Cognitive Psych Test 1
binding
During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________.
fixation
Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n) ______________.
scene schema
Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of
When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception
Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?
neural circuits
Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as
neural networks
Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called __________.
The mind as problem solver
How is the term mind used in this statement: "If you put your mind to it, I'm sure you can solve that math problem"?
it takes a strong signal to cause activation
A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that
Brain imaging has made it possible to
Brain imaging has made it possible to
determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes
Brain imaging has made it possible to
the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information
Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because
Connectome
Determining the sequence of DNA in humans was a major scientific advance that opened the door to new ideas about illness and approaches to treatment. An individual's unique DNA sequence is similar to which of the following?
decision making
Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study
reaction to physical properties of stimulus
Saccadic eye movement is a ______________.
knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.
Scene schema is
meaning between properties of an object
Semantic regularity refers to the _____.
operant conditioning
The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as
cell body, dendrites, and axons
The key structural components of neurons are the
parietal
The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your _____ lobe.
pragnanz
The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of
what; where
The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway
likelihood principle
The theory of unconscious inference includes the
A chemical process takes place in the synapse
Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?
Classical conditioning
Which of the following terms is correct in context with "Pairing one stimulus with another"?
Cognitive mapping
Which of the following terms is correct in context with "conception within the rat's mind of the maze's layout"?
Receptors
Which part of the nervous system picks up information from the outside environment?
The dictionary unit
Which stage in Treisman's attenuation model has a threshold component
The dictionary unit
Which stage in Treisman's attenuation model has a threshold component?
Synapse
What is the gap between the end of a neuron's axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron known as?
When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment
What is the process of unconscious inference?
selective
When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention
sparse
When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support __________ coding.
thinking
Which of the following is NOT considered a starting point for perception?
The whole is different from the sum of its parts
Which of the following is a basic principle of Gestalt psychology?
what; where
. The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway
parietal
A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the __________ lobe.
has high stimulus salience
A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that
beliefs
A person with strong ________ would likely have a deeper experience of Bayesian influence
analytic introspection
A technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli is known as
elapsed time
According to Ebbinghaus's research on memory, savings is a function of
The word "platypus"
According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?
preattentive
According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the __________ stage
task cueing
According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT
whether the perceptual load is low or high
Anne Treisman's attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of all of the following EXCEPT
Functioning and survival
Consider the following definition of the mind: The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize?
top-down
If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.
low-load
If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.
When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate
Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?
simple reaction time task
In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a
top-down processing
Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out that the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by
feature detectors
Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called
created proofs for problems in logic
Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers for artificial intelligence. Their computer program
top-down processing
Perceiving machines are used by the U.S. Postal Service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of
Extrastriate body area (EBA)
Ramon is looking at photos of athletes in a sports magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing?
Hierarchical processing
Taking clay and sand to create bricks, which are then used to build modular wall panels, which are then assembled to construct tall buildings, is similar to which of the following neural concepts?
was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades
The "cognitive revolution"
physical characteristics
The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on
try to name colors and ignore words
The Stroop effect occurs when participants
frontal
The __________ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving.
B. F. Skinner
Verbal Behavior was written by
invariance
Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.
Results were interpreted in terms of invisible inner mental processes
Watson became dissatisfied with the method of analytic introspection in which context?
the source of information
What differentiates bottom-up processing from top-down processing?
Knowledge of what a scene typically contains
What is a scene schema?
in different parts of the brain
You are walking down the street and see a nice car drive by. You notice its color, movement, and shape. All of these features are processed
behavioral; physiological
Your author points out that studying the mind requires both __________ and __________ experiments
The density of cells in a newborn brain is small compared with the density in an adult brain
Why is it easier to study brain tissue from newborn animals than brain tissue from adults?
We can consider the mind extraordinary if it is used for extraordinary purposes
With which of the following sentences would the author disagree?
analytic introspection
Wundt's procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as
Axons
Which part of a neuron transmits signals to other neurons?
less than one second
In Donders's research on human decision making, he found that it took ____________ to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus
less than one second
In Donders's research on human decision making, he found that it took ____________ to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus.
Information processing model
In the mid-20th century, the study of the mind began using which technique or model inspired by digital computers?
synapses
It's often said that "life doesn't exist in a vacuum." However, the emptiness of ________ is critical for brain functioning
cocktail party effect
The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called
cognitive psychology.
The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called
the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli
The cocktail party effect is
semantic regularities
The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of _____ in those scenes.
Change
The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness.
cognitive task and the mental response
The relationship between the ____________ is NOT measured directly by cognitive psychologists
an effect of experience-dependent plasticity
The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate
dichotic listening
The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as
When environmental energy stimulates the receptors
When does bottom-up processing start?
the neuron is at rest
When the axon is at rest, the inside of the neuron has a charge that is 70 millivolts more negative than the outside. This difference will continue as long as
conscious
Which of the following adjectives has the LEAST connection to perception?
Treisman's attenuator
Which of the following attention model components produces two levels of output?
Default mode network
Which of the following could be considered as always taking a "working vacation"?
It involves rapid processes.
Which of the following is true about perception?
Binding
Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object?
schema
In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important?
1976
In which year was positron emission tomography (PET) introduced and made it possible to see which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity?
physical regularity
The fact that trees are more likely to be vertical or horizontal than slanted is an example of ____.
inferred from the participant's behavior
The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be
specificity coding
The idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object is called _____________.
distributed representation
The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as
John McCarthy
The use of the term artificial intelligence was coined by
resting potential
The value that stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron is known as
Behavior of people with brain damage
What does the field of neuropsychology study?
Everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person's nervous system.
What does the principal of neural representation state?
IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes
Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition?
Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior
Which of the following events is most closely associated with a resurgence in interest in the mind within the study of psychology?
Inattentional blindness
Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible?
The whole is different from the sum of its parts.
Which of the following is a basic principle of Gestalt psychology?
Perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover
Which of the following is an example of unconscious inference?
-Brain areas are specialized for specific functions. -Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli. -Specific areas of the brain serve different functions
Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?
Analytic introspection
Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt
Close attention
Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing?
B. F. Skinner
Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning?