking for a movie to watch on Saturday night

Which of the following is an example of an assertive speech act? a.) Close the window. b.) I apologize for saying that. c.) I'm a Democrat. d.) You're fired. e.) I guarantee that you'll be satisfied.

Which of the following is not an example of a rule of syntax? a) Singular nouns (e.g., "book") are preceded by an article (e.g., "the") b) An adjective (e.g., "difficult") precedes the noun it modifies (e.g., "test") c) To pronounce the plural of a regular noun, say the noun and add "S" if the noun ends in a hard consonant and add "Z" if the noun ends in a soft consonant or vowel d) All sentences must have a noun phrase and a verb phrase

Which of the following is true regarding Watson's behaviorism? a.) It is sometimes regarded as a branch of structuralism b.) it relies heavily on the technique of introspection c.) it rejected references to unobservable mental states such as consciousness d.) It never really gained popularity in the US e.) It has a large positive impact on the development of cognitive psychology.

Which of the following is true regarding controlled processing? a.) it is used with routine or familiar tasks b.) it usually operated in parallel c.) it requires attention d.) it is unaffected by massive amounts of practice e.) It is not capacity limited

Which of the following terms is defined as "the smallest unit of speech that denotes meaning"? a) Phrase b) Word c) Morpheme d) Phoneme

You have just listened to a list of 20 words. When asked to recall these words in any order, you are LEAST LIKELY to recall the a.) first word. b.) second word. c.) 10th word. d.) 20th word. e.) word that reminded you of something you ate for breakfast.

You met an attractive person at a party last Friday, when you were a bit tipsy from too many beers. The next morning you could no longer remember that person's name and phone number. Saturday night you went to another party and drank a few more beers, and suddenly you were able to remember the name again. Which principle best explains your retrieval processes? a.) spacing effect b.) chunking c.) state-dependent learning d.) the context effect e.) levels of processing

_____ is a normative model for integrating different dimensions and goals of a complex decision. a.) Expected value b.) Expected utility c.) MAUT d.) Framing e.) Availability

A patient with anterograde amnesia fails to remember ________, whereas a patient with retrograde amnesia fails to remember ________. a) Short-term information / long-term information b) Long-term information / short-term information c) Information from before the onset of the amnesia / Information from after the onset of the amnesia d) Information from after the onset of the amnesia / Information from before the onset of the amnesia

ACT models distinguish among three types of memory systems: a) working memory, episodic memory, and declarative memory b) semantic memory, episodic memory, and procedural memory c) procedural memory, declarative memory, and semantic memory d) working memory, declarative memory, and procedural memory e) semantic memory, episodic memory, and concept memory

According to Feature Integration Theory: a) Features are stored in spatially organized feature maps b) Feature maps are created automatically and in parallel c) Without attention, we have access only to the total amount of activity in a feature map, and not to the locations of the features d) All of the above e) None of the above

According to Gibson's theory, viewers directly perceive: a.) shapes b.) whole objects c.) each object's affordances d.) shapes, objects, and their affordances e.) nothing- al perception involved several steps of processing and interpretation

All of the following statements are central to empiricism EXCEPT: a.) knowledge comes from an individual's experience b.) Learning takes place through the mental association of two ideas c.) Environment plays a powerful role in determining intellectual ability d.) important structures of the human mind are present at birth. e.) most of our human characteristics and capabilities are changeable.

Among the following methods, which is the most effective means of learning the Spanish equivalents of English words? a) Repeating the word pairs over and over again out loud b) Repeating the word pairs over and over again silently c) Studying all of the word pairs in one 2-hour period rather than 4 30-minute periods d) Creating imaginary scenes in which the word pairs are visually associated

Anne is driving down a residential street on a Saturday afternoon, and expects that she may see children playing outside on such a sunny, warm day. Out of the corner of her eye, she detects movement between two parked cars at the side of the road. She immediately presses the brake, interpreting the movement as that of a child. Later she is relieved to see that the movement came from an empty paper bag that is blowing in the wind. Anne's initial perception of the movement as that of a child can best be explained through the notion of: a.) size constancy b.) retinal image c.) template matching d.) top-down processing e.) bottom-up processing

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a.) is more common in girls than in boys b.) affects 10%-15% of the general school age population c.) involved an inability to be alert d.) has been suggested to involve an inability to inhibit an ongoing such as talking or playing a game e.) has been suggested to involve an inability to devote mental resources to any task

