Human Anatomy exam 1 study guide

One important role of the skin is to produce __________, which is essential for normal calcium absorption.

Vitamin D

Which of the following is not a necessary characteristic of life for a human being?

Thinking

As humans age, the skin's elasticity declines, and skin gets __________.

Thinner

Which body cavity contains the mediastinum?

Thoracic

In __________, adjacent plasma membranes fuse together tightly, like a zipper.

Tight junctions

Select the correct statements regarding feedback mechanisms.

- Positive feedback mechanisms tend to amplify the original stimulus and push the variable farther from its original value. - In negative feedback mechanisms, the net effect of the responses to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity. - Positive feedback mechanisms control infrequent events that occur "explosively."

What does the term cancer refer to?

Malignant neoplasm

Which of the choices is a general characteristic of all epithelial tissues?

Avascular

Match the descriptions to the cellular structures. 1. Propel entire cells 2. Move fluids across the cell surface 3. Modifies and transports proteins 4. Forms lipids and detoxifies drugs 5. Synthesize proteins

1. Flagella 2. Cilia 3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum 4. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 5. Ribosomes

Select the description for each cell type of the epidermis. 1. Most numerous cells of the epidermis 2. Produce the pigment melanin 3. Sensitive to touch 4. Help fight infection

1. Keratinocytes 2. Melanocytes 3. Merkel cells 4. Epidermal dendritic cells

Assign each example of membrane transport to its correct process. 1. Movement of oxygen molecules from their area of high concentration outside the cell to low concentration inside the cell 2. Movement of glucose molecules down their concentration gradient through a protein carrier 3. Movement of sodium ions against their concentration gradient using ATP 4. Exocytosis of hormones out of a cell

1. Simple diffusion 2. Facilitated diffusion 3. Active transport 4. Vesicular transport

Assign each specialized function to the corresponding cells that carry it out. 1. Fat cells 2. Muscle cells 3. White blood cells 4. Nerve cells 5. Epithelial cells

1. Store nutrients 2. Move body parts 3. Fight disease 4. Control body functions 5. Cover and line body organs

Select the directional term that corresponds to each statement. 1. The cheeks are _______ to the tongue. 2. The heart is ______ to the lung. 3. The elbow is ______ to the wrist. 4. The ankle is _______ to the knee.

1. lateral 2. medial 3. proximal 4. distal

Match each body section to its correct description. 1. Separates the body into left and right halves 2. Separates the body into unequal right and left portions 3. Separates the body into anterior and posterior parts 4. Separates the body into superior and inferior parts

1. median 2. parasagittal 3. frontal 4. transverse

A needle would pierce the skin of the forearm in which order? (1) stratum basale (2) stratum granulosum (3) stratum spinosum (4) stratum corneum (5) stratum lucidum

4-2-3-1

Which is the correct sequence of the following events of protein synthesis? 1. tRNA recognizes a complementary mRNA codon calling for its amino acid by binding via its anticodon to the codon. 2. Released tRNA reenters the cytoplasmic pool. 3. mRNA attaches to the ribosome, and translation begins. 4. mRNA is made on the DNA template. 5. As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, a new amino acid is added to the growing peptide chain.

4-3-1-5-2

Select the connective tissue types that are well vascularized, meaning they have a rich blood supply.

Adipose tissue, bone tissue, & areolar connective tissue

Labeling the parts of a cell on a diagram is an example of an exercise in __________.

Anatomy

A structure found in the right iliac region is the __________.

Appendix

Lamellar corpuscles __________.

Are deep pressure-sensitive receptors

The axillary region refers to the __________.

Armpit

Select all the phrases that correctly describe anatomical position.

Body erect, arms at side, thumbs pointed laterally, and feet parallel

Select all the regions associated with the upper limb.

Brachial, antecubital, & carpal

Which of these is found in the dorsal body cavity?

Brain

Of the different types of muscle tissue, only __________ both is involuntary AND contains intercalated discs.

Cardiac muscle

Which body system is most closely associated with transport and delivery?

Cardiovascular

All epithelial membranes have a layer of __________ that underlies an epithelial layer.

Connective tissue

Which of these is associated with a skin allergy?

Contact dermatitis

The type of tissue that makes up the bulk of the dermis is __________.

