Cognitive Psych Test 2

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

"Apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"

In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________________

"know"

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776

1492 911 1776

What is the typical duration of short-term memory?

15 to 20 seconds

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?

50 first dates

Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory?

A lion's roar at the zoo

Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves...

A smaller response set

On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ?

Activity

Which example below demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" plays on the radio

Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of _____________________

An activity state followed by a synaptic state

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably....

Are caused by different mechanisms that act independently

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying....

Articulatory suppression

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as...

Articulatory suppression

From a cognitive perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ______________

Autobiographical

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content

Explicit memory is to ______________ as implicit memory is to __________________

Aware; unaware

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for the ____ of a list.

Both the first and last words

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that:

Chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

___________________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption

Consolidation

Imagine you are driving by a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n) _________________ process in short-term memory.

Control

Reading free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?

Counting backwards for 30 seconds before recall

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds

Decreases the recency effect

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?

Distraction

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as...

Echoic memory

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on _____________ aspects of memory

Emotional

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is...

Encoded

Acquiring information and transforming it into memory is...

Encoding

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of...

Encoding specificity

Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?

Episodic memory

_________________ memories are to experiences as _________________ memories are to facts

Episodic; semantic

The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following?

Form

The concept of reconsolidation is based on the _______________ of retrieved memories

Fragility

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to...

Have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list

Research shows that ______________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material

Highlighting

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes

A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

Increased firing in the neurons

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty re-membering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects...

Intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory

According to Tulving, the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that

It involves mental time travel

Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than vegetable is an example of ________ memory.

Semantic

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory

Semantic memory

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes?

Sensory

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective of ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory?

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are

Short and over several days

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________________ memory

Short-term

Digit span is one measure of capacity of...

Short-term memory

Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your....

Short-term memory

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that...

Short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired

Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?

Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory memory

Rehearsal is important for transferring information from...

Short-term memory to long-term memory

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true....

Simply because we have been exposed to them before

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding...

Specificity

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is...

Strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but become less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated

________________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale

Systems

The type of coding that occurs in a particular situation primarily depends on the ____________

Task

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

Tendency of objects in the same category to become organized

Which of the following correctly lists the types of memory from least to most complex?

Visual, semantic, episodic

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that:

When a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed

If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model?

Workers and managers

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that...

Working memory is engaged in processing information

What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?

Scale

Semantic memory is to _______________ as episodic memory is to __________________

Knowing; remembering

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?

Location

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?

Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if...

One is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

People are not conscious when they are using it

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of...

Persistence of vision

Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the:

Prefrontal cortex

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's _________________ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory

Prefrontal cortex

Chantel has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chanel is displaying...

Preservation

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ________ memory.

Procedural

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to:

Produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories

Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ______________ effect.

Propoganda

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

Reading a sentence in a book

This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test.

Recognition

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ________________ memories

Remote

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

Repeating it over and over

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory

_________________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory

Retrieval

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM.

Retrieval cues

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?

Testing

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ____ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories

The hippocampus

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,

The knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory

Which of the following is most likely associated with implicit memory?

The propaganda effect

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on

The self-reference effect

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because...

The stimulus category remained the same

transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if...

The type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on...

The visuospatial sketch pad

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

Tom has a good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of __________

Two

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are:

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being...

the same as or resembling the priming stimulus