Auditory processing takes place mainly in the _____ lobe. a) Frontal b) Occiptial c) Parietal d) Temporal

Bransford and Franks asked participants to read sentences derived from four basic sentences: "The ants were in the kitchen," "The jelly was on the table," "The jelly was sweet," and "The ants ate the jelly." Participants saw two of the simple sentences, and several combinations of two or three of the simple sentences. On a later recognition test, participants were most confident in "remembering" having seen: a.) "The ants ate the jelly." (actually presented) b.) "The ants ate the sweet jelly." (never actually presented) c.) "The ants ate the sweet jelly on the table." (actually presented) d.) "The ants in the kitchen ate the sweet jelly on the table." (never actually presented) e.) "The ants were in the kitchen." (actually presented)

Children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD): a.) are more likely to be girls than boys b.) cannot devote mental resources to tasks c.) cannot switch attention from one task to another d.) cannot sustain vigilance on repetitive or dull tasks e.) cannot maintain alertness

Chomsky and other nativists have argued that much of language is innate. By this, they mean: a) Children are born with a language acquisition device that functions as a general-purpose learning system for any skill, including language, motor skills, mathematics, etc. b) Children are born with a language acquisition device that causes them to pay attention to social stimuli such as language, allowing general-purpose mechanisms to learn language on the basis of its statistical properties c) Children are born with a language acquisition device that contains all possible languages, and with experience they learn which of these languages is the language to which they are being exposed d) Children are born with a language acquisition device that contains information about what is possible in language, and with experience they learn which of the many possible linguistic elements are actually present in the language to which they are being exposed

Damage to the occipital lobe could result in difficulty processing: a.) auditory information b.) memories c.) sensations of pain d.) visual information e.) sensations of temperature

Ecological validity refers to the extent to which: a.) things studied really do occur in the real world b.) learning takes place through the mental association of two ideas. c.) environment plays a powerful role in determining intellectual ability. d.) Important structures of the human mind are present at birth. e.) Most of our human characteristics and capabilities are changeable

If "soda" is a basic-level category, then ______ would be a subordinate level. a.) soft drink b.) beverage c.) drink d.) Coca-Cola e.) liquid

If a person has five letters in his or her name, then s/he is a Glirple. I can now validly assume that: a.) Shawn is a Glirple. b.) anyone who is a Glirple must have five letters in his/her name. c.) anyone who is not a Glirple cannot be named Susan. d.) Shawn is a Glirple, and anyone who is not a Glirple cannot be named Susan. e.) Shawn is a Glirple, anyone who is a Glirple must have five letters in his/her name, and anyone who is not a Glirple cannot be named Susan.

If a person has five letters in his/her name, then s/he is a Glirple. Fred now reasons that anyone who is a Glirple must have five letters in his/her name. Fred has: a.) made a correct inference according to modus ponens. b.) made a correct inference according to modus tollens. c.) committed the fallacy of denying the antecedent. d.) committed the fallacy of affirming the consequent. e.) you cannot tell from the information given.

If performed correctly, deductive reasoning can be said to have ______. This means that it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false. a.) inductive strength b.) deductive strength c.) inductive validity d.) deductive validity e.) propositional validity

In a sentence-verification task, participants respond to these two sentences: "A canary has feathers," and "A canary is yellow." We should predict faster response times to the second sentence because: a) participants are slowed by semantic ambiguity b) participants' responses are faster to perceptual properties than to conceptual ones c) participants are faster in judging "isa" associations than they are in judging "hasa" associations d) the property of having feathers is associated with the bird node, not the canary node

In completing Wason's four-card task, participants usually: a.) turn over the two cards that are necessary and sufficient to test the rule. b.) turn over all four cards, when only two would have been sufficient. c.) turn over all four cards, when only one would have been sufficient. d.) show understanding of modus ponens but neglect modus tollens. e.) show understanding of modus tollens but neglect modus ponens

In their arguments against Chomsky and other nativists, the empiricists have argued that: a) Adults provide children with negative evidence, but in an implicit manner b) Explicit negative evidence may not be as important for language acquisition as has been assumed c) Speech directed toward young children is not as impoverished and degenerate as speech directed toward adults d) All of the above

Information such as the name of the person who sat in front of you in the fifth grade is stored in: a.) sensory memory. b.) short-term memory. c.) working memory. d.) long-term memory. e.) photographic memory.

