cognitive psychology chap 4

Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention?

Dictionary unit

Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible?

Inattentional blindness

Which stage in Treisman's attenuation model has a threshold component?

The dictionary unit

According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

The word "platypus"

Which of the following attention model components produces two levels of output?

Treisman's attenuator

Saccadic eye movement is a ______________.

reaction to physical properties of stimulus

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called

same-object advantage.

In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important?

schema

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention.

selective

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" versus "handheld" cell phones found that

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT

task cueing.

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

the color and the name differed.

Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because

the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow.

Placing tomatoes, onions, jalapenos, garlic, cilantro, and lime juice into a blender and turning it on to produce salsa is similar to which of the following?

the focused attention stage of feature integration theory

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that

the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone

The Stroop effect occurs when participants

try to name colors and ignore words.

Anne Treisman's attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of all of the following EXCEPT

whether the perceptual load is low or high.

Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object?

Binding

__________ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.

Binding

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements

are determined primarily by the task.

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________.

binding

If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following?

binding

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness.

change

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people

could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words.

meaning

As the ________ of a stimulus increases, ________ tends to ________.

salience; fixation; increase

When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on __________ areas.

high-saliency

Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing?

Close attention

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?

Late selection

How does perceptual load differ from processing capacity?

Perceptual load is individual and processing capacity is universal.

Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?

When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate.

The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as

dichotic listening.

Proponents of multitasking would note ________ to support their opinion, whereas opponents of multitasking would point to ________ to justify their perspective.

divided attention; distraction

Which of the following best describes the result of attention in the context of perception?

enhancement

Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n) ______________.

fixation

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that

has high stimulus salience.

A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that

it takes a strong signal to cause activation.

Scene schema is

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.

low-load

Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of

meaning.

Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of

mind wandering.

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier

once processing had become automatic.

The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's __________ attention.

overt

The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on

physical characteristics.

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the __________ stage.

preattentive