Cognitive Psych Unit 3 Exam

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through genetic coding. syntactic framing. reinforcement. parsing.

reinforcement

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which English language property? Lexicon Coding Discriminability Rules

rules

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of _____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations. local connections the cooperative principle instrumental inferences environmental context

environmental context

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique? Hierarchical structure Communication all of these make human language unique Governed by rules

Communication

Few studies of language in nonhuman animals have revealed any form of creativity. One exception might be the phrase "devil bird" that was created by Alex Kanzi Koko Gua

Koko

Many researchers (e.g., Noam Chompsky) argue that humans and nonhuman primates are unique in their ability to use language because of their biology (e.g., overall size and complexity of their brain). However, which of the following studies calls this into question? The work by Rumbaugh with Kanzi Patterson with Koko Pepperberg with Alex The Premacks with Sara

Pepperberg with Alex

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n) garden path sequence. anaphoric inference. causal inference. global connection.

anaphoric inference

In both the Premacks work with Sara and Savage-Rumbaugh's work with Kanzi, primates used symbols. One major reason for this change in lexicon was because non-human primates did not have the anatomy to produce complex vocalizations like humans. behaviorists were critical of the use of American Sign Language due to its resemblance to operantly or instrumentally conditioned responses. the use of symbols was difficult with non-human primates and as such, a lexicon board was more efficient. the previous studies were not revealing that subject could be creative or generous with their language use.

behaviorists were critical of the use of American Sign Language due to its resemblance to operantly or instrumentally conditioned responses.

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) _____ inference. causal coherent instrument anaphoric

causal

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation. identify words that are contained in sentences. separate a sentence into individual words. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This property is known as propositional representation. hierarchical structure. relational organization. parallel organization.

hierarchical structure

Noam Chompsky proposed that humans are unique in their use of language because humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language. language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement. as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before. the underlying basis of language is different across cultures.

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

For researchers to agree whether animals possess any quality or capacity for language, they must possess some quantity of features of language such as intentionality reflexivity explicit memory vocalization

intentionality

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's lexicon. parser. syntactical capacity. mental set.

lexicon

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word. slowly to letters appearing in non-words than letters appearing in words. quickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as anaphoric inferencing. syntactic priming. phonemic restoration. garden-pathing.

syntactic priming

The idea that the grammatical structure of a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the _____ approach to parsing. semantic syntax-first interactionist temporary ambiguity

syntax-first

You and a friend are discussing the possibility of other species using language. Your friend suggests that animals could speak if they grew up like other humans and with other humans who could speak. You know that this hypothesis is invalid given research by the the Gardner's and Gua the Premack's and Sarah the Kellogg's and Gua the Watson's and Viki

the Kellogg's and Gua

A phoneme refers to the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word. the property of combining words into unique sentences. the first word produced by infants, usually during their second year. a mental grouping of words being heard during "inner audition."

the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

"Kitchen tables" consists of ____ morphemes. four five two three

three