Kintsch and Keenan found that we spend more time reading sentences that have: a.) more words. b.) more function words. c.) more content words. d.) more propositions. e.) longer words.

Linton's and Barsalou's studies of autobiographical memories suggested that: a.) real-life memories were less durable than laboratory memories. b.) reconstruction of unrecalled events almost never happens with real memories. c.) the easiest events to recall were those that were "routine" or similar to other events. d.) people often summarize two or more events of the same type into one recollection. e.) autobiographical memories are exactly like the types of memories that we study in the laboratory.

Memory ability can be defined as: a. encoding of information in the past b. maintenance of information from the past c. remembering a past event d. having information from the past

Noam Chomsky revolutionized the field of ___ and showed how behaviorism could not adequately explain language. a.) neuroscience b.) computer science c.) human factors d.) lingustics e.) genetics

PET scan studies: a.) show that short-term memory function is contained within the frontal lobes. b.) show that long-term memories are stored in the frontal lobe. c.) demonstrate that massive brain damage in several regions is necessary to cause amnesia. d.) support Baddeley's notion that verbal and spatial working memory are different systems. e.) do not tell us anything about short-term memory.

Participants in a decision-making study in which they had to decide among 6 or 12 apartments often eliminated some alternatives on the basis of one or two dimensions. This is an example of the strategy called: a.) MAUT. b.) EV. c.) EU. d.) elimination by aspects. e.) normative behavior.

Patients with prefrontal cortex damage tend to show deficits in their: a.) intelligence. b.) semantic memory. c.) working memory. d.) inductive reasoning. e.) deductive reasoning.

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans are usually based on differences in _____ across different regions of the brain. a) phosphorylation b) neurotransmitter properties c) hemoglobin characteristics d) blood flow

Preposing (moving a certain part of a sentence to the beginning of the sentence) is syntactically "legal" when: a.) the moved segment begins with a noun. b.) the moved segment contains a subject and a predicate. c.) the moved segment begins with a verb. d.) the moved segment constitutes a complete constituent of a certain type. e.) the moved segment contains an adverb.

Research on divided attention suggest that: a.) some people can multitask without any drop in performance b.) There are no limits on the number of thing that we can successfully do at once c.) as individual tasks become more demanding, multitasking becomes more efficient d.) If you think that you are doing two things simultaneously, you are probably really rapidly switching attention back and forth between the two e.) the ability to multitask is an essential skill in the 21st century

Research on illusory correlations has shown that our tendency to see relationships that are not really present: a.) occurs only when data are ambiguous. b.) occurs only when data are very clear. c.) occurs primarily because of memory biases. d.) occurs with variables that have prior associations in our minds. e.) has no serious consequences for our decision making.

Retrieval involves: a.) the activation of the senses. b.) the translation of information into a form that can be stored. c.) the storage of information over time. d.) the calling to mind of previously stored information. e.) the decay of information in memory.

Spelke, Hirst, and Neisser attempted to teach participants to simultaneously take dictation and read with comprehension. Their results suggests that: a.) no amount of practice can teach to do two things at once without a drop in performance b.) people could eventually reach accurate performance on the dictation task, but reading comprehension still suffered. c.) people could eventually reach accuracy in reading comprehension, but in doing do they sacrificed accuracy in dictation d.) after 6 weeks of practice, people could simultaneously take dictation accurately and read with normal comprehension e.) people could simultaneously take dictation accurately and read with normal comprehension, but only after 2 years or more of practice.

Studies of semantic memory have shown that in a lexical decision task, people are faster at responding to the stimulus "bread" if it is paired with a stimulus such as: a) "rencle." b) "dog" c) "island" d) "butter e) "xqkrf"

Studies of semantic memory have shown that in a lexical decision task, people are faster at responding to the stimulus "bread" if it is paired with a stimulus such as: a.) "rencle." b.) "dog." c.) "island." d.) "butter." e.) "xqkrf."