Dense irregular connective tissue

Which component of a homeostatic control mechanism brings about a change to the factor being regulated?

Effector

The __________ is the body's slow-acting control system and acts by means of __________.

Endocrine system; hormones

The __________ is the avascular, keratinized layer of skin.

Epidermis

The epidermis is predominately composed of __________ tissue.

Epithelial

Assign the terms that describe the overall function of each primary tissue type. Covering Support Movement Control

Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

In nerve cells, vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release neurotransmitter molecules into the extracellular fluid. What type of transport is this?

Exocytosis

Sunburn without blistering represents which type of burn?

First-degree burn

Select the terms that relate to hair.

Follicle, bulb, & sheath

Sebaceous glands are usually associated with __________.

Hair follicles

Select all of the true statements regarding the significance of alterations in skin color.

Jaundice usually signifies a liver disorder in which excess bile pigments are deposited in body tissues & Bruises reveal sites where blood has escaped from the circulation and formed hematomas.

The ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal environment is referred to as __________.

Homeostasis

Cells in a __________ solution will burst (lyse) as water rushes into the cell in an attempt to reach osmotic balance.

Hypotonic

Eyelashes, pain receptors, fingernails, and sweat glands would all be part of which system?

Integumentary

During which period of the cell life cycle does DNA replication occur?

Interphase

Select all of the characteristics of malignant melanoma.

Irregular border & Asymmetry

Which statement best characterizes connective tissue?

It is usually composed of a large amount of extracellular matter.

Hair, nails, and the outer layer of the skin are made mostly of a tough protein called __________.

Keratin

Match the organ to the abdominopelvic quadrant where the bulk of that organ is located Stomach Liver Appendix

Left upper quadrant Right upper quadrant Right lower quadrant

A mucous membrane __________.

Lines the digestive and respiratory tracts

Select all of the true statements regarding the pigment melanin.

Melanin ranges in color from yellow to brown to black, melanin protects the nuclei of keratinocytes from ultraviolet (UV) radiation, & freckles and moles appear where melanin concentrates in one spot.

In __________, the chromosomes are aligned at the center of the spindle, midway between the centrioles, so that a straight line of chromosomes is visible.

Metaphase

Which of the following cell organelles have double membranes and function to supply most of the ATP used by the cell?

Mitochondria

For the levels of structural organization in a human being, cells and their components are formed from __________.

Molecules

Which type of membrane lines body cavities that open to the exterior?

Mucous membrane

Burns are assessed by the rule of __________.

Nines

The movement of water across the plasma membrane is specifically called __________.

Osmosis

What type of membrane surrounds each of the lungs?

Serous

Microvilli and cell junctions are specializations associated with what cell structure?

Plasma membrane

Select all of the functions of skin.

Protects internal body structures, regulates body temperature, & excretes waste products

One job of the Golgi apparatus is to package __________ for export from the cell.

Proteins

The __________ scattered in the lipid bilayer are responsible for most of the specialized functions of the plasma membrane.

Proteins

Which directional term means closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk?

Proximal

Which glands produce the oily secretion called sebum?

Sebaceous glands

Which of the following types of epithelial tissue usually forms membranes where filtration, or exchange of substances by diffusion, occurs?

Simple squamous

Which body system supports and protects the body organs?

Skeletal

Which of the following represents active transport?

Sodium-potassium pump

Select the characteristics of adipose tissue.

Stores energy, insulates the body, & provides cushioning to some organs

In an area where an epithelium is subjected to considerable wear and tear, you would expect to find __________.

Stratified squamous epithelium

Mitosis occurs in which layer of the epidermis?

Stratum basale

As cells progress from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface, __________.

They become flatter and die

The term medial means __________.

Toward the midline or center of the body

The process whereby mRNA is made from the DNA in the nucleus is called __________. The process whereby information on mRNA is "decoded" at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm is called __________.

Transcription; Translation

Metabolism is a term that refers __________.

broadly to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body

If you make a drawing of a section of the human body that shows the heart and both lungs, your section could be in which of the following planes?

frontal (coronal) & transverse

Select the regions of the abdominopelvic cavity that contain the stomach.

left hypochondriac & epigastric

A __________ plane would separate the mouth from the chin, creating superior and inferior portions of the head.

transverse