The _____ approach maintains that the best route to knowledge is through meticulous observation of the world. a) Introspectionist b) Rationalist c) Structuralist d) Empiricist

The claim that mental categories have fuzzy boundaries means that: a. researchers have been unable to specify the boundaries for the categories people use every day b. different individuals have somewhat different concepts, making it easy for people to disagree about how a particular object should be categorized c. the boundaries for a general category are less clear-cut than are the boundaries for a basic-level category d. category membership is a matter of degree, not an all-or-nothing distinction

The event-related potential (ERP) technique has good _____ resolution but poor _____ resolution. a) Functional / structural b) Spatial / temporal c) Structural / functional d) Temporal / spatial

The main conclusion of the Kingstone & Friesen (1998) article was that: a) When subjects see a face with eyes that are pointing in a particular direction, they will automatically look at the eyes of the face b) Reaction times are faster when subjects shift their gaze toward the target location than when they shift their gaze away from the target c) Reaction times are faster when the target is presented at an uncued location than when a target was presented at a cued location d) When subjects see a face with eyes that are pointing in a particular direction, they will automatically shift their attention in that direction

The more facts that you learn about a particular topic, the longer it takes you to retrieve any particular fact. This is referred to as the _____ effect. a.) context b.) encoding specificity c.) interference d.) fan e.) flashbulb

The ossicles are three tiny bones in the _____________. a) auditory nerve b) outer ear c) inner ear d) middle ear

The phenomenon of attentional capture: a.) primarily depends upon the perceiver's goals b.) is driven almost entirely to the properties of the stimulus c.) Can be overridden by top-down processes under certain circumstances d.) Is driven by the properties of the stimulus, but can be overridden by top-down processes under certain circumstances e.) Normally depends upon the perceiver's goals, but can be overridden by bottom-up processes under certain circumstances

The primacy and recency effects in memory: a. are thought to be due to the action of short-term memory. b. are thought to be due to the action of long-term memory. c. are thought to be due to the action of sensory memory. d. can be independently manipulated, indicating at least two types of memory at work. e. have recently been discredited in cognitive psychology.

The recency effect is thought to result from participants' use of: a.) sensory memory. b.) short-term memory. c.) long-term memory. d.) either sensory or short-term memory. e.) both short-term and long-term memory

The segregation of a whole display into objects and background is known as: a.) size constancy b.) retinal imagery c.) bottom-up processing d.) figure-ground organization e.) shape constancy

The thalamus plays an important role in _____. a) Controlling bodily functions b) Emotions and motivation c) Memory formation d) Relaying sensory information to the cortex

The word "showed" contains ________ phonemes and ________ morphemes. a) 4 / 1 b) 5 / 1 c) 6 / 1 d) 3 / 2 e) 5 / 2

The word "thankful" contains how many morphemes? a) Eight, one for each letter b) Just one, the word itself c) Seven, because the combination "th" represents one sound d) Two, the parts "thank" and "ful"

The word superiority effect is related to the idea of: a.) cognitive economy. b.) schemata. c.) typicality. d.) spreading activation. e.) prototypes.

To measure an area of the brain's response to a specific event, we use: a.) CAT b.) MRI c.) EEG d.) ERP e.) PET

Wernicke's aphasia is characterized by: a) Obvious impairments in language comprehension b) Fluent but meaningless speech c) Extensive use of syntax d) All of the above e) None of the above

What is the smallest unit of speech that can distinguish one utterance from another? a) A diphthong b) A lexicon c) A morpheme d) A phoneme

When information is first translated into a form that other cognitive processes can use, we say that _______ has occurred. a.) retrieval b.) storage c.) forgetting d.) encoding e.) remembering

When it is improbable (but not impossible) for an argument's premises to be true and its conclusions false, the argument has: a.) deductive validity. b.) deductive strength. c.) inductive validity. d.) inductive strength. e.) propositional validity.

Which "school" of psychology emphasized objectivity of research methods and measurement? a.) the Gestalt school b.) functionalism c.) structuralism d.) behaviorism e.) connectionism

Which is NOT a function of the pons? a.) acting as a neural relay center b.) facilitating the crossover of information between the left side of the body and the right side of the brain c.) processing visual and auditory information d.) regulating homeostatic behaviors e.) balance

Which of the following are most likely to be confused in long-term memory? a.) the letters P and R b.) the letters C and B c.) the words "see" and "bee" d.) the words "big" and "large" e.) all of these are equally confusable

Which of the following does NOT make a passage of text easier to comprehend, according to research? a.) avoidance of syntactically anomalous words b.) less propositional complexity c.) a match between antecedent information and the "given" information d.) providing a relevant context after the passage has been read e.) all of these methods will aid a reader in comprehending a text passage

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the allocation of mental resources in Kahneman's capacity model? a.) the state of arousal b.) the difficulty of the task c.) enduring dispositions d.) the lateness of selection e.) momentary intentions

Which of the following has the highest ecological validity? a.) experiment b.) introspection c.) quasi-experiment d.) naturalistic observation e.) clinical interview

Which of the following is NOT a region of the frontal lobes? a.) motor cortex b.) prefrontal cortex c.) premotor cortex d.) postcentral gyrus

Which of the following is NOT one of the five phases of decision making, according to Galotti? a.) goal setting b.) information gathering c.) planning d.) random choice e.) decision structuring

Which of the following is NOT true of story grammars? a.) They have variables that are filled in differently for different stories. b.) They help identify units of a story. c.) They specify how one unit of a story relates to other units. d.) We typically have better recall of stories that do not conform to expected story grammars, because they warrant more attention. e.) They provide us with a framework with which we can predict certain sequences and elements.

Which of the following is an example of a controlled process, for most people? a.) driving b.) reading c.) playing a well-practiced d.) sending a telegraph message e.) finding a number in an array of letters

Which of the following is not a component of the working memory system? a) Articulatory Loop b) Visuospatial sketchpad c) Episodic buffer d) Procedural buffer

Which of the following is true regarding schemata? a.) A schema refers to something smaller and more specific than a concept. b.) Schemata are passive rather than active. c.) A schema contains only fixed parts, never variables. d.) Schemata can indicate relationships among various pieces of information. e.) Schemata exist only at a specific level of abstraction.

Which of the following poses a problem for the prototype view of concepts? a.) an inability to explain the typicality effect b.) an inability to explain why people have a hard time providing strict definitions of their concepts c.) an inability to explain why some classifications are easy to make and others are unclear d.) an inability to explain why the typicality of a particular instance can depend upon context e.) an inability to explain the ambiguous classification of a tomato

Which of the following represents a good example of a proximal stimulus? a.) a book on a shelf b.) a tree in your yard c.) a building on the horizon d.) the retinal image formed by a tree e.) the light rays reflecting off a tree

Which of the following represents a good example of a proximal stimulus? a. a book on a shelf b. a tree in your yard c. a building on the horizon d. the retinal image formed by a tree e. the light rays reflecting off a tree

Why do cognitive psychologists sometimes compare the brain to a computer? a) Both a brain and a computer use electrical impulses to do their job b) Both a brain and a computer use software to solve problems c) Both a brain and a computer can perform complex tasks such as playing chess d) Both a brain and a computer represent and process information

You are studying for an important exam. Findings regarding context effects suggest that your recall on the test will be higher if you: a.) attempt to link important theories to events in your own life to better remember them. b.) study in several short intervals rather than one long study period. c.) try to chunk information into meaningful units to remember more effectively. d.) try to study in the same room in which you will take your exam. e.) try to visualize important information whenever possible.

Your memory for the fact that Ebbinghaus studied forgetting is an example of: a.) episodic memory. b.) implicit memory. c.) working memory. d.) semantic memory. e.) echoic memory.

"Executive functioning" involved all of the following EXCEPT: a.) planning b.) making decisions c.) using working memory d.) inhibiting inappropriate behavior e.) basic sensory processing

A general approach that explains perception as the pickup of environmental invariances that require little or no active interpretation is: a.) bottom-up processing b.) top-down processing c.) theory-driven processing d.) template matching e.) direct perception

A general approach that explains perception as the pickup of environmental invariances that require little or no active interpretation: a.) bottom-up processing b.) top-down processing c.) theory-driven processing d.) template matching e.) direct perception

A person approaches you on the street and asks for directions. While you are talking, two people carry a door between you and the person to whom you are speaking. While the door is passing, the person you are talking to is replaced by a different person. If you are like the people in studies by Simons and Levin, a.) you will immediately notice the change b.) you will only notice if the two people are of different heights c.) you will only notice if the two people are wearing different clothing d.) you will only notice if the two people have noticeably different voices e.) you have only about a 50% chance of noticing the switch

According to the study of semantics, understanding the meaning of a sentence requires which of the following conditions? a.) understanding of the meaning of each word in the sentence b.) understanding of the syntax of the sentence c.) understanding of the truth conditions of the sentence d.) understanding of the syntax and the truth conditions of the sentence e.) understanding of the meaning of the words, the syntax of the sentence, and the truth conditions of the sentence

All of the following are basic assumptions of the traditional information-processing approach of cognition EXCEPT: a.) serial processing b.) people are general-purpose symbol manipulators c.) there are multiple stores where information can be kept throughout processing d.) information is processed in stages e.) the fundamental question involved the function of consciousness

An advantage of MRI as compared to CAT scans: a.) MRI provides information about neuroanatomy b.) MRI requires no exposure to radiation c.) MRI can be used on people who have pacemakers d.) MRI often permits clearer pictures e.) MRI requires no exposure to radiation and permits clearer pictures.

Bahrick's study of retention of Spanish vocabulary words showed that large portions of information remained in long-term memory for: a.) several months. b.) 1-2 years. c.) up to 5 years. d.) up to 20 years. e.) over 50 years.

Brain surgery patient "H.M." suffered after surgery from: a.) an inability to use language. b.) a severe decrease in intelligence. c.) an inability to remember events in his distant past, several years or more before the operation. d.) an inability to remember faces. e.) an inability to form new memories of new events.

Collins and Quillian's hierarchical network model would predict that which of the following statements would take the LONGEST time to verify? a) Boo is a Pomeranian. b) Boo has a popular Facebook page. c) Boo is a dog. d) Boo is an animal. e) Boo is a living thing.

Fodor's modularity hypothesis proposes that: a.) language processing actually encompasses several subskills (modules). b.) in understanding language, we separate sentences and phrases into individual units known as modules. c.) language is dependent upon other thought processes such as expectation. d.) thought processes are dependent upon the language we use to think. e.) certain language processes operate independently of other cognitive processes such as memory and attention.

If "sandwich" is a basic-level category, then ______ would be a superordinate level. a.) BLT b.) soup c.) sub d.) panini e.) food

In Bransford and Johnson's experiment, people could recall an average of 8.0 out of 14 possible ideas when given a proper context before the passage. However, when the context was provided after the passage, people could recall an average of ______ out of 14 ideas. a.) 12.1 b.) 10.3 c.) 8.1 d.) 6.1 e.) 3.6

In Collins and Loftus's spreading activation theory, very similar concepts: a.) have only one connecting link. b.) have many connecting links. c.) are placed close to each other. d.) are placed close to each other and have only one connecting link. e.) are placed close to each other and have many connecting links.

In Godden and Baddeley's study of scuba divers, the best recall was achieved by divers who: a.) learned word lists on land. b.) learned word lists under water. c.) took their test on land. d.) took their test under water. e.) studied and took their test in the same location, whether that was under water or on land.

In a study of inattentional blindness, Daniel Simons and colleagues presented an unexpected event, such as a woman with an umbrella crossing the room from left to right, to a group of participants who were trying to monitor the number of passes that a particular basketball team made in a film. When questioned later about "anything unexpected" that happened in the film, a.) almost all participants noticed the woman with the umbrella. b.) only participants with an easier pass-monitoring task noticed the woman. c.) only participants with a more difficult pass-counting task noticed the woman. d.) only participants monitoring the black team (as opposed to the white team) noticed the woman. e.)overall, 46% of the participants failed to notice the woman at all.

In a study of inattentional blindness, Daniel Simons and colleagues presented an unexpected event, such as a woman with an umbrella crossing the room from left to right, to a group of participants who were trying to monitor the number of passes that a particular basketball team made in a film. When questioned later about "anything unexpected" that happened in the film, a.) almost all participants noticed the woman with the umbrella. b.) only participants with an easier pass-monitoring task noticed the woman. c.) only participants with a more difficult pass-counting task noticed the woman. d.) only participants monitoring the black team (as opposed to the white team) noticed the woman. e.) overall, 46% of the participants failed to notice the woman at all.

Research on scripts has shown all of the following EXCEPT: a.) There is a high degree of agreement about the events of a script such as "going to a restaurant." b.) There is a specified order to the actions in a script. c.) There is a high level of agreement in description level for scripts. d.) People often "recall" information in a story that was not actually in the story, but was part of the relevant script. e.) Central concepts of a script are less well remembered than other events in a story, because they are taken for granted.

Researchers attached light bulbs to the shoulders, elbows, wrists, hips, knees, and ankles of a model wearing black clothing. In a dark room, with only the light bulbs visible, a.) viewers could recognize the unmoving model as human b.) viewers could recognize a moving model as human, but couldn't tell what the model was doing c.) viewers could recognize what a moving model is doing d.) viewers could recognize the gender of a moving model e.) viewers could recognize the gender of a moving model as well as what model was doing

Speech acts in which the utterance itself is the action-such as "You're fired!"-are considered to be which type of speech act? a.) assertive b.) directive c.) commissive d.) expressive e.) declaration

Swinney's research suggests that when we encounter a lexically ambiguous word, a.) we process only the most common meaning. b.) we process the meaning that is primed by the context. c.) we first process the most common meaning, and then (if necessary) the one that fits the context. d.) we process both meanings. e.) we process both meanings at first, then suppress the inappropriate meaning.

The _____ view(s) of concepts argue(s) that concepts include representations of at least some individual instances and not only abstract summaries. a.) classical and prototype b.) prototype c.) exemplar and classical d.) schemata e.) exemplar and schemata

The ease of reasoning about an analogy depends on all of these factors EXCEPT: a.) the difficulty of comprehending the individual terms in the analogy. b.) the reasoner's knowledge about the individual terms. c.) the difficulty of finding a relationship between the first two terms. d.) the number of possibilities for the blank term. e.) the reasoner's amount of training in formal reasoning procedures.

The main distinction between "short-term memory" and "working memory" hinges on: a.) the kind of storage (short vs. longer term). b.) the kind of coding used (acoustic vs. imaginal). c.) the capacity (limited to 7+2 items vs. unlimited). d.) the type of forgetting (decay vs. interference). e.) the emphasis on static structure vs. active processing.

Which of the following factors does NOT encourage a person to store information about particular exemplars, according to Brooks? a.) The task requires one to learn information that distinguishes between individual instances. b.) Instances appear repeatedly during the learning situation. c.) The relevant dimensions of the stimuli are not obvious. d.) Instances can belong to many categories simultaneously. e.) We know in advance how we will be called upon to use our newly acquired information later.

Which of the following is NOT true about distracted driving? a.) Having a passenger in the care results in less accident risk than driving alone b.) About one in six fatal vehicle accidents involves distracted driving c.) In 2007, about 6000 fatalities occurred, but Wilson and Simpson's research suggest that 4000 of these would not have occurred if text messaging had not been a factor. d.) seventy percent of undergraduates report sending text messages while driving e.) most drivers who text only do so while at a sign or stop light

Which of the following is a good example of a superordinate level of categorization? a.) apple b.) banana c.) Fuji apple d.) Golden Delicious apple e.) Fruit

Which of the following is an example of a morpheme? a.) This book needs to be rewritten. b.) book c.) re- d.) k e.) both "book" and "re-"

Which of the following is an example of a phoneme? a.) These books need to be rewritten. b.) books c.) to d.) re- e.) z

Which of the following is/are generally agreed upon as necessary criteria/criterion for claiming that a communication system is a language? a.) regularity b.) productivity c.) referentiality d.) interpersonal e.) both regularity and productivity

Which of the following neuropsychological method(s) provide(s) information about the amount of dynamic blood flow to various regions of the brain? a.) CAT scans b.) MRI c.) PET scans d.) fMRI e.) both PET scans and fMRI

Which of the following would be considered an example of a "natural kind" concept? a.) blue b.) bachelor c.) odd number d.) mirror e.) wolf

Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis: a.) asserts that thought is dependent upon language. b.) is supported by studies of color perception. c.) is not supported by studies of color perception. d.) asserts that thought is dependent upon language, and is supported by studies of color perception. e.) asserts that thought is dependent upon language, and is not supported by studies of color perception.

Studies of eyewitness memory: a.) support Bartlett's idea of memory as a constructive process. b.) reveal surprisingly accurate memories of stressful events. c.) suggest that confidence is an important attribute of an accurate witness. d.) show that witnesses are remarkably resistant to misleading information. e.) help us to understand why eyewitnesses almost never make mistakes.

The major disadvantage of naturalistic observation is the lack of: a.) experimental control b.) ecological validity c.) training given to the participants d.) both the internal and ecological validity e.) both ecological validity and participant training

Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain often disrupts processing by: a.) the visuospatial sketchpad. b.) the central executive. c.) the phonological loop. d.) iconic memory. e.) echoic memory.

"Terry is a bachelor" implies that Terry is male, according to the principle of: a.) self-contradiction. b.) ambiguity. c.) anomaly. d.) synonymy. e.) entailment.

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